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Many animals have strict diel activity patterns, with unique adaptations for either diurnal or nocturnal activity. Diel activity is phylogenetically conserved, yet evolutionary shifts in diel activity occur and lead to important changes in an organism's morphology, physiology, and behavior. We use phylogenetic comparative methods to examine the evolutionary history of diel activity in skinks, one of the largest families of terrestrial vertebrates. We examine how diel patterns are associated with microhabitat, ambient temperatures, and morphology. We found support for a nondiurnal ancestral skink. Strict diurnality in crown group skinks only evolved during the Paleogene. Nocturnal habits are associated with fossorial activity, limb reduction and loss, and warm temperatures. Our results shed light on the evolution of diel activity patterns in a large radiation of terrestrial ectotherms and reveal how both intrinsic biotic and extrinsic abiotic factors can shape the evolution of animal activity patterns.

The bleating tree frog (Litoria dentata) is one of the more prominent pelodryadid frogs of eastern Australia by virtue of its extremely loud, piercing, male advertisement call. A member of the Litoria rubella species group, L. dentata has a broad latitudinal distribution and is widespread from coastal and subcoastal lowlands through to montane areas. A recent mitochondrial DNA analysis showed a deep phylogeographic break between populations of L. dentata on the mid-north coast of New South Wales. Here we extended the mitochondrial survey with more geographically comprehensive sampling and tested the systematic implications of our findings with nuclear genome wide single-nucleotide polymorphism, morphological and male advertisement call datasets. While similar in appearance and in male advertisement call, our integrative analysis demonstrates the presence of three species which replace each other in a north-south series. We redescribe Litoria dentata, which is restricted to coastal north-eastern New South Wales, and formally describe Litoria balatus sp. nov., from south-eastern Queensland, and Litoria quiritatus sp. nov., from the mid-coast of New South Wales to north-eastern Victoria.

In their careful analysis of python phylogeny and evolution, Esquerré et al. (2020) proposed the new genus-series nomen Nawaran for the Oenpelli python, Simalia oenpelliensis (Gow, 1977). However, Nawaran is a junior synonym of Nyctophilopython Wells & Wellington, 1985, a name that was validly, though controversially, published in compliance with the Code. Furthermore, while the nomen Nawaran initially appeared in an “early view” of the article on or about 21 May 2020, it was not registered on Zoobank until 23 September 2020 and did not become available for the purposes of zoological nomenclature until 30 November 2020, the date of the printed publication according to Article 21.3 of the Code. Complications for nomenclature resulting from “pre-publications” and lapses with Zoobank registration are not uncommon, and we urge taxonomists considering the erection of new nomina to give careful attention to the nomenclatural rules of the Code.

Comprehensive assessments of species’ extinction risks have documented the extinction crisis1 and underpinned strategies for reducing those risks2. Global assessments reveal that, among tetrapods, 40.7% of amphibians, 25.4% of mammals and 13.6% of birds are threatened with extinction3. Because global assessments have been lacking, reptiles have been omitted from conservation-prioritization analyses that encompass other tetrapods4–7. Reptiles are unusually diverse in arid regions, suggesting that they may have different conservation needs6. Here we provide a comprehensive extinction-risk assessment of reptiles and show that at least 1,829 out of 10,196 species (21.1%) are threatened—confirming a previous extrapolation8 and representing 15.6 billion years of phylogenetic diversity. Reptiles are threatened by the same major factors that threaten other tetrapods—agriculture, logging, urban development and invasive species—although the threat posed by climate change remains uncertain. Reptiles inhabiting forests, where these threats are strongest, are more threatened than those in arid habitats, contrary to our prediction. Birds, mammals and amphibians are unexpectedly good surrogates for the conservation of reptiles, although threatened reptiles with the smallest ranges tend to be isolated from other threatened tetrapods. Although some reptiles—including most species of crocodiles and turtles—require urgent, targeted action to prevent extinctions, efforts to protect other tetrapods, such as habitat preservation and control of trade and invasive species, will probably also benefit many reptiles.

The modern classification of skinks is based on a nomenclature that dates to the 1970s. However, there are a number of earlier names in the family group that have been overlooked by recent workers. These names are identified and their validity with respect to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature investigated, along with their type genera. In most cases, use of these names to supplant junior synonyms in modern day use is avoidable by use of the Reversal of Precedence articles of the Code, but the names remain available in case of future divisions at the tribe and subtribe level. Other names are unavailable due to homonymy, either of their type genera or the stems from similar but non-homonymous type genera. However, the name Egerniini is replaced by Tiliquini, due to a limited timespan of use of Egerniini. A new classification of the Family Scincidae is proposed, providing a more extensive use of Code-regulated levels of classification, including tribes and subtribes, and a detailed synonymy provided for each taxonomic unit.

