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Sandalwood is an important endemic tree in India. The oil in sandalwood, particularly in the heartwood, is the primary reason for its economic and cultural importance. However, the oil content of heartwood varies greatly between species and even within species. Furthermore, oil concentration varies greatly depending on position where sample is taken. In the present study, we report variations in oil content in a piece of heartwood of a single tree at specified positions both radially and longitudinally from core heartwood to the periphery and from lower side of butt-root to upper side. Further variation in α-santalol and β-santalol content of oil were also estimated. The variation in oil content was found to be in the range of 0.6–5.67% while the total santalol content ranged from 66.7% to 79.5%. This study is aimed towards analysing the variations in santalol content and oil yield across different axes of tree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biodegradation behavior of pesticides on and in various edible plants was studied by many others. They concluded that the current levels of the pesticides in surface water and plants do not constitute an acute toxicity hazard to man and animals on a short-term basis, but as a result of their accumulation in the main body, it causes a hazard of long-term exposure. Visual observation by light and electron microscopes of four Streptomyces spp. isolated from rhizosphere potato plants showed differentiation in mycelium and conidia spores as well as a variable diffusible pigment in a selective medium. The four Streptomyces spp. were identified as Streptomyces scabies by VITEK 2 system. The potential of granola herbicide degradation in relation to S. scabies isolates detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Four S. scabies isolates showed different potential abilities to degrade the gramonol in Lab. and in soil in the course of 5 days of incubation and 35 days post herbicide treatment respectively. It is clear that S. scabies isolates St4 was more active in gramonol degradation than the other isolates. Dehalogenase gene was detected by PCR in DNA genome of 4 isolates. It was found differences among isolates related to fragment density and size. Residual gramonol determined by GLC after 10, 20 and 30 days. It was observed the degradation rate increased with increased time as well as a small amount of gramonol residue was observed in non-sterilized soil compared with sterilized soil in relation to increasing the count of total microorganisms. On the other hand, the effect of gramonol on Streptomyces isolates growth was non-observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The latest progress in the design of the water-cooled lithium–lead (WCLL) tritium extraction and removal (TER) system for the European DEMO tokamak reactor is presented. The implementation and optimization of the conceptual design of the TER system are performed in order to manage the tritium concentration in the LiPb and ancillary systems, to control the LiPb chemistry, to remove accumulated corrosion and activated products (in particular, the helium generated in the BB), to store the LiPb, to empty the BB segments, to shield the equipment due to LiPb activation, and to accommodate possible overpressure of the LiPb. The LiPb volumes in the inboard (IB) and outboard (OB) modules of the BB are separately managed due to the different pressure drops and required mass flow rates in the different plasma operational phases. Therefore, the tritium extraction is managed by 6 LiPb loops: 4 loops for the OB segments and 2 loops for the IB segments. Each one is a closed loop with forced circulation of the liquid metal through the TER and the other ancillary systems. The design presents the new CAD drawings and the integration of the TEU into the tokamak building, designed on the basis of an experimental characterization carried out for the permeator against vacuum (PAV) and gas–liquid contactor (GLC) technologies, the two most promising technologies for tritium extraction from liquid metal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mice were treated with a fully human monoclonal glucagon receptor antagonistic antibody REMD2.59 following myocardial infarction or pressure overload. REMD2.59 treatment blunted cardiac hypertrophy and fibrotic remodeling, and attenuated contractile dysfunction at 4 weeks after myocardial infarction. In addition, REMD2.59 treatment at the onset of pressure overload significantly suppressed cardiac hypertrophy and chamber dilation with marked preservation of cardiac systolic and diastolic function. Initiation of REMD2.59 treatment 2 weeks after pressure overload significantly blunted the progression of cardiac pathology. These results provide the first in vivo proof-of-concept evidence that glucagon receptor antagonism is a potentially efficacious therapy to ameliorate both onset and progression of heart failure.

