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In situations where pulp degeneration and carious lesions may coexist, pulp therapy is a regularly employed method. Mineral trioxide aggregate, a material that is now utilized for indirect pulp treatment (IPT), is nontoxic and nonmutagenic. There is proof that the restoration margin can be sealed to manage the caries lesion. In terms of the clinical and radiological outcome, it has been demonstrated that IPT is more effective and secure than direct pulp capping and pulpotomy. The pulp capping treatment's goal is to protect the pulp from microorganisms as well as from thermal, electrical, chemical, and physical stimulation. There is evidence that suggests targeted caries clearance and composite restoration may stop caries lesions more effectively than full dentin removal. Various pulp capping materials that are available in the market were highlighted in this review, and the discussion of each material was expanded to demonstrate its clinical efficacy. Articles were specifically selected and discussed for the materials used for the IPT in the primary teeth as very few studies have been done so far in relation to this subject. A literature search in various libraries, including PubMed, Cochrane, ResearchGate, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and other libraries, was done for several available materials that have been used for the IPT procedure in primary dentition in the last 20 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To morphologically evaluate the interface between a conventional glass-ionomer cement (GIC) and dentin one day after placement, as well as the changes at the interface after one year of aging/functioning in monkey teeth. Materials and Methods: On the buccal surfaces of seven intact teeth in each of two monkeys, shallow class V cavities were prepared, which were then filled with Fuji IX GP (GC) to provide 1-year in vivo data. A year later, two more teeth in each monkey were similarly prepared and restored for the 1-day in vivo group. The following day, the restored teeth were extracted and the restoration interfaces observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, restorations were similarly placed in two extracted human teeth (control, 1-day in vitro group) and observed a day after placement using TEM. Results: The 1-day in vivo and in vitro results showed that the GIC appeared to bond to dentin through a demineralized zone similar to the hybrid layer produced by resinous adhesives. However, the interface between GIC and dentin after 1 year in vivo appeared to change over time: many needle-like crystals were detected within the remineralized layer and along the collagen fibrils. Slow diffusion of ions resulted in pores, which filled with mineral crystals and made the pores smaller. Conclusion: The interface between GIC and dentin morphologically changes over time, and recrystallization or remineralization at the interface may occur (1 year in vivo). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of the technological glass-melting parameters of the selected composition in the SrO–Al2O3–P2O3–SiO2–F system on the value of the refractive index and the amount of fluorine remaining in the glass structure post-melting was investigated. The lowering of the melting temperature combined with tableting of the charge [batch] increases fluorine absorption in the glass up to 17 wt.% at the same time, and the value of the refractive index reduction to nD = 1.49. It was experimentally established that in the multicomponent glass selected for glass-ionomer cements with two glass-forming oxides (SiO2 and P2O2) and a high Al2O3 content, each wt.% of fluorine reduces the refractive index by about 3.5 × 10 –4 units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to compare the potential of standard ion-releasing materials to repair demineralized lesions with recently introduced alkasite and glass hybrid materials. Glass ionomer (GC Fuji TRIAGE), two glass hybrids (EQUIA Forte HT, Riva SC), calcium silicate cement (Biodentine) and an alkasite (Cention Forte) were tested. A total of 72 human third molars were used for sample preparation; on the dentine surface, a class-I cavity was prepared, and one half was covered with nail varnish. The teeth were subjected to a demineralization protocol, filled with the examined materials, and cut in half. The evaluation included a dentine microhardness assessment (n = 10) and SEM/EDS analysis (n = 2). The results were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 statistical software and compared using an analysis of variance and Scheffe post-hoc test. The statistical significance level was set to 0.05. Mean microhardness values (HV0.1) after 14 and 28 days were, respectively: EQUIA Forte HT (26.7 ± 1.45 and 37.74 ± 1.56), Riva Self Cure (19.66 ± 1.02 and 29.58 ± 1.18), Cention Forte (19.01 ± 1.24 and 27.93 ± 1.33), Biodentine (23.35 ± 1.23 and 29.92 ± 1.02), GC Fuji TRIAGE (25.94 ± 1.35 and 33.87 ± 5.57) and control group (15.57 ± 0.68 and 15.64 ± 0.82). The results were significantly different between most groups (p < 0.001). SEM/EDS revealed varying patterns, material deposits and distinct elemental variations. To conclude, all materials increased microhardness and affected the dentine surface appearance and chemical composition; EQUIA Forte HT demonstrated the most pronounced effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the biocompatibility in rat subcutaneous tissue of conventional orthodontic cements, Riva (R) and Meron (M), modified by the addition of ethanolic extract of red propolis (EERP), at different concentrations and time intervals. Materials and Methods: One hundred eight male adult Wistar rats were used, distributed in nine groups of cements with added EERP at the concentrations used (C-control, MC, M10, M25, M50, RC, R10, R25, and R50). The rats were sacrificed after 3 time intervals (7, 15, and 30 days). Histological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed. The findings were statistically analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's test (p < 0.05). Results: The highest concentrations led to a higher level of inflammation at the initial times (p < 0.05), but without differences after 30 days. In terms of collagen, there was less collagenization at the initial times in comparison with the control group C. However, over time, the addition of propolis resulted in healing compatible with that of group C. The level of CD68 immunostaining was statistically significantly higher in the groups with the highest concentrations (R50 and M50) (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Orthodontic cements with the addition of EERP were found to be biocompatible in rat subcutaneous tissue. Riva cement with the addition of 50% EERP showed the highest tissue inflammation, but with satisfactory tissue repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prospect of repair, regeneration, and remineralisation of the tooth tissue is currently transitioning from the exploratory stages to successful clinical applications with materials such as dentine substitutes that offer bioactive stimulation. Glass-ionomer or polyalkenoate cements are widely used in oral healthcare, especially due to their ability to adhere to the tooth structure and fluoride-releasing capacity. Since glass-ionomer cements exhibit an inherent ability to adhere to tooth tissue, they have been the subject of modifications to enhance bioactivity, biomineralisation, and their physical properties. The scope of this review is to assess systematically the modifications of glass-ionomer cements towards bioactive stimulation such as remineralisation, integration with tissues, and enhancement of antibacterial properties.