Shea, Glenn M. (2021): Rejection of an unused senior synonym imperiling the nomenclature of the genus Pogona (Squamata: Agamidae). Zootaxa 5048 (2): 298-300, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5048.2.10

Restrictive nosebands are of growing concern because of their potential effect on equine welfare. This study evaluates archived radiographs of equine nasal bones for evidence of trauma and to test whether age, sex, or breed were risk factors for such radiographic changes. Radiographs of equine nasal bones (n = 60) were studied for evidence of bony or soft tissue changes by a specialist radiologist blinded to their signalment. Horses with described changes were classified as possible cases and horses without changes, non-cases. The possible cases (n = 9) were discussed with a second specialist radiologist following which the first radiologist reclassified 3 possible cases as non-cases. Radiographs were matched to the age, sex, and breed of each horse and associations with being a case were assessed using Fisher's exact tests. Of 60 horses assessed, 50% of Warmbloods (3/6), 11% of Thoroughbreds (2/18), and 20% of Australian Stock Horses (1/5) were cases. Warmbloods had a greater proportion of changes than other breeds ( P = 0.01). There were no statistically significant sex or age associations. The radiologists disagreed as to whether some changes were within normal anatomical variation or were radiographic artifacts but agreed that assessing equine nasal bones using existing radiographs was surprisingly difficult due to issues such as inconsistent radiographic technique and equipment, obliquity of many of the radiographs, and lack of objective data as to what comprises normal nasal bones. Further radiographic studies in this domain should consider the merits of a prospective sample, establish consistent radiography protocols, and aim to establish normality, perhaps by studying a control population that has not had human interventions, such as Australian wild brumbies.

Our knowledge of the conservation status of reptiles, the most diverse class of terrestrial vertebrates, has improved dramatically over the past decade, but still lags behind that of the other tetrapod groups. Here, we conduct the first comprehensive evaluation (~92% of the world’s ~1,714 described species) of the conservation status of skinks (Scincidae), a speciose reptile family with a worldwide distribution. Using International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) criteria, we report that ~20% of species are threatened with extinction, and nine species are Extinct or Extinct in the Wild. The highest levels of threat are evident in Madagascar and the Neotropics, and in the subfamilies Mabuyinae, Eugongylinae and Scincinae. The vast majority of threatened skink species were listed based primarily on their small geographic ranges (Criterion B, 83%; Criterion D2, 13%). Although the population trend of 42% of species was stable, 14% have declining populations. The key threats to skinks are habitat loss due to agriculture, invasive species, and biological resource use (e.g., hunting, timber harvesting). The distributions of 61% of species do not overlap with protected areas. Despite our improved knowledge of the conservation status of the world’s skinks, 8% of species remain to be assessed, and 14% are listed as Data Deficient. The conservation status of almost a quarter of the world’s skink species thus remains unknown. We use our updated knowledge of the conservation status of the group to develop and outline the priorities for the conservation assessment and management of the world’s skink species.

This article reports on the results of a survey of racehorse trainers (n = 112) outlining the reasons for tongue-tie (TT) and noseband (NB) use by Thoroughbred trainers (TBTs) (n = 72) and Standardbred trainers (SBTs) (n = 40). The study also investigated the reported effectiveness of TTs and possible complications arising from their use. Tongue-tie use was reported by 62.5% (n = 70) of racehorse trainers. The reasons for TT use varied between TBTs and SBTs. For TBTs, the most common reason for TT use was to prevent or reduce airway obstruction (72.3%, n = 34), followed closely by to prevent or reduce airway noise (55.3%, n = 16). Standardbred trainers assigned equal importance for TT use [to prevent or reduce airway obstruction (69.6%, n = 16) and to prevent the horse from moving its tongue over the bit (69.6%, n = 16)]. Tongue-ties were considered significantly less effective at improving performance than at reducing airway obstruction and preventing the tongue from moving over the bit (t = −2.700, p = 0.0007). For respondents who used both TTs and NBs, there was a mild to moderate positive association between the reasons for using TTs and NBs. Of the 70 TT-using respondents, 51.4% (n = 36) recorded having encountered either a physical or behavioural complication due to TT use, with redness/bruising of the tongue (20.0%, n = 14) being the most common physical complication reported. Duration of use influenced the risk of observing complications. The likelihood of a respondent reporting a behavioural complication due to TT use increased with every minute of reported application and a nine-minute increment in application period doubled the odds of a respondent reporting a complication. Tightness was a risk factor for physical complications: Checking TT tightness by noting the tongue as not moving was associated with increased reporting of physical complications (OR = 6.59, CI 1.1–67.5). This pilot study provides some insight into how and why TTs are applied by some racehorse trainers, and the potential risks associated with their use. A further study of a larger cohort is recommended because these results are valid for only the 112 trainers who responded and cannot be generalized to the equine industry.

