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https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5234-5156

The climate of a great part of South America presents two well-defined seasons: one dry, in general, from April to September, and another wet, from October to March, which characterizes a monsoon regime. As most of the energy generation in this monsoon region is hydroelectric, precipitation is a target of several studies. In this context, the South America Monsoon (SAM) lifecycle (onset, demise, and duration) in projections of eight global climate models (GCMs) of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) is analyzed in this study using two approaches: (a) the original GCM outputs downloaded from the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) and (b) after application of the statistical downscaling (SD) technique. Daily precipitation data from the Climate Prediction Center (CPC), with a horizontal resolution of 0.5o, are used as a reference. So, the final resolution of the GCMs after applying the Quantile Delta Mapping (QDM) is the same as CPC. SAM lifecycle is identified with a similar methodology from Liebman and Marengo published in 2001, which is based on the accumulated daily precipitation anomalies. The rainy season is considered to be the period during which precipitation exceeds its climatological annual average, then a positive slope indicates the rainy season. Note that this methodology is proper to be applied in projections because it does not assume any threshold. Initial results indicate a shorter lifetime of SAM at the end of the century. The authors thank the Programa de P&D regulado pela ANEEL: empresa Engie Brasil Energia e Companhia Energética Estreito, MC&E, FAPEMIG, CAPES and CNPq for the financial support.

espanolEl frijol caupi es un cultivo importante para la seguridad alimentaria de la poblacion mundial; sin embargo, su produccion es afectada constantemente por la interferencia de las malezas. El objetivo de esta investigacion fue determinar el efecto de la interferencia de las malezas en diferentes densidades de competencia sobre las caracteristicas de crecimiento del cultivo. El estudio fue conducido mediante diseno de bloques al azar en arreglo factorial 2x4 para analisis del cultivo y 2x3 para las malezas. Fueron estudiadas dos especies de maleza (Cenchrus echinatus y Rottboellia exaltata) y cuatro intensidades de competencia (cero, dos, cuatro y seis individuos por maceta), con cuatro repeticiones. Las evaluaciones fueron realizadas en la etapa de floracion del cultivo y las variables medidas fueron area foliar, masa seca de las hojas, del tallo, de la raiz (MSR), de la parte aerea (MSPA), masa seca total y la relacion MSR/MSPA. Ademas, fueron cuantificadas en las malezas la masa seca de la parte aerea (MSPAM) y de la raiz (MSRM). El aumento de la densidad de competencia de las malezas resulto en disminucion de los valores de todas las variables analizadas en el cultivo. En las malezas, C. echinatus mostro mayor MSPAM que R. exaltata, aunque no hubo diferencias en MSRM. Ambas malezas afectan negativamente el crecimiento de las plantas de frijol, aunque con C. echinatus el efecto es aun mayor. El efecto de interferencia es mayor a medida que aumenta la densidad de las malezas EnglishCowpea is an important crop for the food security of the world population. However, their production is constantly affected by weed interferences. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of two different weeds at different densities of competition on the growth characteristics of the crop. The study was conducted using a randomized block design in a factorial arrangement of the treatments (2x4 for analysis in cowpea, and 2x3 for weeds). The weed species (Cenchrus echinatus and Rottboellia exaltata) and four competition densities (zero, two, four, and six individuals per pot), with four repetitions, were studied at the crop flowering stage. We measured leaf area, leaf and stem dry mass, root dry mass (RDM), dry mass of the aerial part (DMAP), total dry mass, and the ratio (RDM/DMAP); additionally, the dry mass of the aerial part and root (DMAW and DMRW) of the weeds was measured. The increase in the density of the weeds resulted in a decrease in the values of all the variables of the crop. In the case of weeds, C. echinatus showed higher DMAW than R. exaltata although there were no differences in DMRW. Both weeds negatively affect the growth of bean plants, though with C. echinatus the effect is even greater. The interference effect is higher as the density of the weeds increases