Glass ionomers (GICs), because of their qualities, are in a good position to be modified to resist masticatory stresses as permanent posterior restoration and prevent recurrent caries. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of adding quaternized chitosan-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (HTCC@MSNs) to conventional GIC on its mechanical properties, antimicrobial activity and fluoride release and the effect of 1- and 3-month water aging on the studied properties. HTCC@MSNs was synthesized, added to commercially available conventional GIC at 1%, 3%, and 5% by weight forming three experimental groups and compared with plain GIC as a control group. Flexural strength, modulus, Vickers microhardness and wear volumes were evaluated. Antibacterial activity was tested against Streptococcus mutans and fluoride release in de-ionized water was measured. All properties were evaluated before and after one- and three-month aging (n = 10 specimens per test/per time). Two-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Characterization confirmed successful preparation of HTCC@MSNs. The flexural strength, modulus, hardness and wear resistance of the GICs improved significantly by adding 1–3% HTCC@MSNs, while 5% HTCC@MSNs group showed no significant difference compared to control group. Bacterial inhibition zones and fluoride release increased proportionally to the amount of filler added. Mechanical properties were improved by artificial aging. Fluoride release values, and bacterial inhibition zones decreased with aging for all groups. HTCC@MSNs as a filler with the optimized proportion provides strengthening and antibacterial effect. In addition, aging is an important factor to be considered in evaluating experimental fillers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the retention rates of non-carious cervical restorations (NCCLs) constructed using the sandwich technique (a lining of glass-ionomer cement [GIC] or resin-modified glass-ionomer cement [RMGIC] and composite resin [CR]) with CR-only restorations. Materials and Methods: The search was performed in various databases, including the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Gray literature was inspected, as were ongoing and unpublished abstracts from the IADR (1990-2017). Study quality was evaluated using the Cochrane Collaboration bias risk tool. Data from primary and secondary outcomes were meta-analyzed at 1-, 2- and 3-year follow-ups using the random effects model. The quality of the body of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. Results: Initially, a total of 3645 articles were selected. After selection by titles, abstracts, and full texts, 6 articles were retrieved, but three were follow-ups of the same RCT. Therefore, a total of four studies remained for analysis. All studies were at unclear risk for bias. Among all outcomes, only loss of retention was lower for the sandwich technique at the 3-year follow-up (risk ratio [RR]: 7.5; 95% CI: 2.1 to 27.2; p = 0.002). Conclusions: Based on the limited number of available studies, higher retention rates in NCCL restorations were observed with the sandwich technique compared to CR-only restorations at the 3-year follow-up. Secondary outcomes were not influenced by the restorative technique. Except for retention rates, which were of moderate quality, the evidence quality of all secondary outcomes was low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To systematically review the literature to determine whether the laboratory and clinical performance of glass-ionomer cement (GIC) is influenced by surface conditioning with polyacrylic acid (PAA). Materials and Methods: This systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42016039305). A comprehensive literature search was conducted in seven electronic databases considering clinical and laboratory studies published up to July 2018, with no limit on year of publication. Two reviewers independently selected papers, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. Of 141 eligible studies, 23 were fully analyzed. A total of 15 studies (12 laboratory and three clinical trials) were included in the systematic review and three laboratory studies concerning the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) were included in the meta-analysis. Results: The meta-analysis showed that pretreating the surface with PAA before using GIC significantly improved the μTBS (OR = 3.17; 95% CI: 0.51-5.83; p = 0.02). In the longitudinal clinical trials, no significant difference was observed between applying PAA or not into the cavities before using GIC. Risk of bias was considered high in all study designs. Conclusion: Surface preconditioning with PAA has a positive effect on the bond strength of GIC. However, this finding was not confirmed in longitudinal clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prospect of repair, regeneration, and remineralisation of the tooth tissue is currently transitioning from the exploratory stages to successful clinical applications with materials such as dentine substitutes that offer bioactive stimulation. Glass-ionomer or polyalkenoate cements are widely used in oral healthcare, especially due to their ability to adhere to the tooth structure and fluoride-releasing capacity. Since glass-ionomer cements exhibit an inherent ability to adhere to tooth tissue, they have been the subject of modifications to enhance bioactivity, biomineralisation, and their physical properties. The scope of this review is to assess systematically the modifications of glass-ionomer cements towards bioactive stimulation such as remineralisation, integration with tissues, and enhancement of antibacterial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the fluoride release from different fissure sealants sold mainly in non-Western countries via a curve-fitting method, and to investigate the ability of these materials to be recharged with fluoride.Materials and Methods: Four different fissure sealants which the manufacturers claim to release F- were tested; glass-ionomer cement Argecem (AC), the composite resins Fisskhim (FK), Fissulight (FL), Helioseal F (HF). Helioseal (HS), a composite resin not declared to release F, was used as a negative control. Of each material, 10 disks 8.0 mm in diameter and 1.8 mm thick were produced. For fluoride measurements, a fluoride-ion specific electrode was used. On day 21, the specimens were recharged with fluoride by immersion in toothpaste slurry. Fluoride release was evaluated and statistically compared by fitting an exponential curve through the cumulative release values and statistically comparing curve parameters (t½, AUC and plateau value) among each other as well as before and after recharging.Results: Two materials (AC and HF) released a considerable amount of F- in the first 3 weeks after sample production. Furthermore, the increase of F- release after F- recharge was statistically significant (p < 0.05) for the materials AC, FL and HF, but not for FK and HS.Conclusion: Fluoride release of Fisskhim and Fissulight was negligible, while Helioseal F and Argecem noticeably released fluoride and thus can enhance the caries preventive effect of fissure sealants. Comparing release curve parameters simplifies statistical procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess periodontal parameters of noncarious cervical lesions (NCCLs) restored with glass-ionomer cement (RM-GIC) and composite resin at baseline, three and six months.Materials and Methods: Eighteen patients with bilateral lesions were included in the study. Lesions (1 mm in depth) were randomly restored with each type of restorative material. Probing depth (PD), relative gingival recession (rGR), relative clinical attachment level (rCAL), visible plaque index (VPI) and gingival bleeding index (GBI) were measured.Results: No statistically significant differences were found when comparing within groups (p > 0.05). However, the intergroup analysis demonstrated a decrease in GR and rCAL gain for teeth restored with the resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (RM-GIC).Conclusion: Both materials behaved similarly when in close contact with periodontal tissues and did not influence periodontal parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Short initial light curing or "tack curing" is used to create a semi-gel state in luting cements for easier excess material cleanup. The effect of tack curing on the final cure of luting cements was measured in terms of hardness. Materials and Methods: Three cement types were tested: two dual-curing composite cements (RelyX Unicem 2; Maxcem Elite); three light-curing veneer cements (Choice 2; Variolink Esthetic LC; RelyX Veneer); and two self-curing resin-modified glass-ionomer (RMGI) luting cements (RelyX Luting Plus; Nexus RMGI). Cements were placed in 1.5 × 2 × 8 mm plaster slots covered with orange glass during curing and were cured from one end. Tack curing was performed for 2 to 5 s using an LED curing light, followed 2 min later by 10-40 s final light curing or self-curing, as per manufacturer instructions (n = 10). Control groups received only final light curing or self-curing. After 24 h storage (37°C, 100% humidity), Vickers hardness was measured in 0.5-mm depth increments. Results were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and pairwise comparisons (a = 0.05). Results: The hardness of dual-curing and light-curing cements significantly decreased with increasing depth (p = 0.0001). Tack curing of dual-curing and light-curing cements tended to increase hardness at all depths, except near the surface for light-curing veneer cements. Self-curing cements showed no hardness reduction with depth and no effect from tack curing. Conclusion: Although a slight surface hardness reduction may occur in light-curing veneer cements, the overall effect on three luting cement types was insignificant or resulted in only a slight increase in depth-of-cure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the fracture resistance (FR) and cusp deflection (CD) of lined or non-lined composite (CO) and glass hybrid (GH) restorations over residual demineralized dentin. Materials and Methods: In 48 extracted human premolars, artificial residual demineralized dentin was induced on pulpo-axial walls of standardized cavities. Various restorations were placed over this demineralized dentin: an experimental GH, a composite restoration (OptiBond FL+Tetric EvoCeram) without lining, or composite restorations with non-setting (Hypocal) or setting (Dycal) calcium hydroxide lining. After thermomechanical cycling, groups (n = 12) were compared regarding their CD and FR. Results: CD did not differ significantly between groups. FR was significantly lower in teeth restored with GH (median: 238 N; 25th/75th percentiles: 191/287 N) than in those restored with lined or non-lined composites (median range: 517-569 N; p < 0.05/Mann-Whitney), which did not differ significantly from each other (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Within the conditions of this in vitro study, CH lining of pulpo-axial walls had only limited impact on CD and FR. GH showed the lowest FR and might not be optimal for restoring deep or extended cavitated lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four brands of glass-ionomer cement (Fuji IX GP, Riva, Ketac Molar and Chemfil Superior) have been stored in aqueous media comprising distilled water, or phosphate buffer solutions at pH 5.42, 6.91 and 8.13 at 37°C for 7 days. Cements differed widely in their response. All took up small amounts of water in distilled water, and had high compressive strengths. Ketac Molar showed no differences in any of the buffer solutions, but gained small amounts in mass, and showed high compressive strength in all storage media. Conversely Chemfil Superior was adversely affected by all three buffers, and Fuji IX and Riva were adversely affected by the buffers at pH 6.91 and 8.31. The reasons for these differences were not clear, but the fact that the buffer closest to neutral (pH 6.91) caused significant damage to three of the cements studied shows that this is not a simple effect of pH.