Aim: Clutch size is a key life-history trait. In lizards, it ranges over two orders of mag-nitude. The global drivers of spatial and phylogenetic variation in clutch have been extensively studied in birds, but such tests in other organisms are lacking. To test the generality of latitudinal gradients in clutch size, and their putative drivers, we present the first global-scale analysis of clutch sizes across lizard taxa.Location: Global.Time period: Recent.Major taxa studied: Lizards (Reptilia, Squamata, Sauria).Methods: We analysed clutch-size data for over 3,900 lizard species, using phyloge-netic generalized least-square regression to study the relationships between clutch sizes and environmental (temperature, precipitation, seasonality, primary productiv-ity, insularity) and ecological factors (body mass, insularity, activity times, and micro-habitat use).Results: Larger clutches are laid at higher latitudes and in more productive and seasonal environments. Insular taxa lay smaller clutches on average. Temperature and precipitation per se are unrelated to clutch sizes. In Africa, patterns differ from those on other continents. Lineages laying small fixed clutches are restricted to low latitudes.Main conclusions: We suggest that the constraint imposed by a short activity season, coupled with abundant resources, is the main driver of large-clutch evolution at high latitudes and in highly seasonal regions. We hypothesize that such conditions – which are unsuitable for species constrained to laying multiple small clutches – may limit the distribution of fixed-clutch taxa Fil: Meiri, Shai. Universitat Tel Aviv; Israel Fil: Avila, Luciano Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales; Argentina Fil: Bauer, Aaron M.. Villanova University; Estados Unidos Fil: Chapple, David G.. Monash University. Faculty Of Science. School Of Biological Sciences; Australia Fil: Das, Indraneil. Universiti Malaysia Sarawak; Malasia Fil: Doan, Tiffany M.. New College of Florida; Estados Unidos Fil: Doughty, Paul. Western Australian Museum; Australia Fil: Ellis, Ryan. Western Australian Museum; Australia Fil: Grismer, Lee. La Sierra University; Estados Unidos Fil: Kraus, Fred. University of Michigan; Estados Unidos Fil: Morando, Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales; Argentina Fil: Oliver, Paul. Griffith University; Australia Fil: Pincheira Donoso, Daniel. Nottingham Trent University; Reino Unido Fil: Ribeiro Junior, Marco Antonio. Universitat Tel Aviv; Israel Fil: Shea, Glenn. University of Sydney; Australia Fil: Torres Carvajal, Omar. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador; Ecuador Fil: Slavenko, Alex. Universitat Tel Aviv; Israel Fil: Roll, Uri. Ben Gurion University of the Negev; Israel

The identity of Chelodina oblonga has been unclear because it has been variously defined to include populations of snake-necked chelid turtle from the southwest of Western Australia, across northern Australia, Cape York and southern New Guinea in its broadest conception, from just the northern part of this range (northern Australia and New Guinea), or restricted to the southwest corner of Western Australia in its narrowest conception. Uncertainty over the identity of the type specimens has added to the confusion. In this paper, we review the historical data on the extent of the type series of Chelodina oblonga, and its potential provenance, and find evidence that resolves some of the inconsistencies in previous literature on the identification of the type. Our analysis casts doubt on the northern Australian provenance of the type material. Hence, we return the name C. oblonga to the south-western species, in accordance with the genetic evidence for the provenance of the type in the Natural History Museum, London, and the external morphology of the type series. We designate a lectotype for the species, and redefine the subgeneric names that apply to the Australasian genus Chelodina, providing a new subgeneric name for one lineage.

Almost a century ago, the Swiss herpetologist Jean Roux described a new skink species, Mabuia wirzi, from a single specimen from Pulau Nias, an island on the west coast of Sumatra in Indonesia (Roux 1925). The specimen was part of a small collection of reptiles and amphibians made on Nias by the ethnologist Paul Wirz (29.v.1892–1955.i.30), who worked on Nias in 1925 and 1926 (Wirz 1928, 1929). Roux’s paper was published in October 1925, and hence the specimen would have come from Wirz’s first expedition, and would have been only recently preserved at the time of description.