RESUMO Embora já se disponha de cultivares de abacaxizeiro resistentes à fusariose, a produção brasileira é baseada na cultivar Pérola, susceptível à fusariose. Estudos com essas cultivares resistentes devem priorizar o atendimento das exigências nutricionais, para que elas expressem seu potencial produtivo e se tornem opções viáveis para os produtores. Objetivou-se estudar os efeitos de composições de adubo foliar no crescimento e produção de cinco cultivares de abacaxizeiro micropropagadas. O estudo foi iniciado em casa de vegetação e aos 210 dias após o transplantio, as mudas foram transferidas para o campo. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em parcelas subdivididas com três fatores e quatro repetições. A combinação das cinco cultivares de abacaxizeiro (BRS Ajubá, IAC Fantástico, BRS Imperial, Pérola e BRS Vitória) e três composições de adubo foliar (NK, NPK e NPK + micronutrientes) foram aleatorizadas nas parcelas e seis épocas de avaliação, nas subparcelas. Atributos agronômicos foram analisados nas épocas de avaliação. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F. Foi empregado o teste de Scott-Knott para as comparações entre cultivares e adubação, e de regressão para as épocas, empregando-se o programa SISVAR. Independente da adubação, a cv. IAC Fantástico se destacou na maioria dos caracteres avaliados, sendo superior a cv. Pérola, considerada padrão. A fórmula NK mostra ser a melhor opção para utilização como adubo foliar na cultura do abacaxizeiro. A cultivar IAC Fantástico apresenta boas características vegetativas e produtivas, tendo potencial para ser uma opção viável para cultivo no estado de Roraima. ABSTRACT Although there are already available pineapple cultivars resistant to fusariosis, Brazilian production is based on the cultivar Pérola, susceptible to fusariosis. Studies with these resistant cultivars should prioritize the fulfillment of nutritional requirements, so that they express their productive potential and become viable options for producers. The objective of this study was to study the effects of foliar fertilizer compositions on the growth and yield of five micropropagated pineapple cultivars. The study was started in a greenhouse and at 210 days after transplanting, the seedlings were transferred to field conditions. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in subdivided plots with three factors and four replications. The combination of the five pineapple cultivars (BRS Ajubá, IAC Fantástico, BRS Imperial, Pérola and BRS Vitória) and three leaf fertilizer compositions (NK, NPK and NPK + micronutrients) were randomized in plots and six evaluation periods consisted of subplots. Agronomic attributes were analyzed at the time of evaluation. The results obtained were subjected to analysis of variance by the F test. The Scott-Knott test was used for comparisons between cultivars and fertilization, and regression for the seasons, using the SISVAR program. Regardless of fertilization, cv. IAC Fantástico stood out in the majority of the evaluated characters, being superior to cv. Pérola, considered standard. The NK formula shows to be the best option for use as leaf fertilizer in the pineapple crop. The cultivar IAC Fantástico has good vegetative and productive characteristics, having the potential to be a viable option for cultivation in the state of Roraima.