A field trial was conducted to study the dissipation of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole on okra following application of Nativo (tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% WG) at 350 and 700 g ha−1. The estimation of trifloxystrobin and CGA 321113 residues was carried on gas–liquid chromatograph equipped with electron capture detector and that of tebuconazole on gas chromatograph–mass spectrometry. Average initial deposits of tebuconazole in okra were found to be 0.75 and 1.45 mg kg−1, whereas trifloxystrobin was found to be 0.28 and 0.61 mg kg−1 following the application of Nativo at 350 and 700 g ha−1, respectively. Residues of tebuconazole dissipated below limit of quantification of 0.05 mg kg−1 after 7 and 10 days and of trifloxystrobin after 5 days of last application at recommended and double of the recommended dosages, respectively. For risk assessment studies, theoretical maximum residue contributions (TMRC) were calculated and compared with maximum permissible intake (MPI). It was observed that TMRC values were below MPI in zero day samples at both recommended and double of the recommended dosages. Therefore, the waiting period of 1 day should be observed for safe consumption of okra treated with tebuconazole and trifloxystrobin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dietary carbohydrates have a major effect on postprandial glycemic response. Therefore, the current guidelines recommend the usage of insulin/carbohydrate ratio for calculation of prandial insulin dose based on the carbohydrate count in a given meal. However, some studies pointed to the importance of the quality of carbohydrates, as reflected by their glycemic index, in addition to their quantity on the regulation of postprandial glucose level. Objectives: To identify a safe, feasible and effective method for calculation of prandial insulin dose based on the glycemic load of a meal. This could minimize postprandial glycemic variability in type 1 diabetic patients. Patients and Methods: Our study included 15 type 1 diabetic participants; their ages ranged from 8 to 15 years. The participants were given a breakfast with the same amount of fat, protein and carbohydrates, which was prepared similarly in all studied patients. Sequence, quality and amounts of meals consumed during the first week of the study were replicated during the second week. Calculation of prandial insulin doses using one regimen for 1 week and a crossover to the other regimen for an additional week was done. A detailed medical history was collected, including the age of onset of diabetes, disease duration, and symptoms of diabetic complications. Results: Blood glucose postprandial excursions was significantly lower during the glycemic load counting (GLC) than the carbohydrate counting (CC) period from baseline to 120 min (-10.20 ± 8.18 vs 8.47 ± 6.65 mg/dl, respectively, p = < 0.001), baseline to 180 min (-11.80 ± 8.16 vs 5.13 ± 7.01 mg/dl, respectively, p = < 0.001) and baseline to 240 min (-9.60 ± 6.07 vs -0.53 ± 7.31 mg/dl, respectively, p = 0.007). However, there was no postprandial glucose difference between the two periods from baseline to 60 min (-2.87 ± 8.09 vs 2.53 ± 7.76 mg/dl, respectively, p = 0.083). Conclusion: The data from this study showed that glycemic load counting for prandial insulin doses is a feasible and effective method in short term glucose control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In any kind of digital system, the processor and memories are used to play a vital role in today's trend. The processors and memories are done many critical tasks in the system. Whereas the processor used to do several functions and memories used to store and retrieve the data. But these processors and memories are more vulnerable to various hardware attacks. By using several new devices may lead to many security issues which the attackers can leverage to introduce a new hardware attack. Various hardware security (HS) studies have been presented to prevent hardware from a security issue. Some of the security issues that are occurred in hardware are overbuilding, piracy and reverse engineering (RE) and so on. In many works of literature, obfuscating and camouflaging are done in the netlist of hardware devices. Even though, these methods are highly overheads, and also not secured up to the level of expectation. Therefore, the main motive of Hardware security is to secure an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) processor and memory unit from the various threats. In this work, a Configurable GDI based Locking cell (GLC) is proposed which is added as redundant to the original netlist of ALU and memory units for its hardware protection. The basic concept of configurable GLC is to perform a wire or inverter by using keys to obfuscate an attacker. This GLC logic can overcome the drawback of existing methods based on obfuscation and cryptographic techniques. The results show that proposed GLC is possible in any kind of memory system, all with low area and delay penalty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evening primrose is a beautiful ornamental plant, but at the same time it has medicinal properties that make this plant of great value and importance. In this context, the present research aims to investigate the effect of phosphorus sources and biofertilizers (EM and phosphorein) on growth, flowering, seeds yield, chemical constituents, of Oenothera biennis L. plant. This study was conducted at the Experimental Farm and in the Laboratory of Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agric. at Moshtohor, Benha Univ., Egypt during 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 seasons. The results indicated that, plants which were applied with phosphorus sources, biofertilizers as well as their combination treatments scored highly significant increases in all of studied characteristics of vegetative, flowering, seeds yield, chemical composition, fixed oil percentage, and fatty acids determination of the plant. The maximum values of most parameters mentioned above were gained by the combined treatment of monopotassium phosphate with EM in 1st and 2nd seasons. Additionally, the highest values of flowering parameters and P% were recorded by MAP treatment combined with phosphorein in both seasons. Furthermore, the highest seeds oil percentage (27.22 and 28.37) were recorded by the combined treatment between monopotassium phosphate and phosphorein, in the first and second seasons, respectively. The gained fixed oil composition four components were identified, i.e. palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid. It can be concluded that the monoamonium phosphate (MAP) or monopotassium phosphate with EM or phosphorein were the best for improving growth, seeds yield, fixed oil productivity, chemical constituents and fixed oil components of Oenothera biennis L. plant.