This article reports on the results of a survey designed to explore the types of nosebands that owners, riders and trainers use in training and competition, their reasons for using nosebands, the design preferences in different disciplines and approaches to noseband tightness and monitoring, as well as the incidence of negative impacts related to noseband usage. Respondents (n = 3040) were asked to specify the type of noseband they were currently using and to rate how effective they were in achieving these stated reasons. Respondents who used nosebands (n = 2332) most commonly used Plain Cavesson (46.6%, n = 1087) and Hanoverian (24.8%, n = 579) nosebands. The reasons provided in the survey for noseband usage were grouped into three broad, mutually exclusive categories: Anatomical, Consequential and Passive. Responses across these categories were fairly evenly distributed overall: Anatomical (29.5%, n = 1501), Consequential (30.6%, n = 1560), Passive (32.9%, n = 1673) and other reasons (7.0%, n = 358). Across all respondents (n = 2332), the most common Anatomical reason given was to prevent the horse&rsquo, s tongue from moving over the bit (20.8%, n = 485), the most common Consequential reason was to improve the appearance of the horse (20.4%, n = 476), with aligning with the rules of the sport (30.2%, n = 705) the most popular Passive reason. Of the respondents who answered the question of checking noseband tightness (n = 2295), most reported checking noseband tightness at the bridge of the nose (62.1%, n = 1426), some (10.4%, n = 238) reported checking for tightness on the side of the face and others under the chin (21.5%, n = 496). This survey also revealed some of the potential issues associated with noseband use, with 18.6% (n = 434) reporting at least one physical or behavioural complication. The most common complication was hair loss under the noseband (39.9%, n = 173). Crank systems were reported to be used by 28.9% (n = 665) of respondents. This is of concern as these devices can be excessively tightened, minimising jaw and tongue movement and may compromise horse welfare. Indeed, the current data in our study show that these devices are associated with an increased risk of complications being reported. Against the backdrop of potential harm to horse welfare associated with restrictive nosebands, this report may serve as a guide for future regulations and research. It helps improve our understanding of noseband preferences and their use in different disciplines.

Aim Small geographic ranges make species especially prone to extinction from anthropogenic disturbances or natural stochastic events. We assemble and analyse a comprehensive dataset of all the world's lizard species and identify the species with the smallest ranges—those known only from their type localities. We compare them to wide-ranging species to infer whether specific geographic regions or biological traits predispose species to have small ranges. Location Global. Methods We extensively surveyed museum collections, the primary literature and our own field records to identify all the species of lizards with a maximum linear geographic extent of

We present information on primary type specimens for 13,282 species and subspecies of reptiles compiled in the Reptile Database, that is, holotypes, neotypes, lectotypes, and syntypes. These represent 99.4% of all 13,361 currently recognized taxa (11,050 species and 2311 subspecies). Type specimens of 653 taxa (4.9%) are either lost or not located, were never designated, or we did not find any information about them. 51 species are based on iconotypes. To map all types to physical collections we have consolidated all synonymous and ambiguous collection acronyms into an unambiguous list of 364 collections holding these primary types. The 10 largest collections possess more than 50% of all (primary) reptile types, the 36 largest collections possess more than 10,000 types and the largest 73 collections possess over 90% of all types. Of the 364 collections, 107 hold type specimens of only 1 species or subspecies. Dozens of types are still in private collections. In order to increase their utility, we recommend that the description of type specimens be supplemented with data from high-resolution images and CT-scans, and clear links to tissue samples and DNA sequence data (when available). We request members of the herpetological community provide us with any missing type information to complete the list.

Lizards and snakes (squamate reptiles) are the most diverse vertebrate group in Australia, with approximately 1000 described species, representing about 10% of the global squamate diversity. Squamates are a vital part of the Australian ecosystem, but their conservation has been hindered by a lack of knowledge of their diversity, distribution, biology and key threats. The Action Plan for Australian Lizards and Snakes 2017 provides the first comprehensive assessment of the conservation status of Australian squamates in 25 years. Conservation assessments are provided for 986 species of Australian lizards and snakes (including sea snakes). Over the past 25 years there has been a substantial increase in the number of species and families recognised within Australia. There has also been an increase in the range and magnitude of threatening processes with the potential to impact squamates. This has resulted in an increase in the proportion of the Australian squamate fauna that is considered Threatened. Notably over this period, the first known extinction (post-European settlement) of an Australian reptile species occurred – an indication of the increasingly urgent need for better knowledge and management of this fauna. Six key recommendations are presented to improve the conservation management and plight of Australian squamates. This Action Plan represents an essential resource for research scientists, conservation biologists, conservation managers, environmental consultants, policy makers from Commonwealth and State/Territory governments, and the herpetological community.