Atualmente, no Brasil, o cultivo do abacaxizeiro, em escala comercial, é quase que exclusivamente com as cultivares Smooth Cayenne e Pérola, no entanto, ambas são suscetíveis a fusariose. A inserção de novas cultivares, com aceitação no mercado de exportação e resistente à fusariose é imprescindível para o sucesso da cultura. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desenvolvimento vegetativo precoce de cinco cultivares de abacaxi derivadas de micropropagação (BRS Ajubá, BRS Imperial, IAC Fantástico, Pérola e BRS Vitória). As mudas foram produzidas e aclimatizadas no Laboratório de Biotecnologia Biomudas, localizado em Venda Nova do Imigrante – ES, sendo posteriormente transportadas para Boa Vista, RR para implantação do experimento, onde foram conduzidas à casa de vegetação, sob condições climáticas controladas. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo cinco cultivares de abacaxizeiro (BRS Ajubá, IAC Fantástico, BRS Imperial, Pérola e BRS Vitória), oriundas de micropropagação, aleatorizadas nas parcelas e cinco épocas de avaliação (30, 60, 90, 120 e 150 dias após o transplantio - DAT) nas subparcelas, com quinze repetições. As variáveis de desenvolvimento vegetativo avaliadas foram: altura da planta, diâmetro da roseta, número de folhas, comprimento e largura de folha ”D”, além da percentagem de sobrevivência, ao final do experimento. As cultivares IAC Fantástico e Pérola apresentaram maior desenvolvimento vegetativo em relação à BRS Ajubá, BRS Imperial e BRS Vitória. As cultivares IAC Fantástico e Pérola, em razão da maior precocidade, podem ser transplantadas para local definitivo a partir de 30 DAT das mudas em casa de vegetação, as demais cultivares requerem 150 DAT. Palavras-chave: Aclimatação de Plantas. Crescimento de Mudas. Cultivo in vitro. Fruticultura. Micropropagação de Plantas. Abstract Currently, the commercial pineapple cultivation in Brazil relies almost exclusively on the cultivars Smooth Cayenne and Pérola. However, both are susceptible to fusariosis. Develment of new cultivars, that are both acceptable to the export market and resistant to fusariosis, is essential for the continued crop success. The objective of this study was to evaluate early vegetative development of five micropropagation-derived pineapple cultivars (BRS Ajubá, BRS Imperial, IAC Fantástico, Pérola and BRS Vitória). Seedlings were produced and acclimatized at the Biomudas Biotechnology Laboratory, Venda Nova do Imigrante, Espírito Santo, Brazil, and were then transported to Boa Vista, Roraima, for the experiments. Here they were placed in a greenhouse under controlled climatic conditions and a completely randomized design implemented, using a subdivided plots scheme, with the micro-porpergation generated seedlings. Location randomized within plots, and evaluation running for five different periods (30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days after transplant - DAT) in the subplots, with fifteen replicates. Evaluated vegetative development variables weere: plant height, rosette diameter, number of leaves, "D" leaf length and width, as well as percentage survival at experiment end. Cultivars IAC Fantástico and Pérola showed greater vegetative development than BRS Ajubá, BRS Imperial and BRS Vitória. The cultivars IAC Fantástico and Pérola, due to their greater precocity, can be transplanted to a final growth location 30 days after seedling transplantion into a greenhouse, while other cultivars require 150 DAT occur. Keywords: Plants Acclimation . Seedlings Growth. In vitro Cultivation. Fruit Growing. Pineapple Micropropagation .

Pineapple sunburn (SB) occurs mostly in regions with a high incidence of sunlight and temperature, causing damage to the fruits and financial losses for the producer. The objective of this study was to evaluate natural and artificial protection in the reduction of physical and physiological damage in pineapple, submitted to high temperature and sunlight. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with seven treatments: single planting of pineapple (cv. Pérola), with and without the protection of fruits with woven fabrics (TNT) and intercropping with cassava (cv. Amazonas) in different spacing in the row (0.40; 0. 60; 0.80; 1.00; and1.20 m), and three replications. For the study, a scale of damage level (DL) to the pineapple by SB was established, ranging from 0 to 4 (DL0 - 4). Chlorophyll content, mass of fruits and crown, percentage of fruits with SB, and commercial fruits were evaluated. The TNT uses showed maximum protection for the fruits, being all suitable for fresh consumption no damage (DL0). In intercropping, the spacing of 0.80 and 1.20 m is indicated to maximize fruit production and protection. The absence of fruit protection caused damage up to N4, with fruits strictly suitable for industry (70%) and disposal (13%). In an environment with high temperature and irradiation, the adoption of fruit protection is necessary. The planning of floral induction allows the fruiting to not coincide with the critical period of high solar incidence and temperature and can avoid the use of protection strategies. The intercropping of pineapple and cassava protects pineapple fruits against sunburn; moreover, its use does not leave inorganic residues in the environment; therefore, it is strongly recommended as a strategy to reduce sunburn in pineapple fruits.

Este artigo apresenta uma nova variante do Problema do Brigadista, chamada de Problema do Brigadista com Vértices Resistentes, que se distingue pela presença de uma resistencia ao fogo inteira associada a cada vértice. Apresentamos cinco heurísticas para o problema e os resultados obtidos em testes computacionais.