Fluoride has been shown to be an effective agent in the prevention of caries during orthodontic treatment. Resin‐modified glass‐ionomer cements possess therapeutic anticariogenic properties acting as a fluoride reservoir and releasing fluoride into the environment, particularly at low pH where there is a threat of enamel demineralisation and white spot lesions (WSL's). Patient compliance to instructions in standard oral hygiene measures limits the success of caries prevention and the routine use of glass‐ionomer cements can mitigate the lack of compliance, although RMGIC's are not a panacea against WSL's. The adhesion of GIC's to the enamel surface is a physicochemical bond rather than a mechanical bond which reduces the risk of iatrogenic damage to the enamel when bonding and debonding attachments. RMGIC's can be recommended as a bonding adhesive for all attachments but one needs to be selective when bonding molar attachments to avoid occlusal interferences as masticatory forces can be high in these areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine whether a difference exists between the in vivo biocompatibility of glass-ionomer cements (GICs) containing chlorhexidine (CHX) in different concentrations. Materials and Methods: Eighty-four male Wistar rats were distributed into 7 groups (n = 12) and received subcutaneous implants of small tubes containing different materials, as follows: Ketac control (K), Ketac-CHX 10% (K10), Ketac-CHX 18% (K18), Resilience control (R), Resilience-CHX 10% (R10), Resilience-CHX 18% (R18), Control (polyethylene). The animals were then sacrificed on post-insertion days 7, 15 and 30, and tissues were examined under an optical microscope for inflammatory infiltrate, edema, necrosis, granulation tissue, multinucleated giant cells, and collagen fibers. The results were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests (p < 0.05). Results: Groups K18 and R18 showed larger areas of intense inflammatory infiltrate, with significant differences between group C and groups K18 and R18 (p = 0.007) at 7 days, and between groups C and K18 (p = 0.017) at 15 days. In terms of tissue repair, groups K18 and R18 demonstrated a lower quantity of collagen fibers with significant differences from group C (p = 0.019) at 7 days, and between group K18 and group C (p = 0.021) at 15 days. Conclusion: The 18% concentration of CHX was shown to have a toxic effect. The 10% concentration of CHX was shown to be suitable for tissue contact. The addition of CHX to the glass-ionomer cements is a highly promising method for obtaining of an antibacterial GIC for use in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the chemical interaction between synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAp) and polyalkenoic acid copolymer- based (also known as Vitrebond copolymer [VCP]) adhesives. Materials and Methods: Six dentin adhesive formulations were used: 1) Adper Single Bond Plus (SB); 2) SB formulation without VCP (SBnoVCP); 3) Adper Easy Bond (EB); 4) EB formulation without VCP (EBnoVCP); 5) Scotchbond Universal adhesive (SBU); 6) SBU formulation without VCP (SBUnoVCP). Each adhesive was mixed with HAp, polymerized, and analyzed using FTIR and 13C/31P NMR spectroscopy. Results: The FTIR spectra of SB+HAp indicated that the carbonyl group changed absorption wavenumber compared to that of SBnoVCP+HAp. 13C NMR analysis showed that the presence of methacrylated phosphoric esters in the EB and SBU formulations led to similar carbonyl resonance with or without VCP. 31P NMR revealed a resonance shift at 0.5 ppm for SB+HAp, EB+HAp and SBU+HAp spectra. In comparison with EB+HAp and SBU+HAp, a slight fade-out of the same resonance shift for EBnoVCP+HAp and SBUnoVCP+HAp was observed without completely disappearing, respectively, meaning that VCP might induce a modification of phosphorus moieties in addition to the ionic interaction between phosphate ester groups and HAp. Conclusion: Our data suggests that a chemical interaction occurred between VCP-containing adhesives and synthetic HAp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Specific conditions of the oral cavity, such as intake of acidic drinks, foods, and drugs, represent a damage both for teeth as well as restorative materials. The aim of this in vitro study is to assess the influence of an acidic challenge on the weight loss of biomimetic restorative dental materials (composite resins and glass-ionomer cements, respectively). Seven products recently available in the marked have been tested in this study for the two kinds of materials, respectively. Resin composites were divided into Groups 1A-7A, whereas glass-ionomer cements into Groups 1B-7B. A total of six samples was considered for each group, among which two were stored into distilled water (control samples) whereas the other four were immersed into soft drink (Coca-Cola, Coca-Cola Company, Milano, Italy) for 7 days. Respectively, after 1, 3 and 7 days, weight was assessed for each sample and the percentage weight loss was calculated. For all the composite resins (Groups 1A-7A), no significant intergroup or intragroup differences occurred for the weight loss values (p > 0.05). Conversely, all glass-ionomers (Groups 1B-7B) showed a significant and progressive weight loss after 1, 3, and 7 days of acid challenge (p < 0.05) (intragroup differences). This reduction was significantly lower in case of GC Equia Forte + Coat and ChemFil Rock, with respect to the other cements (p < 0.05) (intergroup differences). In conclusions, all the biomimetic composite resins showed a reliable behavior when exposed to acidic erosion, whereas glass-ionomers cements generally tended to solubilize. However, the additional use of a protective layer above these latter materials could reduce this event. Despite these results appear to be interesting from a clinical point of view, future morphological evaluations should be conducted to evaluate the superficial changes of the materials after acidic explosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) restored with different adhesion strategies. Methodology: This is a prospective, randomized, double-blind, split-mouth study. An adhesive restorative system (Single Bond Universal/Filtek Z350XT – SBU) was evaluated both without