Global biodiversity loss is a profound consequence of human activity. Disturbingly, biodiversity loss is greater than realized because of the unknown number of undocumented species. Conservation fundamentally relies on taxonomic recognition of species, but only a fraction of biodiversity is described. Here, we provide a new quantitative approach for prioritizing rigorous taxonomic research for conservation. We implement this approach in a highly diverse vertebrate group—Australian lizards and snakes. Of 870 species assessed, we identified 282 (32.4%) with taxonomic uncertainty, of which 17.6% likely comprise undescribed species of conservation concern. We identify 24 species in need of immediate taxonomic attention to facilitate conservation. Using a broadly applicable return-on-investment framework, we demonstrate the importance of prioritizing the fundamental work of identifying species before they are lost., In order to inform conservation effort, there is urgent need for rigorous taxonomic research to describe species under threat of extinction. Implementation of a new prioritization method identified 282 Australian reptile species needing taxonomic research, of which 17.6% represent undescribed species of conservation concern; this approach could be readily implemented across many faunal groups.

The New Guinea scincid lizardEmoia ahli(Vogt, 1932), described from two specimens from the Sepik River in New Guinea, is shown to be indistinguishable fromEmoia battersbyi(Procter, 1923), a species from the same region, based on the first examination of the syntypes since the description of the species. Several of the diagnostic characters that have previously been invoked to distinguish the two species represent misinterpretations of statements in Vogt’s description.

The types and type localities of Bombinator australis Gray, 1835, Pseudophryne bibronii Günther, 1859, and Phryniscus albifrons Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854, are defined. The nominal type locality for B. australis, Swan River, is considered to be in error. The source of the specimen, Joseph Wright, owned property in the Swan River colony in Western Australia, but later resided in Sydney, the latter locality within the known range of the species. We designate a specimen in the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris as lectotype of Pseudophryne bibronii, restricting the type locality of both species to Parramatta, near Sydney, based on the published statements of the collector, François Péron. The holotype of Phryniscus albifrons, a species defined by a painting of a specimen, was likely to have been collected by Jules Verreaux, but the only extant Pseudophryne obtained from Verreaux does not match the type illustration. Verreaux is renowned for the numerous errors in the localities associated with his specimens, and the locality for this specimen, Moreton Bay, Queensland, is likely to be another such error. Resolution of these issues facilitates ongoing taxonomic work on the genus using genetic and morphological data.

Recent genetic studies have identified the New Caledonian scincid genus Lioscincus to be polyphyletic, comprising four distinct evolutionary lineages which we recognize at the generic level. The revised concept of Lioscincus s.s. now includes only the type species Lioscincus steindachneri Bocage, 1873 and the recently described Lioscincus vivae Sadlier, Bauer, Whitaker & Smith, 2004. The three remaining lineages identified are: Leiolopisma tillieri Ineich & Sadlier, 1991 and Lioscincus maruia Sadlier, Whitaker & Bauer, 1998 for which the genus Phasmasaurus gen. nov. is proposed; Lygosoma (Mocoa) nigrofasciolatus Peters, 1869 and Leiolopisma greeri Bohme, 1979 for which the genus Epibator gen. nov. is proposed; and Lygosoma (Leiolopisma) novaecaledoniae Parker, 1926 for which the genus Caesoris gen. nov. is proposed. Each of these genera is diagnosed by a suite of morphological apomorphies which in combination is unique within the Eugongylus group of skinks of which each is a member. The revised taxonomy presented here, which recognises an additional three new genera, brings the number of endemic skink genera present in New Caledonia to 17, representing approximately 40% of the generic diversity within the Australian/Pacific region Eugongylus group of skinks as currently recognised. Although we are reluctant to erect new genera to accommodate one or two species, the data at hand suggest this as the most accurate reflection of the available genetic and morphological data.

Australia is a global hotspot of reptile diversity, hosting similar to 10% of the world's squamate (snake and lizard) species. Yet the conservation status of the Australian squamate fauna has not been assessed for >25 years; a period during which the described fauna has risen by similar to 40%. Here we provide the first comprehensive conservation assessment of Australian terrestrial squamates using IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Most (86.4%; n = 819/948) Australian squamates were categorised as Least Concern, 4.5% were Data Deficient, and 7.1% (range 6.8%-11.3%, depending on the treatment of Data Deficient species) were threatened (3.0% Vulnerable, 2.7% Endangered, 1.1% Critically Endangered). This level of threat is low relative to the global average (similar to 18%). One species (Emoia nativitatis) was assessed as Extinct, and two species (Lepidodactylus listeri and Cryptoblepharus egeriae) are considered Extinct in the Wild: all three were endemic to Christmas Island. Most (75.1%) threat assessments were based on geographic range attributes, due to limited data on population trends or relevant proxies. Agriculture, fire, and invasive species were the threats that affected the most species, and there was substantial geographic variation in the number of species affected by each threat. Threatened species richness peaked on islands, in the Southern Alps, and across northern Australia. Data deficiency was greatest in northern Australia and in coastal Queensland. Approximately one-in-five threatened species were not represented in a single protected area. Our analyses shed light on the species, regions, and threats in most urgent need of conservation intervention.