Sistemas de manejos das plantas daninhas, utilizando diferentes estratégias de controle, podem alterar a dinâmica populacional das plantas e favorecer o controle de algumas espécies. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar a ocorrência de plantas daninhas antes e após cultivo de feijão-caupi, em plantio direto, sob quatro formas de manejo da vegetação natural (sem roçada, com roçada, uso de fogo e dessecação com glyphosate) em área da savana Amazônica no estado de Roraima. As avaliações foram realizadas mediante a aplicação do método do quadrado inventário. As plantas daninhas situadas nas áreas amostradas foram cortadas rente ao solo, identificadas e quantificadas. Os parâmetros fitossociológicos analisados foram: frequência relativa, densidade relativa, abundância relativa, índice de valor de importância e índice de similaridade. As principais famílias identificadas foram Cyperaceae, Poaceae e Fabaceae. As formas de manejo da vegetação natural da savana de Roraima para o cultivo do feijão-caupi favoreceram a emergência de 10 espécies de um total de 29. O manejo com o herbicida glyphosate proporcionou o desenvolvimento das espécies Digitaria insularis e Hynchelitrum repens e o controle de 12 espécies, entre elas o Trachypogon plumosus, importante forrageira da região em estudo. O manejo da vegetação natural com o fogo favoreceu o surgimento da espécie Desmodium tortuosum. O manejo com glyphosate promoveu alterações na comunidade infestante de plantas daninhas, nesse foi observado os menores índices de similaridade entre os sistemas de manejo avaliados.Palavras-chave: fitossociologia; Vigna unguiculata; vegetação natural; manejo com fogo. OCCURRENCE OF WEEDS IN COWPEA CULTURE UNDER FOUR HANDLES IN THE WESTERN AMAZON ABSTRACT: Weed management systems, using different control strategies, can change the population dynamics of plants and favor the control of some species.The objective of this work was to evaluate the occurrence of weeds before and after cowpea cultivation under no-tillage under four forms of natural vegetation management (no-till, no-till, use of fire and glyphosate desiccation) in an area of savannah of Roraima. Evaluations were performed by applying the inventory square method. Weeds located in the sampled areas were sectioned close to the ground, identified and quantified. The phytosociological parameters analyzed were: relative frequency, relative density, relative abundance, importance value index and similarity index. The main families identified were Cyperaceae, Poaceae and Fabaceae. The management of the natural vegetation of the Roraima savanna for cowpea cultivation favored the emergence of 10 species out of 29. Management with the herbicide glyphosate provided the appearance of the species Digitaria insularis and Hynchelitrum repens and the control of 12 species, including the Trachypogon plumosus, an important savanna forage. The management of natural vegetation with fire favored the emergence of the species Desmodium tortuosum. Glyphosate management caused changes in the weed community, which showed the lowest similarity indexes between the evaluated management systems.Keywords: phytosociology; Vigna unguiculata; natural vegetation; fire management.