The conversion of solar energy to chemical energy by plants during the photosynthetic process provides the main support of the life on the planet. The final products of photosynthesis are carbon skeletons (i.e sugars) that result of the atmospheric CO2 fixation in the leaves and that are the main food and energy source for plants. Throughout evolution, sugars served not only as a source of energy, but also as signaling molecules that communicate the variations of the energetic status in the plant through the participation of various extracellular and intracellular protein receptors. Diverse monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and disaccharides (sucrose and trehalose) trigger different signaling pathways that involve the participation of kinases and transcription factors that modulate the expression of hundreds of nuclear genes required for plant growth, development, and stress responses. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of how sugars are produced, their transport in the plant, as well as the current knowledge on the perception and signaling processes mediated by these compounds that impact throughout the entire life of the plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metribuzin is a systemic herbicide having translaminar flow in the plant. Therefore, there are chances of movement in the leaves, immature cane and juice. Work has been done on the residues of metribuzin in soil but no literature is available on the residues in immature cane. Therefore, present work is undertaken to check the dissipation pattern in immature cane, juice and soil. A two-year trial was conducted to study the residues of metribuzin after application @ 1400 and 2800 g a.i. ha−1. In immature cane, the initial residues were 11.73 and 20.89 mg kg−1 during 1st year and 12.78 and 26.09 mg kg−1 during 2nd year which declined below the limit of quantification of 0.05 mg kg−1 in 15 days at single and double dose, respectively. In soil, initial residues were 0.87 and 2.56 mg kg−1 during 1st year and 0.94 and 2.83 mg kg−1 during 2nd year at single and double dose, respectively, which decreased below the limit of quantification after 10 and 15 days of application during both years @ 1400 and 2800 g a.i. ha−1, respectively. The total residues followed kinetics of first order with correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.98 and 0.99. Sugarcane juice did not show the residues of metribuzin at harvest time. No residues were found in sugarcane, its juice and soil at harvest time; therefore, it can be concluded that the application of metribuzin @ 1400 and 2800 g a.i. ha−1 is safe from consumption point of view and environment point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this present study, identification and quantification pesticide residues in freshwater fish Labeo rohita. Gas Liquid chromatography (GLC) method is successfully developed for the determination of profenofos residues. The fish were exposed to 1/10th sublethal concentration of profenofos 10 µg/L-1 for 15 days. After the exposure fish was sacrifice and organs like Gil, Liver, Kidney, and Muscle were separated, the fish samples were extracted with n-Hexane, cleaned up and purified through solid-phase extraction method. The residues are in the following order, Gill > Muscle > Kidney > Liver, these results suggest that prolonged exposure to sublethal concentrations of profenofos in Labeo rohita leads to increased accumulation of pesticide residues in tissues.

Clinical studies have indicated an association between acute hyperglycemia and poor outcomes in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), although optimal blood glucose levels needed to maximize outcomes for these patients' remain under investigation. Previous results from experimental animal models suggest that post-TBI hyperglycemia may be harmful, neutral, or beneficial. The current studies determined the effects of single or multiple episodes of acute hyperglycemia on cerebral glucose metabolism and neuronal injury in a rodent model of unilateral controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury. In Experiment 1, a single episode of hyperglycemia (50% glucose at 2 g/kg, i.p.) initiated immediately after CCI was found to significantly attenuate a TBI-induced depression of glucose metabolism in cerebral cortex (4 of 6 regions) and subcortical regions (2 of 7) as well as to significantly reduce the number of dead/dying neurons in cortex and hippocampus at 24 h post-CCI. Experiment 2 examined effects of more prolonged and intermittent hyperglycemia induced by glucose administrations (2 g/kg, i.p.) at 0, 1, 3 and 6h post-CCI. The latter study also found significantly improved cerebral metabolism (in 3 of 6 cortical and 3 of 7 subcortical regions) and significant neuroprotection in cortex and hippocampus 1 day after CCI and glucose administration. These results indicate that acute episodes of post-TBI hyperglycemia can be beneficial and are consistent with other recent studies showing benefits of providing exogenous energy substrates during periods of increased cerebral metabolic demand.

