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Obesity and diabetes are associated with impaired iron metabolism. We aimed to examine the independent relationship between diabetes and iron after controlling for body weight (or obesity) in women aged 20–49 years. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2015 to 2018 were used in this investigation. Body composition data, HbAc1, iron biomarkers (serum ferritin (SF), soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), and body iron index (BII)), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean hemoglobin concentration (MCH), red cell distribution width (RDW), and hemoglobin were used. Linear regression models were used to examine how and to what extent body mass index (BMI) modified the relationship between diabetes and iron status biomarkers. A total of 1834 women aged 20–49 were included in the analysis with a mean (SD) age of 32.2 ± 6.1 years and BMI of 29.5 ± 6.9 kg/m2. The mean SF (p = 0.014) and BII (p < 0.001) were lower, while sTfR (p < 0.001) was higher in women with diabetes than those with no diabetes. Mean estimates for MCV and MCH were lower, while RDW (p = 0.001) was higher in diabetes patients (all p < 0.001). Women with diabetes were more likely to have iron deficiency, anemia, and iron deficiency anemia than those without diabetes (18.1% vs 8.6%, p < 0.001), (24.4% vs 8.4%, p < 0.001), and (14.8% vs 5.2%, p < 0.001), respectively. Among women with obesity, those with diabetes had lower predicted ferritin (β = −0.19, p = 0.016), BII (β = −0.99, p = 0.016), and hemoglobin (β = −0.27, p = 0.042) than those without diabetes. The study shows that diabetes is linked to lower iron stores; this is exacerbated in those with obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since we and others have shown that supplemental magnesium raises whole blood ionized magnesium (iMg2+) we investigated the relationships between self-reported dietary magnesium intake and concentrations of whole blood iMg2+ and serum magnesium (s-Mg). We obtained whole blood iMg2+ concentrations, as well as s-Mg concentrations, from a pilot, three-arm, randomized, controlled, crossover bioavailability study of magnesium supplements (n = 23; 105 measures). Dietary magnesium intake was assessed using three-day food records and the Nutrition Data System for Research (NDSR, University of Minnesota, MN, USA). Whole blood iMg2+ was measured with an electrode analyser (NOVA Biochemical, Waltham, MA, USA), whereas s-Mg was measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy. A linear mixed-effects model was employed with dietary magnesium as the outcome variable and iMg2+, s-Mg, study treatment and study visit as fixed effects. We adjusted age, gender, race and body mass index covariates. Values for dietary magnesium, iMg2+ and s-Mg were 303.8 ± 118.9 mg/day, 1.3 ± 0.1 mg/dL and 2.2 ± 4.1 mg/dL, respectively. No association was found between dietary magnesium intake and iMg2+ −125 ± 176.95 (p =.49) or s-Mg −9.33 ± 5.04 (p =.08). Whole blood iMg2+ and s-Mg concentrations do not reflect short-term self-reported dietary intake in adults. Further research is needed to determine whether blood biomarkers of magnesium may reflect dietary magnesium intake. Dietary intake of magnesium, a shortfall nutrient, may be objectively measured using blood biomarkers of magnesium. Serum magnesium and whole blood iMg2+ were not associated with short-term dietary intake of magnesium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugar‐sweetened beverage consumption contributes to obesity and related diseases. Fortunately, beverages with reduced sweetness are a growing category in the beverage industry. These lower sweetness products could be useful for reducing the total dietary intake of sugar, but publicly available data are sparse on how much sweetness can be reduced without the change becoming noticeable to consumers. We investigated the just noticeable difference (JND) in sweetness of a cola‐flavored carbonated beverage. Two sensory tests were conducted to detect the JND from 12.00% w/w sucrose. In each test, we used cola‐flavored seltzer water with five decreasing sucrose concentrations (test 1:8.02–12.00% w/w; test 2:10.21–12.00% w/w). In both tests, samples were paired with the 12.00% reference, and participants were instructed to identify the sweeter sample. Participants correctly identified the reference sample at 10.21% in test one (p =.0039) and at 10.89% (p =.014) in test two. The data indicate that in a cola beverage, sucrose can be reduced by ~9.25% of the original concentration (12.00–10.89% w/w) before the sweetness becomes apparent to consumers. However, further work should consider whether sugar reductions greater than 9.25% would be acceptable, even