The Desmodium tortuosum is an invasive plant in the crops, but it has a high crude protein content and good palatability, and it can be used to feed ruminants. However, its seeds present dormancy due to the impermeability of the integument. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the dormancy overrun and influence of different sowing depths on the germination of desmodium seeds. Two experiments were carried out under controlled conditions using the completely randomized design, both with five treatments and six replicates. In the first experiment five seed dormancy cracking modes were tested, and in the second five seeding depths (0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 cm). The sowing in the second experiment took place in plastic trays, using washed and autoclaved sterilized substrates. It was verified that the most suitable method for overcoming dormancy of seed of D. tortuosum is the manual scarification with sandpaper n ° 180. The germination of seeds of demodium, when manually scarified with sandpaper n ° 180, has a direct influence of the seeding depth, with drastic reduction with the increase of the depth in the substrate. The percentage of seed germination is abruptly reduced to depths greater than 1.0 cm. Seedling survival increases with increasing seeding depth. = O desmódio (Desmodium tortuosum) é uma planta invasora nas lavouras, mas apresenta alto teor de proteína bruta e boa palatabilidade, podendo ser usada na alimentação de ruminantes. No entanto, suas sementes apresentam dormência pela impermeabilidade do tegumento. Assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a superação da dormência e influência de diferentes profundidades de semeadura na germinação de sementes de D. tortuosum. Dois experimentos foram realizados em condições controladas, utilizando o delineamento inteiramente casualizados, ambos com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições. No primeiro experimento foram testados cinco modos de quebra de dormência das sementes, e no segundo cinco profundidades de semeadura (0, 1, 2, 4 e 6 cm). A semeadura do segundo experimento ocorreu em bandejas plásticas, utilizando-se como substrato areia lavada e esterilizada em autoclave. Constatou-se que o método mais indicado para a superação da dormência de sementes de D. tortuosum é a escarificação manual com lixa n° 180. A germinação de sementes de D. tortuosum, quando escarificadas manualmente com lixa n° 180, sofre influência direta da profundidade de semeadura, havendo redução drástica com o incremento da profundidade no substrato. A percentagem de germinação das sementes é abruptamente reduzida em profundidade superior a 1,0 cm. A sobrevivência das plântulas aumenta com o aumento da profundidade de semeadura. . . . .

This study aimed to determine weed interference periods in semi-erect and semi-prostrate cowpea cultivars. Two simultaneous experiments were conducted with the cowpea cultivars BRS Guariba (semi-erect) and BRS Aracê (semi-prostrate). The experimental design was a randomized block design with four replications in a 7 × 2 factorial scheme, seven periods × two weed management (control and coexistence). Control and coexistence periods consisted of 0, 0-8, 0-16, 0-24, 0-32, 0-45, and 0-60 days after emergence (DAE) for the semi-erect cultivar and 0, 0-8, 0-16, 0-24, 0-32, 0-45, and 0-64 DAE for the semi-prostrate cultivar. Competition throughout the cycle reduced productivity by up to 39.81% for BRS Guariba and 37.27% for BRS Aracê. The cultivars BRS Guariba and BRS Aracê presented critical period of interference prevention of 9 to 41 DAE and 15 to 32 DAE, respectively. The semi-prostrate cultivar BRS Aracê was more competitive with weeds, requiring a shorter control period to express maximum productivity. RESUMO: Objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar os períodos de interferência de plantas daninhas em cultivares de feijão-caupi de porte semiereto e semiprostrado. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos simultâneos com os cultivares BRS Guariba (semiereto) e BRS Aracê (semiprostrado). Para ambos os experimentos, o delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 7 × 2, sete períodos × duas formas de manejo das plantas daninhas (controle e convivência). Os períodos de controle e convivência consistiram em 0, 0-8, 0-16, 0-24, 0-32, 0-45 e 0-60 dias após a emergência (DAE) para o cultivar de porte semiereto e 0, 0-8, 0-16, 0-24, 0-32, 0-45 e 0-64 DAE para o cultivar de porte semiprostrado. A competição durante todo o ciclo reduziu a produtividade em até 39,81% para o cv. BRS Guariba e 37,27% para o cv. BRS Aracê. Os cultivares BRS Guariba e BRS Aracê apresentaram período crítico de prevenção à interferência de 9 a 41 DAE e 15 a 32 DAE, respectivamente. O cv. BRS Aracê de porte semiprostrado foi mais competitivo com as plantas daninhas, necessitando de menor período de controle para expressar a máxima produtividade.