Fatty acid composition and bioactivity of Sesbania sesban seed oils were analyzed. Seeds were milled by a domestic mixer at medium speed to obtain mixture containing germ and endosperm with seed coat. Germ (42.48%), Crude endosperm (26.22%) and seed coat (11.33%) were separated and whole seed along with seed parts subjected to extraction process by hot and cold method with petroleum ether. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in seed oils were determined and analyzed using Gas-liquid chromatography in which palmitic acid was found in endosperm oil (50.51%) and seed coat oil (30.65%) by cold extraction. Oleic acid was found in seed oil (48.22%) and in germ oil (46.87%) extracted by cold but lower in oils obtained by hot method. Linoleic acid content was found higher in oils extracted by hot extraction. Antioxidant activity was also done of oil from seed and their parts by different methods in which maximum inhibition shown by seed oil 55.45% at 100 μg/mL and minimum in endosperm oil 0.37% at all concentration from hot and cold method, which was significantly different at p<0.05 in the same column.The antimicrobial activity of seed oil was determined by disc diffusion method and the seed coat and whole seed extracted by cold extraction showed significant anti-bacterial activity. Studies reveal the potentiality of seed oil as an alternative source as/in edibles and also prospects the analysed oils of seed parts with useful bioactive markers for pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased energy consumption and the depletion of petroleum reserves have pushed up oil prices globally. Diminishing the petroleum reserve is another global risk factor. Producing Biodiesel vegetable oils and animal fat by transesterification can be a considerable energy alternative. In this study, biodiesel is produced from waste cooking oil by transesterification method with methanol in the presence of HCl as a catalyst. Biodiesel production begins with mixing raw the collected used cooking oil into one pool. The mixture is then settled for 8 hours at room temperature before initiating the transesterification process 90°C by mixing HCl (1% of oil weight) with methanol, while the methanol: oil ratio is 1:4. The process lasts for 9 h under a condenser. Biodiesel purification is carried out by washing the product twice with hot water (temperature 70°C) to remove excess reactants and byproducts such as alcohol, catalysts, soap and glycerine, and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The resulting diesel density of 3.72 kg/m (at 15°C), a kinematic viscosity of 8.93 mm/sec., at 40°C, calorific value was 41299 kj/kg, Total acid number of 0.111 was for waste cooking oil, Cetane number of 48.95, acid value (AV) was 1.135 mg/koh was and Ester value (EV) was 178.42 mg/koh. The Saponification value (SV) was 179.56 mg/koh, pH was 5.7, and Glycerol Weight was 97.53 (Gw). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stabilizing mechanisms of cervical spine spondylosis are involved in the degenerating segmentation vertebra, which often causes pain. Health of the individual is affected, both physically and mentally. Due to depression, nervousness, and psychological damages occur thereby losing their human activity functions. The nucleus pulposus of spinal disc herniation is prolapsed through a deficiency of annulus fibrosus. A jelly-like core part of the disc contains proteins that cause the tissues to become swollen when it touches the nucleus pulposus. The proposed Gradient Linear Classification (GLC) algorithm is used for the efficient automatic classification of disc degeneration herniation of Inter vertebral/vertebra in a cervical disc. Distance between the disc degeneration is classified through gradient operator and is estimated using the rotation of angles between the correlations. Specialists of the orthopedic spine are searching for high-precision algorithms, which are achieved using proposed Linear Hybrid Vertebra Regression (LHVR) diagnostic techniques to identify the degree of cervical disc degeneration using an accurate location. Our experimental results have been used to determine a high range of classification in predicting the spinal cord which saves handling time and accomplishes high accuracy in detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunil Gupta's practice as a photographer has spanned generations, continents, and cities. Throughout, he has grappled with the question 'what does it mean to be an Indian queer man?' Gupta's approach to photography reveals a perspective embedded in the postcolonial sites of Montreal and Delhi, and shaped by his artistic education in London. The use of staged documentary – which belies Gupta's role as a key player in British photo theory – has worked to bring feeling and experience into representation, creating a photographic basis for identification as gay and/or queer Indian. Based on a conversation at the 2019 conference 'Cruising the Seventies: Imagining Queer Europe then and now', this article draws from Gupta's testimony to map the ways in which his photographs answer to his question. It proposes that Gupta's work challenges a Eurocentric visual vocabulary, and can offer tools for imagining how 'queer Europe' might be displaced and refigured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, cutting of three types of ornamental and medical plants (Myrtus communis, Ruta graveolens, pelargonium hortorum) was rooted by using rapid immersion in IBA. As well as the seeds of Pimpinella anisum and Thymus vulgaris were planted too. The results indicated that Pelargonium horotorum had been recorded the maximum rooting percentage and dry leaves weight (75.78%, 8.39g) respectively for treatment with IBA at 2000 ppm on 5th March. Pimpinella anisum had recorded the highest percentage of oil (3.53%), density (1.962) and optical rotation (+51). While the plants varied in the ratio of active substances and Terpinene was appeared with the highest level (32.5%) in Myrtus communis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are no previous references to the direct use of GLC data in the correlation of biological processes, but we show that GLC retention data can be used in the correlation of several such processes involving gaseous solutes. There are a number of reports of RP-HPLC and MEKC data being used in the correlation of biological processes, but they are mostly restricted as to the number and type of solute studied. We show that if chromatographic data are used to obtain solvation descriptors for solutes, and if these descriptors are then used in the correlation of biological processes, that this indirect connection is a much more powerful and generally applicable method than is the direct connection between chromatographic data and biological data.