if the difference in sweetness is apparent. Practical Applications: These data could help researchers and industry product developers know how much sugar can be reduced from a cola‐flavored beverage before the change is apparent to consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is a respiratory virus that poses risks to the nutrition status and survival of infected patients, yet there is paucity of data to inform evidence-based quality care.Methods: We collected data on the nutrition care provided to patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs).Results: Hospitalized COVID-19 patients (N = 101) in this cohort were older adults and had elevated body mass index. The most frequent nutrition problems were inadequate oral intake (46.7%), inadequate energy intake (18.9%), and malnutrition (18.4%). These problems were managed predominantly with enteral nutrition, food supplements, and multivitamin-multimineral supplement therapy. Over 90% of documented problems required a follow-up.Conclusion: This data set is the first of its kind to report on the types of nutrition diagnoses and interventions for COVID-19 cases used by RDNs and highlights the need for increased and continued nutrition care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycemic disorders resolve following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery, but early and longer-term mechanisms regarding effects on [beta]-cell dysfunction as well as relationships with decreasing adiposity are not well understood. We evaluated longitudinal changes in peripheral insulin sensitivity (Si), the acute insulin response to glucose (AIRg), and the composite estimate of [beta]-cell function, the disposition index (DI), over 24 mo via frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance testing in severely obese women who had fasting normoglycemia (n = 16) and hyperglycemia (n = 11) before RYGB surgery; homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR) estimated insulin resistance; air displacement plethysmography determined adipose tissue mass. At baseline, subjects with normoglycemia had adequate DI associated with elevated AIRg, but DI was markedly reduced in subjects with hyperglycemia. Within 1-6 mo post-RYGB, glycemic control was normalized in subjects with hyperglycemia related to reduced HOMA-IR (-54% at 1 mo, P < 0.005) and increased DI (23-fold at 6 mo vs. baseline, P < 0.05). Over 24 mo, DI improved in subjects with hyperglycemia (15-fold vs. baseline, P < 0.005) and also modestly in subjects with normoglycemia (58%, P < 0.05), due largely to increased Si. Decreasing adiposity correlated with longer-term HOMA-IR and Si values at 6 and 24 mo, respectively. In patients exhibiting fasting hyperglycemia before surgery, [beta]-cell function improved early following RYGB, due largely to increases in insulin secretion. For both normoglycemic and hyperglycemic subjects, further improvement or stabilization of [beta]-cell function over the 2 yr is due largely to improved Si associated with reduced adiposity. disposition index; weight loss; adipose tissue mass doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00405.2010.

Few data are available on plasma redox responses to sulfur amino acid (SAA) loads. In this study, we had 2 aims: to determine whether the SAA content of a meal affected postprandial plasma cysteine (Cys), cystine (CySS), or redox potential ([E.sub.h]CySS) in humans and whether SAA intake level (adequate or inadequate) in the days preceding the meal challenge affected these postprandial levels. Eight healthy individuals aged 18-36 y were equilibrated for 3 d to adequate SAA, fed chemically defined meals without SAA for 5 d (inadequate SAA) and then fed isoenergetic, isonitrogenous meals with adequate SAA for 5 d. On the first and last days with the chemically defined meals, a morning meal containing 60% of the daily food intake was given, and plasma Cys, CySS, and [E.sub.h]CySS were determined over an 8-h postprandial time course. Following equilibration to adequate intake, provision of the meal with SAA resulted in increased plasma Cys and CySS concentrations and more reduced plasma [E.sub.h]CySS compared with the postprandial values following the same meal without SAA. Equilibration to inadequate SAA intake for the days preceding the meal challenge did not affect this response. The magnitude of the difference in postprandial plasma [E.sub.h]CySS (10 mV) due to meal content of SAA was comparable to those which alter physiologic signaling and/or are associated with disease risk. Consequently, the SAA content of meals could affect physiologic signaling and associated disease mechanisms in the postprandial period by changes in Cys, CySS, or [E.sub.h]CySS. doi: 10.3945/jn.109.116764