Potassium is considered nutrient extracted over cassava. Thus, its low availability in the soil affects plant growth, reflecting the expansion of cultivated area and productivity of crops potassium deficient. The objective of this present work was to establish growth curves of plants cassava cultivar Aciolina submitted to five doses of potassium, grown in Roraima savannah environment. The experimental design was in blocks at random in scheme of split plots, with four replications. Five doses of potassium (0, 30, 60, 120 and 240 kg ha-1 K2O) were randomized in the plots and evaluation times (150, 210, 270 and 360 days after planting - DAP) in the subplots. The variables evaluated: stem diameter, height of first ramification, plant height and leaf characteristics. The height growth of cv. Aciolina occurred at all levels of fertilization with potash, indicating that the low content of K restricts the growth of the plant height. The components of growth of the cassava plant, stem diameter, height of the first ramification and plant height are positively affected by increasing doses of potassium up to 240 kg ha-1. The width of the sheet, the number of lobes and the relationship between the length of the central lobe width of the central lobe are not affected by the potassium. O potássio é considerado o nutriente mais extraído pela mandioca. Dessa forma, sua baixa disponibilidade no solo afeta o crescimento da planta, com reflexos na expansão da área de cultivo e produtividade da lavoura em áreas deficientes deste nutriente. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho estabelecer curvas de crescimento de plantas de mandioca, cultivar Aciolina, submetidas a cinco doses de potássio em ambiente de savana do estado de Roraima. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Cinco doses de potássio (0, 30, 60, 120 e 240 kg ha-1 de K2O) foram aleatorizadas nas parcelas e épocas de avaliação (150, 210, 270 e 360 dias após o plantio – DAP) nas subparcelas. As variáveis analisadas: diâmetro do caule, altura da primeira ramificação, altura da planta e características da folha. O crescimento em altura da cv. Aciolina se deu em todos os níveis de adubação com potássio, indicando que o baixo teor de K restringe o crescimento da planta em altura. Os componentes de crescimento da planta de mandioca, diâmetro do caule, altura da primeira ramificação e altura da planta foram afetados positivamente por doses crescentes de potássio até 240 kg ha-1. A largura da folha, o número de lóbulos e a relação entre comprimento do lóbulo central pela largura do lóbulo central não são afetados pelas doses de potássio.

O desmódio (Desmodium tortuosum) é uma planta invasora nas lavouras, mas apresenta alto teor de proteína bruta e boa palatabilidade, podendo ser usada na alimentação de ruminantes. No entanto, suas sementes apresentam dormência pela impermeabilidade do tegumento. Assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a superação da dormência e influência de diferentes profundidades de semeadura na germinação de sementes de D. tortuosum. Dois experimentos foram realizados em condições controladas, utilizando o delineamento inteiramente casualizados, ambos com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições. No primeiro experimento foram testados cinco modos de quebra de dormência das sementes, e no segundo cinco profundidades de semeadura (0, 1, 2, 4 e 6 cm). A semeadura do segundo experimento ocorreu em bandejas plásticas, utilizando-se como substrato areia lavada e esterilizada em autoclave. Constatou-se que o método mais indicado para a superação da dormência de sementes de D. tortuosum é a escarificação manual com lixa n° 180. A germinação de sementes de D. tortuosum, quando escarificadas manualmente com lixa n° 180, sofre influência direta da profundidade de semeadura, havendo redução drástica com o incremento da profundidade no substrato. A percentagem de germinação das sementes é abruptamente reduzida em profundidade superior a 1,0 cm. A sobrevivência das plântulas aumenta com o aumento da profundidade de semeadura.