and with selective enamel conditioning (E-SBU), resin-modified glass-ionomer cements (Vitremer; RMGIC), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid pretreatment (EDTA; E-RMGIC). In total, 200 restorations, placed in 50 patients, were evaluated at baseline and at a 3-year follow-up using the modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria. Data were analyzed using the two-proportion equality test, multinomial logistic regression, Wilcoxon test, and Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Results: In total, 42 (84%) patients returned for the 3-year follow-up. SBU showed restoration losses statistically different from RMGIC. Retention was also statistically different in SBU between baseline and the 3-year follow-up. Marginal defects and surface texture were statistically significant for all groups in the period studied, except for the surface texture of SBU and the marginal integrity in E-RMGIC. We observed no statistically significant difference in wear, secondary caries, anatomical form, surface staining, and color over time. Recession degree was the only factor to influence retention rates. Cumulative survival (%) was 89, 98, 98, and 95.3, for SBU, SE-SBU, RMGIC, and E-RMGIC, respectively, without significant differences among them. There was a statistically significant difference between survival curves; however, multiple comparison procedures found no statistical differences. Conclusion: Selective enamel etching affected the retention of non-carious cervical restorations. Adhesion using EDTA and resin-modified glass-ionomer cements delayed marginal defects over time. The degree of gingival recession influenced retention rates. Resin composite restorations showed initial marginal defects, and ionomer restorations, reduced surface luster. EDTA pre-treatment followed by resin-modified glass-ionomer cements may be a promising adhesion strategy for NCCL restorations.

Purpose: To determine if sealing dentin caries with a resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI) decreases the number of viable microorganisms and demineralization depth, using an experimental dentin caries model of biofilms of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). Materials and Methods: Dentin caries lesions were created over a 15-day period on bovine dentin slabs with biofilms of S. mutans UA159. Once lesions were formed, biofilms were removed and the slabs were randomly allocated to one of the treatment groups: group A, surface sealed with a RMGI; or group B, unsealed slabs (control). At 5, 10, and 15 days, slabs were longitudinally sectioned to analyze the number of infiltrating viable bacteria by culturing on agar plates and demineralization depth by cross-sectional Knoop microhardness. Results: Dentin lesions sealed with RMGI decreased bacterial counts from the infected dentin, both with respect to baseline counts and also relative to the unsealed control (p < 0.05). Consistently, demineralization depth was lower for sealed lesions when compared with unsealed slabs (p < 0.05) at all analyzed timepoints. Conclusions: Sealing dentin lesions with RMGI appears to halt lesion progression in this experimental model by reducing bacterial viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The success of the sandwich technique depends on the bond strength of composite to glass-ionomer cement (GIC)/resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (RMGIC). Currently used adhesives employ the total-etch and the self-etch techniques. The total-etch system is technique sensitive, whereas the self-etch system is popular for its ease of use. The aim of this systematic review is to compare the effect of total-etch and self-etch adhesives (SEAs) on the bond strength of composite to GIC/(RMGIC) in the sandwich technique. A literature search was conducted using electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Ebscohost, and Scopus) limiting the year of publications from January 1, 2000, to September 30, 2018, to identify the relevant studies. All the cross-references of the selected studies were also screened. In vitro studies on extracted human teeth were selected. A total of 10 articles were included in this review. A conclusion was drawn that SEAs when used in the sandwich technique resulted in greater bond strength in comparison to total-etch adhesives. Moreover, increased bond strength was achieved when the primer was employed on unset GIC as compared to set GIC. Furthermore, the application of SEAs over uncured RMGIC (co-curing technique) resulted in better bond strengths as compared to their application over cured RMGIC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the translucency parameter (TP) and contrast ratio (CR) of different conventional restorative glass‐ionomer cements (GICs). Materials and methods: Eighteen brands of GICs were evaluated. Five disks of each material were made following ISO 9917‐1. The luminous reflectance and Central Bureau of the International Commission on Illumination parameters of disks were evaluated using a colorimeter, against backings of white and black, to obtain the translucent parameter and contrast ratio of different brands of glass‐ionomer cements. The correlation between translucency parameter and contrast ratio was assessed with the Pearson correlation test. The translucent and contrast ratio parameters values were submitted to the one‐way ANOVA and Tukey test for multiple comparisons (p < 0.05). Results: There was a strong inverse relationship between CR and TP (r2 = 0.94, p < 0.001). The contrast ratio decreased as translucency increased. There were significant differences in TP and CR among brands (p < 0.001). Conlusions: GICs exhibit different translucency and contrast ratio behavior. Some brands of GICs presented very low TP and this condition would be unacceptable for areas with esthetic demands. In addition, TP and CR showed a strong linear relationship. Clinical significance: The results found in this study demonstrated that the knowledge of the translucency and CR of different conventional restorative GICs is important in order to guide clinicians in the selection of restorative GICs for anterior teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of five different surface treatments on the mechanical property and antimicrobial effect of three desiccated glass ionomer cements. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro experimental study, 300 rectangular blocks of three different restorative materials were fabricated using an aluminum mold, Group I (n = 100) Micron bioactive, Group II (n = 100) GC Fuji IX GP Extra, and Group III (n = 100) bioglass R. These blocks were stored in 100% humidity for 24 h and then placed in air to desiccate for another 24 h. These groups were further divided into two major groups (n = 50) for both mechanical (Flexural) and antimicrobial testing. The blocks of mechanical and antimicrobial groups were further divided into five subgroups (n = 10) based on the medias used for surface treatment (senquelNaF, MI varnish, chlorhex plus, kedodent mouthwash, and 100% humidity [control]). Flexural strength (FS) was measured using the universal testing machine. Fracture strength of groups was compared using the one way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test with P ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant. Antimicrobial effect was carried out by covering the specimens in a suspension of Streptococcus mutans followed by incubation for 24 h. The blocks were later washed, vortex mixed, serially diluted, and plated. Ccolony forming unit/ml was calculated after 3 days of incubation. Data were then analyzed using the Kruskal--Wallis and Mann--Whitney U nonparametric test, with P ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Micron bioactive with the surface treatment of MI varnish significantly exhibited highest FS. Surface treatment of desiccated restorative materials with chlorhex plus exhibited no growth of S. mutans. GC Fuji IX GP Extra with surface treatment of MI varnish exhibited highest reduction in S. mutans growth compared to other experimental group. Conclusion: Surface treatment of restorative material with MI varnish improved their mechanical and antimicrobial property while among three restorative materials Micron bioactive showed better mechanical property, whereas GC Fuji IX GP Extra exhibited better antimicrobial property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the microhardness, roughness, profilometry and cross-sectional hardness of single increment materials submitted to different challenges. Methods: Thirty-six disks of each material, Filtek Supreme XTE (FT), Filtek One Bulk Fill (BK), Ketac Molar Easy Mix (KT) and Equia Forte + Coat (EQ) were immersed in saliva, pH cycling and Coke for 15 days. Half of each surface was used as its own control. Superficial microhardness, roughness, perfilometry analysis were performed. All samples were sectioned, embedded in acrylic resins, polished and cross-sectional hardness were made. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Results: The KT presented superficial microhardness superior than EQ. However, in depth, EQ showed superior values. FT, KT suffered the effects of challenges on microhardness values. The highest roughness and wear values were found for KT. RC do not suffer wear. All materials suffered the effects of Coke and pH challenges in depths 10 µm and 60 µm. Conclusion: The single increment restorative material that suffered less action on its surface was the bulk-fill resin. The coat present in the hybrid ionomer was able to resist to the immersion actions. In addition, Coke was the most aggressive challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumption of acidic beverages and foods could provoke erosive damage, both for teeth and for restorative materials. Temperatures of consumption could influence the erosive effects of these products. The aim of this in vitro study is to assess the influence of an acidic challenge on the weight loss of different restorative materials. Resin composites and glass-ionomer cements (GIC) were tested. The medium of storage was Coca-Cola (Coca-Cola, Coca-Cola Company, Milano, Italy) at two different temperatures, 4 and 37 °C, respectively for Group A and Group B. For each group, nine specimens were prepared for each material tested. After 7 days, weight was assessed for each sample, and the percentage weight loss was calculated. For all the resin composites (Groups 1–13), no significant weight losses were noticed. (

Purpose: To evaluate the biocompatibility of a glass-ionomer (GIC) and a resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (RM-GIC), cell viability was examined in a model of human gingival fibroblasts using morphological, biochemical, and ionic patterns by means of phase contrast microscopy, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and quantitative x-ray microanalysis (EPXMA). Materials and Methods: The GIC Ketac-Molar Easymix (3M ESPE) and the RM-GIC Vitrebond (3M ESPE) were compared in human gingival fibroblasts exposed to the cements for 72 h. As controls, fibroblasts cultured with DMEM culture medium (negative control) and with 1% triton x (positive control) were used. Results: Light microscopic findings showed greater morphological alterations in cells exposed to RM-GIC than to GIC. The relative percentage of LDH released from the cells to the supernatant was significantly higher in RMGIC cultures than in the control. Quantitative x-ray microanalysis showed that cultures exposed to RM-GIC were characterized by an increase in intracellular Na and a decrease in intracellular Cl and K. These changes in ion composition were significant compared to control and GIC cultures. Conclusion: The three indicators of cellular biocompatibility after 72 h of exposure showed that RM-GIC led to more marked alterations than GIC in human gingival fibroblasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To perform a review on the influence of preheating and/or heating of resinous and ionomeric materials on their physical and mechanical properties and to discuss the benefits and methods of preheating/heating that have been used. Material and methods: A search was performed in the Pubmed, Scopus, Scielo, and gray literature databases. In vitro studies published from 1980 until now were searched using the descriptors "composite resins OR glass ionomer cements OR resin cements OR adhesives AND heating OR preheating." Data extraction and quality of work evaluation were