Shea, Glenn M., Beatson, Cecilie A., Sadlier, Ross A. (2016): The Nomenclature and Type Material of Crocodylus johnstoni (Krefft, 1873). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (3): 81-98, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1658, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1658

Knowledge of the New Zealand lizards began with the arrival of the Māori in the thirteenth century, who largely applied their ancestral Polynesian names and attitudes to lizards. These relied heavily on mythology and folklore. The first European discoverers in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries noted the presence of lizards without providing any further detail, and it was not until the 1820s that the first specimens were collected and the 1830s when these were formally named. The 1840s saw three scientific expeditions visiting the country: the French aboard the Astrolabe and Zelee (1840), the United States Exploring Expedition (1840) and the English Antarctic Expedition aboard the Erebus and Terror (1841). Together with the first major wave of settlement by the New Zealand Company, and by the French at Akaroa, significant herpetological collections began to arrive in museums in Europe and America, and many of the common New Zealand lizards were described, particularly by John Gray at the British Museum, Constant Dumeril and Gabriel Bibron at the Museum national d’Histoire naturelle in Paris, and Charles Girard in Washington. This era ended in the 1860s with the Austrian Novara Expedition and a late flurry of descriptions by others. The formation of the New Zealand Institute in the late 1860s provided the opportunity for local naturalists to describe the fauna they collected, and Walter Buller, Frederick Hutton and William Colenso, in particular, began to describe new species. By the 1880s, when George Boulenger at the British Museum published his syntheses of the world’s herpetofauna, a basic framework of local lizard diversity had emerged. After half a century during which little taxonomic work was done, a monograph of the local lizard fauna by Charles McCann provided the next platform for research and was followed by the burgeoning of field-based ecological studies. New revisions of the skink fauna began in the 1970s, with contributions by Joan Robb, Brian Gill, Graeme Hardy and Geoff Patterson, and emphasised the application of modern genetic techniques to field-based studies of different morphotypes, gradually refining previous concepts. Recent taxonomic study of the gecko fauna has progressed at a slower rate, with many species still to be formally described.

A new species of diplodactylid gecko, Bavayia nubila Bauer, Sadlier, Jackman & Shea, n. sp., is described from forests at two sites in the drainage of the Tontouta Valley in the ultramafic ranges of southeastern New Caledonia. The new gecko is the sister species of the much smaller Bavayia goroensis; both species are basal within the B. cyclura clade. The area from which the species is recorded so far is the focus of extensive nickel mining operations, and because of its restricted distribution and the potential threats posed by mining in the region, it is here regarded as Endangered under IUCN red list criteria.

A complete catalogue is provided of the type-specimens of the scincid lizards in the herpetological collections of the Museum fur Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin (ZMB). The collection includes 519 type specimens, representing 195 named taxa (120 of which are currently regarded as valid). Among the most historically important types are those from the Bloch collection, chiefly described by Schneider (1801) and those collected by Hemprich & Ehrenberg and described by Wiegmann (1837) and others. The largest part of the skink type collection is that constituted by types of taxa described by Wilhelm Peters between 1844 and 1882. Many additional types were described by later workers from around the world, but especially from the former German colonial possessions in Africa and the Pacific. The taxonomic and nomenclatural histories of many taxa, especially those of historical significance, are reviewed and modern equivalents of original type localities are identified.

A new species of diplodactylid genus Bavayia, B. goroensis, is described from the Plaine des Lacs region of the Province Sud, New Caledonia. The new gecko is the smallest member of the Bavayia cyclura clade (49 mm snout-vent length) and, based on a molecular phylogeny, is basal within this group. It differs from other members of this group in its much smaller size, more gracile body, and lower number of precloacal pores and subdigital lamellae. The new species is known from only two locations, one of which is adjacent to extensive nickel mining operations. Because of its limited distribution and the direct and indirect threats posed by the proximity of mining to one of the populations, the species is here regarded as “Endangered.”