O presente trabalho explora, inicialmente de forma intuitiva, algumas questões da não-comutatividade no espaço bem como as motivações para o estudo das teorias nãocomutativas. Em seguida será dado um sobrevoo em alguns aspectos da teoria quântica não-comutativa abordada no plano. Seguindo as regras básicas de não-comutatividade, construir estados que saturem as relações de incerteza entre coordenadas e momentos e entre coordenadas apenas, ou seja, obter o mínimo de incerteza possível num dos observ áveis em questão, para uma construção da álgebra não-comutativa de coordenadas. Em particular, seguir na busca de estados que saturem, simultaneamente, duas ou mais das relações de incerteza de Heisenberg modicadas, ou seja, valendo para o plano onde as coordenadas não comutam e mostrar que o determinante da matriz de covariância de Schrodinger, para um estado gaussiano particular, é equivalente à relação de incerteza de Heisenberg para dois operadores. Será construído o propagador para a partícula livre, a partir da construção da versão não-comutativa da onda plana, explorando a ideia de média em estados coerentes. E, explorar também a ideia da construção do pacote de ondas, no plano não-comutativo, obter sua forma evoluída usando o formalismo de integral de trajetória, nalizando com a análise da transformada de Fourier em espaço. O presente trabalho analisa os resultados e o que se pode fazer, num próximo projeto, com as ferramentas apresentados. This paper explores initially, in a intuitive form, some questions of non-commutativity in space well as the motivations for the study of non-commutative theories. Then be given an overight in some aspects of quantum theory non-commutative addressed in the plan. Following the basic rules of the non-commutative, see how to build states that saturate the uncertainty relations, i.e., get the least possible uncertainty in the observable in question, for a construction of non-commutative algebra of coordinates. In particular, following the search of states that saturate both relations Heisenberg uncertainty modied and show saturation of the Schrodinger's determinant for a given Gaussian state. Then, will be built the propagator for the free particle from the construction of noncommutative version of the plane wave, exploring the idea of average in coherent states. And also exploring the idea of the construction of wave packet in the non-commutative plane, get its evolved form using the path integral formalism, ending with the analysis of the Fourier's transform in non-commutative space. This paper analyzes the results and what can be done in a next project, with the tools presented.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito de duas densidades e semeadura e doses de NPK (02-24-12) nos componentes de Produção da soja hortaliça linhagem JLM 08, na Savana de Boa Vista, Roraima. O experimento foi conduzido no período de novembro de 2013 a março de 2014, na área experimental do Centro de Ciências Agrária da Universidade Federal de Roraima, Campus Cauamé, em Boa Vista, Roraima. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial (2 x 5), com três repetições. O primeiro fator correspondeu a duas densidades (40.000 e 80.000 plantas por hectare), enquanto o segundo a cinco doses de NPK (02-24-12) (0, 200, 400, 600 e 800 kg ha-1). Avaliaram-se a altura de inserção da primeira e da última vagem, diâmetro do caule, número de vagens por planta com 1, 2 e 3 grãos, número de vagens totais por planta, massa de 100 grãos, bem como a estimativa da produtividade de grãos. A altura de inserção da primeira e da última vagem do genótipo de soja-hortaliça JLM 08 não é influenciada pelas densidades de plantio nem pelas doses do adubo formulado. Na densidade de 80.000 plantas por hectare, o número de vagem por planta é influenciado pelas doses do adubo, apresentando resposta quadrática positiva. A dose de máxima eficiência técnica (492,86 kg ha-1) do adubo determina aumento de 18% na produtividade de grãos para a maior densidade de plantio.

In this chapter, we introduce the key ideas related to the paradigm of pervasive computing. We discuss its concepts, challenges, and current solutions by dividing it into four research areas. Such division is how we were able to understand what really is involved in pervasive computing at different levels. Our intent is to provide readers with introductory theoretical support in the selected research areas to aid them in their studies of pervasive computing. Within this context, we hope the chapter can be helpful for researchers of pervasive computing, mainly for the beginners, and for students and professors in their academic activities.