performed by two independent evaluators. Results: At the end of reading the search titles and abstracts, 74 articles were selected. Preheating of composite resins reduces viscosity, facilitates adaptation to cavity preparation walls, increases the degree of conversion, and decreases the polymerization shrinkage. Preheating of resin cements improves strength, adhesion, and degree of conversion. Dental adhesives showed good results such as higher bond strength to dentin. However, unlike resinous materials, ionomeric materials have an increase in viscosity upon heating. Conclusions: Preheating improves the mechanical and physical properties. However, there is a lack of clinical studies to confirm the advantages of preheating technique. Clinical relevance: Preheating of dental restorative materials is a simple, safe, and successful technique. In order to achieve good results, agility and training are necessary so the material would not lose heat until the restorative procedure. Also, care is necessary to avoid bubbles and formation of gaps, which compromises the best restoration performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the 6-year performance of the ART (atraumatic restorative treatment) approach in Class III restorations in permanent teeth. Materials and Methods: A total of 127 ART Class III restorations, using Ketac-Molar (3M ESPE) ionomer cement, was performed in 58 adult patients by one experienced operator in 1998. After a 6 years, 34 patients and 65 restorations were evaluated according to ART criteria. Two calibrated examiners carried out the evaluation. Data were analyzed by exact 95% Confidence Interval and Survival Analysis using the Jackknife method for standard error determination. Results: Among assessed restorations, 73.8% (95% CI = 61.5% to 86.2%) were in good condition and classified as successful, with a 67.6% (95% CI = 54.4% to 80.7%) cumulative survival rate. Failed restorations included 13.9% completely or partially missing restorations, 9.2% restorations that had been replaced by other treatment, 1.5% restorations with a large defect at the margin, and 1.5% restorations that presented high wear on the surface. No caries was observed even in those teeth in which restorations were absent. Conclusion: The 6-year success rate of the ART approach in anterior permanent teeth (Class III) was considered high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study compared the shear bond strength (SBS) to enamel of rest seats made with a glass-ionomer cement (Fuji IX GP Fast), a resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (Fuji II LC), and a composite resin (Z100 MP) under monotonic and cyclic loading. Materials and Methods: Rest seats were built up onto the lingual surfaces of 80 intact human mandibular incisors. Specimens (n=10) were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 30 days and subjected to shear forces in a universal testing machine (0.5 mm/min) until fracture. The SBS values were calculated (MPa) using the bonding area (9.62 mm²) delimited by adhesive tags. A staircase approach was used to determine the SBS fatigue limit of each material. Specimens were submitted to either 10,000 cycles (5 Hz) or until specimen fracture. A minimum of 15 specimens was tested for each material. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the mode of failure. Data were statistically analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests (α = 0.05). Results: Z100 MP yielded higher (p < 0.05) SBS (12.25 MPa) than Fuji IX GP Fast (7.21 MPa). No differences were found between Fuji II LC (10.29 MPa) and the other two materials (p > 0.05). Fuji II LC (6.54 MPa) and Z100 MP (6.26 MPa) had a similar SBS limit. Fuji IX GP Fast promoted the lowest (p < 0.05) SBS fatigue limit (2.33 MPa). All samples showed cohesive failure patterns. Conclusion: Fatigue testing can provide a better means of estimating the performance of rest seats made with dental restoratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of ultrasonic treatment on the bond strength of glassionomer cements to dentin. Materials and Methods: Conventional (Fuji II: a; Ketac-Fil Plus: b), resin-modified (Fuji II LC Improved: c; Photac-Fil Quick Aplicap: d), and more viscous conventional (Ketac Molar: e) glass-ionomer cements were tested. Fifty human molars were sectioned mesiodistally, embedded in epoxy resin with exposed buccal or lingual surfaces, and ground to obtain a flat dentin surface. A matrix with a central orifice in the shape of an inverted truncated cone was built with a bovine tooth and positioned on the dentin surface. In the control groups, the materials were inserted into the matrix. In the test groups, the ultrasonic treatment was applied to the surface of the matrix and the surface of the glassionomer cements. The specimens were stored in deionized water for 24 h at 37°C and subjected to bond strength tests. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests. Results: The mean bond strengths in MPa for the control groups were: a: 2.21, b: 1.85, c: 8.65, d: 5.93, and e: 2.10. The results for the test groups were: a: 3.33, b: 2.19, c: 9.95, d: 6.10, and e: 2.65. Ultrasonic treatment statistically increased the tensile bond strength of all tested cements (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Ultrasonic treatment improved the bond strength of the glass-ionomer cements to dentin after 24 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of two different glass ionomer cements using the Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) technique in permanent teeth.Materials and Methods: A total of 473 ART restorations were placed in 208 schoolchildren (7-12 years of age) by two previously trained operators, using high density and resin-modified glass ionomer cements. All the restorations were photographed at baseline and the patients were asked about postoperative sensitivity. After a period of 8 months, 193 patients were present after recall and 428 restorations were evaluated and photographed. Two independent examiners carried out the evaluation.Results: The results showed a success rate of 86.2% for occlusal restorations with Fuji IX and 88.4% for those restored with Fuji Plus. A total of 86.7% of the approximal restorations with Fuji