Demansia olivacea and Demansia torquata, as used by recent authors, are composite. Nine species are recognized based on coloration and morphology, with evidence of sympatry between several pairs of species. Demansia olivacea is restricted to the northern Kimberley and the Top End of the Northern Territory and D. torquata to eastern coastal Queensland. Demansia calodera Storr, 1978 and Demansia rufescens Storr, 1978, originally described as subspecies of D. olivacea, are raised to full species. Demansia angusticeps (Macleay, 1888), previously regarded as a synonym of D. olivacea, is resurrected for populations in the southern Kimberley, and D. flagellatio Wells & Wellington, 1985 is validated as a species restricted to northwest Queensland. Three new species are described.

A catalogue of the amphibian and reptile type specimens in the collections of the Papua New Guinea National Museum and University of Papua New Guinea is provided, with collection data obtained from the registers of each collection, and comments on the current condition and whereabouts of the type specimens and discrepancies between data from different sources. A list of missing type specimens is appended. Primary type specimens of 43 species and secondary type specimens for 89 species are held in these collections. Litoria hunti Richards, Oliver, Dahl & Tjaturadi, 2006 is emended to Litoria huntorum, in accordance with the Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

Anilios fossor sp. nov. is described from a single specimen collected in 1989 from Ruby Gap Nature Park, Northern Territory. The species differs from all other Anilios species in the combination of 20 midbody scales, 514 dorsal scales, a rounded, non-angulate snout in lateral and dorsal profile, a nasal cleft contacting the second supralabial and not extending to the head dorsum, and a large round rostral shield in dorsal view. It is unclear whether the paucity of material of this species represents a limited distribution, or poor sampling in a remote, sparsely settled part of the continent. Evidence for the recognition of the Australian typhlopid fauna as a distinct genus Anilios is critically reviewed, and the genus is found to be recognizable only on genetic evidence. Some other recent nomenclatural and taxonomic changes in the Australian typhlopid fauna are considered and rejected.

Most of the reproductive modes of frogs include an exotrophic tadpole, but a number of taxa have some form of endotrophic development that lacks a feeding tadpole stage. The dicroglossid frog genus Limnonectes ranges from China south into Indonesia. The breeding biologies of the approximately 60 described species display an unusual diversity that range from exotrophic tadpoles to endotrophic development in terrestrial nests. There have been mentions of oviductal production of typical, exotrophic tadpoles in an undescribed species of Limnonectes from Sulawesi, Indonesia. Here we examine newly collected specimens of this species, now described as L. larvaepartus and present the first substantial report on this unique breeding mode. Typical exotrophic tadpoles that are retained to an advanced developmental stage in the oviducts of a female frog are birthed into slow-flowing streams or small, non-flowing pools adjacent to the streams.

Reproductive cycles and patterns of sperm storage were examined for three regionally sympatric species of cold-temperate viviparous Australian skinks previously reported to have Type II reproductive cycles (autumn spermatogenesis and mating, with oviductal sperm storage (OSS) and spring ovulation). Histological examination of oviducts, testes and epididymides of winter- and spring-collected skinks were combined with data on monthly variation in gonad size (ovarian follicle diameter and testis length) obtained from museum specimens. Pseudemoia entrecasteauxii exhibited autumn spermatogenesis and mating, OSS over winter, and spring vitellogenesis and ovulation, concurring with previous studies for more southern populations. In contrast to previous studies from more southern populations, Niveoscincus coventryi and Hemiergis decresiensis displayed autumn spermatogenesis with epididymal sperm storage (ESS) over winter and spring vitellogenesis, mating and ovulation. Timing of mating and sperm storage patterns may vary geographically or possibly be plastic in response to local or annual variation in environmental factors. Autumn-onset vitellogenesis with OSS is hypothesized to be the optimal cycle for producing offspring earlier in the breeding season.

Diets of Tiliqua multifasciata and Tiliqua occipitalis were studied by examination of stomach contents of 14 and 16 preserved individuals in the collection of the Western Australian Museum. Both species are active foraging omnivores, feeding mostly on diurnally available food. Most stomachs contained plant material, with lower frequencies of arthropods. Fruits and seeds were the predominant parts of plants consumed. The dominant arthropods eaten were insect larvae and beetles. Occasional vertebrate items found in stomachs were mostly sourced as carrion. No significant differences were detected in the diet of the two species. Pronounced differences in the head shape and tooth shape of the two species cannot be explained by differing dietary specialisation.

The postsupraocular, a small oblique scale just posterior to the supraoculars and medial to the pretemporal scales, is a derived character within the taxonomically difficult Sphenomorphus group of lygosomine skinks. This character occurs in 22 of the approximately 125 described species of Sphenomorphus currently recognized. The species with this distinctive character occur in the southern Philippine Islands, New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands and are called, informally, the Sphenomorphus maindroni group. A new species in the group is described from New Guinea, where most of the species occur. A key to the species with the distinctive character is provided.