A study was carried out to evaluate the variation of quality attributes among oils from different soybean varieties (Bovender special, Foster and F-8827).Oils were extracted using n-hexane as solvent. Results indicated that contents of seed oil among the tested varieties varied from 15.85% to 19.49%, moisture 8.4–10.2%, protein 41.67–45.64%, fiber 6.6–7.6% while ash 5.5–6.9%. The physical and chemical characteristics among the tested oils varied as: color (4.2–5.3R + 40–50Y), iodine value (119–128 g of I/100 g of oil), refractive index (1.4590–1.468), density (0.8698–0.8712 g/cm3 at 36 °C), free fatty acid content (0.39–0.67% as oleic acid), saponification value (181–187 mg KOH/g) and unsaponifiable matter (0.42–0.74%). The oxidation parameters including peroxide value, conjugated dienes and conjugated triene were recorded as 1.80–2.64 meq/kg, 0.41–0.65 and 1.50–1.91, respectively. The fatty acid composition showed the presence of palmitic acid (11.00–13.50%), stearic acid (3.02–4.90%), oleic acid (22.60–24.00%), linoleic acid (49.03–53.00%) and linolenic acid (6.50–8.00%). The amounts of α, γ and δ-tocopherols ranged from 66.5 to 90.7 mg/kg, 907.5–1011.9 mg/kg and 399.8–411.5 mg/kg, respectively. Results indicated a significant variation for most of the physicochemical parameters among three soybean oils which can be mainly linked to the specific genetic makeup of each variety as well as the agro-climatic conditions of the harvest.

Objective: This study is to evaluate the anti-obese effects of glucosamine (GLC) and chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) on high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Methods: The rats were randomly divided into twelve groups: a normal diet group (NF), a high-fat diet group (HF), Orlistat group, GLC high-, middle-, and low-dose groups (GLC-H, GLC-M, GLC-L), COS1 (COS, number-average molecular weight ≤1000) high-, middle-, and low-dose groups (COS1-H, COS1-M, COS1-L), and COS2 (COS, number-average molecular weight ≤3000) high-, middle-, and low-dose groups (COS2-H, COS2-M, COS2-L). All groups received oral treatment by gavage once daily for a period of six weeks. Results: Rats fed with COS1 gained the least weight among all the groups (P < 0.01), and these rats lost more weight than those treated with Orlistat. In addition to the COS2-H and Orlistat groups, the serum total cholesterol (CHO) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were significantly reduced in all treatment groups compared to the HF group (P < 0.01). The various doses of GLC, COS1 and COS2 reduced the expression levels of PPARγ and LXRα mRNA in the white adipose tissue. Conclusions: The results above demonstrated that GLC, COS1, and COS2 improved dyslipidemia and prevented body weight gains by inhibiting the adipocyte differentiation in obese rats induced by a high-fat diet. Thus, these agents may potentially be used to treat obesity.

This study presents two simple and efficient linearisation circuits for giant magneto‐resistance (GMR)‐based magnetic field sensors. GMR sensors are commonly available in wheatstone‐bridge form, comprising two active GMR and two passive GMR elements. The output of such a sensor possesses a non‐linear dependence on the input magnetic field. The proposed linearisation circuits operate on the output of a GMR sensor and provide a linear output with respect to the magnetic field. The first GMR linearisation circuit (GLC1) is based on an enhanced feedback compensation approach, while the second (GLC2) scheme uses a constant current technique. The methodologies of the schemes are described using mathematical derivations. Detailed analyses of the schemes are carried out to bring out the effects of circuit and sensor non‐idealities on circuit performance. Further, the circuits were implemented on printed circuit boards and tested. Test results showed the capability of GLC1 and GLC2 to produce linear transfer characteristics. A prototype GMR sensor unit was then fabricated and tested with the developed circuits. Output non‐linearity obtained during the experimentation was around 0.7%. Analyses of the results proved the superior performance of GLC1 and GLC2 over the existing schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]