The fast development on microelectronics has promoted the increase on the computational power of hardware components. On the other hand, we are facing a significant improvement on energy consumption as well as the reduction of the physical size of such components. These improvements and the emergence of wireless networking technologies are enabling the development of small and powered mobile devices. Due to this scenario, the so-called pervasive computing paradigm, introduced by Mark Weiser in 1991 (Weiser, 1991) is becoming a reality. Such a paradigm envisions a world where environments are inhabited by computing devices, all of them seamlessly integrated into peoples’ lives, and effectively helping to carry on their daily tasks. Among others, one major characteristic of Weiser’s vision is that each device in an environment becomes a potential client or provider of resources. Not surprisingly, pervasive computing environments are becoming dynamic repositories of computational resources, all of them available to mobile users from the palm of their hands. However, devices can unpredictably join and leave such environments. Thus, resources can be dynamically made available or unavailable. Such a scenario has a great impact on the way that resources are found and used. In the case of static environments, such as the Web, it is reasonable to look up and access resources, such as Web pages, knowing the address of their providers beforehand. On the other hand, for dynamic environments, such as the pervasive computing ones, this is not a reasonable approach. This is due to the fact that one cannot guarantee that the provider of a resource will be available at any moment, because it may have left the environment or simply turned off. A better approach would be to discover these resources based on their descriptions, or any other feature that does not require the client to know the specific address of their providers. To this end, some of the current pervasive computing solutions, like Wings (Loureiro, Bublitz, Oliveira, Barbosa, Perkusich, Almeida, & Ferreira, 2006), Green (Sivaharan, Blair, & Coulson, 2005), RUNES (Costa, Coulson, Mascolo, Picco, & Zachariadis, 2005), and Scooby (Robinson, Wakeman, & Owen, 2004), are making use of a novel approach from the branch of distributed applications, the service-oriented computing paradigm (Papazoglou, 2003; Huhns & Singh, 2005). This is due to the fact that such a paradigm provides a crucial element for pervasive computing systems, the ability for dynamically binding to remote resources (Bellur & Narenda, 2005), which enables mobile devices to find needed services on demand. However, pervasive environments may be structured in different ways. They can range from wired networks to completely wireless ones, where communication among the devices is performed in an ad hoc way. Such a characteristic indicates that the way services are provisioned in a pervasive computing environment should fit in its organization, in order to enhance the access to the services available. Considering the above discussion, in this article we provide a review on service provision and its applicability in pervasive computing. More precisely, we will list the existing service provision approaches and discuss the characteristics and problems associated with each one, as well as their usage in pervasive computing environments. We start by providing introductory concepts of service-oriented and pervasive computing, respectively in the service-oriented computing and pervasive computing sections. Next, we present the service provision techniques available and how they can be applied for pervasive computing environments. The main current solutions within this scope will be introduced in the service oriented technologies section. Some of the future trends associated with research for service provision in pervasive computing environments will be presented in the future research trends section. Finally, in the conclusions sect

The establishment of collective relationships is a native characteristic of individuals. Living in a recluse way cannot be considered part of human nature. Individuals have always been organized in communities in which they establish relationships with other individuals, which usually live in one particular area. Proximity among individuals is one of the characteristics that motivate the creation of communities. Communities are also created when individuals have common interests. Some examples are: religious communities, such as Catholic and Jewish ones; and communities that comprise people having the same job, such as scientific and medical communities. In these examples, the distance among individuals is not an obstacle to the creation of communities, since individuals have common interests. In spite of living in different places, members of these communities have periodic meetings in which collective relationships are established. The popularization of the Internet after the 1990s along with the well established use of personal computers have allowed the creation of a new form of community, the well known virtual communities. They have enabled individuals to communicate through e-mail, forums, instant messaging, and videoconference. People living in different countries have interacted and communicated through Internet enabled personal computers. Distance learning and software users groups such as Linux users and Java developers are some examples of relationships that have been improved by virtual communities. Mobile virtual communities are the most recent advance in the establishment of collective relationships, mainly due to the progress in mobile devices and wireless communication technologies. Connectivity among wireless mobile devices enables individuals to exchange information and knowledge, anytime and anywhere. These communities are created in an ad hoc way: individuals with common profiles, carrying connected mobile devices, can constitute a community and access/provide information according to their authorization degree. There are various applications of mobile virtual communities, such as workflow management, mobile learning, healthcare communities, personal assistants in academic conferences, and applications for communication among students on campus, among others. This article introduces the field of mobile virtual communities, describing the main issues that have culminated in the creation of this research area such as the Internet, personal computers, mobile devices and wireless communication technologies. Applications domains of mobile virtual communities and works that support the development of these applications are also presented.

Validation and verification techniques have been identified as suitable mechanisms to determine if the software meets the needs of the user and to verify if the software works correctly. However, the existing verification techniques do not support friendly visualization. Also, validation techniques with friendly visualization mechanisms do not allow the verification of the system’s correctness. In this chapter, we present a method for the validation and verification of software systems through the integration of formal methods and virtual reality. Furthermore, a software tool associated with such a method is also described along with an embedded system case study.