The overlap pattern between the upper and lower secondary temporal scales is an important systematic character in sphenomorphine skinks. The derived condition of the lower secondary temoral overlapping the upper secondary temporal concords with certain aspects of existing taxonomy, geography, and ecology. Partly on the basis of this character, the recently described genus Paralipinia is placed in the synonmy of Scincella.

Lygosoma nototaenia Boulenger, 1914, and Lygosoma albodorsale Vogt, 1932, previously placed in the genus Sphenomorphus, are redescribed from the three known specimens of each (including two new specimens of the latter species) and transferred to the genus Lipinia. The phenotypically similar genus Scincella is distinguished from Lipinia by an apomorphic feature of the secondary temporal scales. A novel phalangeal condition, shortening of the third phalanx of the fourth toe, is identified in Lipinia cheesmanae and Lipinia longiceps.

Human activities affect animal populations whenever animals and humans live in close proximity, but patterns of mortality in urban wildlife remain poorly known. We analyzed rates of injury and mortality of bluetongue lizards (Tiliqua scincoides) in Sydney, Australia, using a Wildlife Information and Rescue Service database that contained more than 2000 reported “rescues” of this species over a three-year period. Motor vehicles and dogs killed many adult lizards in springtime (the mating season) when adult males move about more frequently. Domestic cats killed mainly juvenile lizards, especially just after parturition in midsummer. Weather conditions affected rescue rates, presumably because lizards were more active on hot dry days. Habitat loss was the most important cause for lizard rescue in highly urbanized areas, whereas domestic pets were a major threat in outlying suburbs. Such datasets are subject to many biases but allow meaningful comparisons at some levels of analysis. The large dataset...

To investigate possible causes of embryonic and neonatal mortality in a group of captive Fijian iguanas (Brachylophus fasciatus and Brachylophus vitiensis), the vitamin D status of adults in the colony was compared with that of agamid and iguanid lizards either housed in indoor enclosures under artificial ultraviolet light or exposed to natural sunlight (wild-caught or captive animals housed outdoors). Those under artificial lighting had a significantly lower vitamin D status than those housed exclusively outdoors, whereas the vitamin D status of Fijian iguanas that had received intermittent exposure to natural sunlight was intermediate and not significantly different from that of animals housed exclusively outdoors. However, eggs from some of these Fijian iguanas had substantially lower vitamin D content than eggs from outdoor iguanid and agamid animals. Artificial ultraviolet light, therefore, might not be an adequate substitute for natural sunlight to maintain vitamin D status of lizards. This possible inadequacy may be because either artificial ultraviolet light has a lower intensity of the wavelengths that induce vitamin D than does sunlight or the intensity of the artificial lighting is not sufficient.

The identification of dangerous Australian snakes is important in instituting therapy for envenomation. Despite the availability of a number of identification guides with varying degrees of generality, identification can be problematic for several reasons. These include a diversity of common names, many of which are inappropriate or regionally applied to different species, identification keys that focus on variable features, intraspecific variation and interspecific convergence in colouration, and recent changes in scientific nomenclature of species and genera. Geographic distribution of the dangerously venomous species can be a useful aid to identification, by limiting the range of options in a region. However, delineation of the limits of distribution relies on fine scale mapping beyond the resolution of most identification guides. This article provides a summary of the geographic limits of the dangerously venomous Australian snakes, with particular emphasis on major population centres, and clarifies some problems in identification, particularly among brown-coloured snakes.

The external morphology and osteology of the Land Mullet Egernia major is described based on ail available material in Australian museum collections and extant type material. The complex nomenclatural history of this species is discussed. Multivariate analysis of variation in external morphology does not identify any segment of the geographic distribution as distinct, although there is some clinal variation. Available data do not provide evidence for a close relationship with any other Egernia species and the previously identified “Egernia major” species group is concluded to have no morphological support. Litter sizes of 3-7 are recorded and reproduction is vernal. The species is omnivorous, with a high frequency of fungi and nocturnal invertebrates in the stomach contents.

The systematics and nomenclature of the black whip snakes have been the subject of lengthy and complex discussion. Examination of 512 specimens in Australian museums, including type specimens, shows that there are two species in the complex: Demansia papuensis (Macleay, 1877) and D. vestigiata (de Vis, 1884). When sexual dimorphism is taken into account, they are readily distinguished by scalation, size and to a lesser extent, colour, and are broadly sympatric in northern and north-eastern Australia. The smaller species with fewer ventral and subcaudal scales, Demansia vestigiata, is more broadly distributed, reaching southeastern Queensland and southern coastal New Guinea. Despite the name, D. papuensis is not known with certainty from New Guinea.