Plus were also judged to be successful after 8 months. No association was found between the materials and the clinical performance of the ART restorations in class I cavities.Conclusion: The type of restorative material did not influence the success or failure rates in class I cavities within this period. Fuji IX showed promising performance for occlusal ART restorations and Fuji Plus is also a promising material for occlusal and approximal ART restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study examined the antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of conventional glass-ionomer cement (GIC) modified by the addition of magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles. Materials and methods: MgO nanoparticles were characterised by XRD, FTIR, and SEM analysis and tested for its activity against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. MgO nanoparticles were incorporated into GIC powder (Ketac Molar Easymix) at different concentrations and the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity was evaluated using agar disk diffusion and biofilm-CFU counting assays. ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests were used for the analysis, and the level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: MgO nanoparticles showed antibacterial activity against both microorganisms (MIC = 500 μg/ml and MBC = 1000 μg/ml). A significant difference in the zones of inhibition was detected (p < 0.005). The effect was evident in the 2.5% MgO nanoparticle modified GIC while the CFU counting biofilm assay showed the effect of the added nanoparticles from 1% with a significant difference between the tested material groups (p < 0.005). Conclusions: The MgO nanoparticle modified GIC showed effective antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against two cariogenic microorganisms and could be considered for further development as a biocompatible antibacterial dental restorative cement.

The goal of this research is to examine the influence that incorporation of synthesized hydroxyapatite (HA) and fluorapatite (FA) nanoparticles has on the synthesis and mechanical characteristics of glass-ionomer cements (GICs). In this research, HA and FA nanoparticles were synthesized through wet-chemical precipitation method. The obtained inorganic nanoparticles were evaluated with XRD, SEM, TEM, and STA analyses. The glass powder of the GIC (G1 and G2) were synthesized with two different formulations, and in addition, the polymer of GIC, acrylic-itaconic copolymer, was prepared in this research. The synthesized GIC components were appraised employing XRD and STA (for glass component) and FTIR and H-NMR (for polymer component). HA and FA nanoparticles were then added into the powder component (G1 and G2) at 5% and 8 wt%, and unblended powder was utilized as a control. Compressive strength (CS) and diametral tensile strength (DTS) before and after 1, 7, and 28 days of storage in distilled water were investigated utilizing a universal testing machine. Surface microhardness after 1 and 7 days of storage in distilled water was measured utilizing Vickers microhardness tester. Also, setting and working time was determined as specified in the ASTM standard. The obtained results showed that the calcined HA and FA nanoparticles have an ellipsoid-like morphology, and their mean crystallite sizes were measured as 24 and 30 nm, respectively. The mechanical results of the modified GICs, following the addition of HA and FA (5 and 8 wt%) into the glass ionomer cement and 28 days storage in distilled water, exhibited statistically higher CS (64–70 and 66–72 MPa, respectively). Also, higher DTS was observed, at about 7.5–10.5 and 8.5–12 MPa, respectively. The microhardness of the GICs containing HA and FA nanoparticles (5 wt%) increased by 6.5 and 14%, respectively. In addition, the working time and setting time by adding the 5 wt% nanoparticles reduced about 12 and 19% for HA and 13.5 and 18% for FA, respectively. Finally, it can be concluded that the synthesized GICs containing HA and FA nanoparticles provide enhanced mechanical properties to restorative dental materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Mechanical and chemical properties of GICs modified with cellulose nanocrystals were evaluated. • The CN reinforcement significantly improved the mechanical properties and significantly increased the F− release of all GICs. • It was not possible to identify by FTIR any chemical bond difference in the new compounds formed. • Modification of GICs with CNs appears to produce promising restorative materials. Abstract Objective Glass-ionomer cements (GICs) modified with cellulose nanocrystals (CNs) were characterized and evaluated for compressive strength (CS), diametral tensile strength (DTS) and fluoride release (F−). Methods Commercially available GICs (Maxxion, Vidrion R, Vitro Molar, Ketac Molar Easy Mix and Fuji Gold Label 9) were reinforced with CNs (0.2% by weight). The microstructure of CNs and of CN-modified GICs were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) while chemical characterization was by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Ten specimens each of the unmodified (control) and CN-modified materials (test materials) were prepared for CS and DTS testing. For the fluoride release evaluation, separate specimens (n = 10) of each test and control material were made. The results obtained were submitted to the t-test (p < 0.05). Results The CN reinforcement significantly improved the mechanical properties and significantly increased the F− release of all GICs (p < 0.05). The GICs with CNs showed a fibrillar aggregate of nanoparticles interspersed in the matrix. The compounds with CNs showed a higher amount of C compared to the controls due to the organic nature of the CNs. It was not possible to identify by FTIR any chemical bond difference in the compounds formed when nanofibers were inserted in the GICs. Significance Modification of GICs with CNs appears to produce promising restorative materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The setting process of glass-ionomer restorative materials was evaluated by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). • External activation sources typically but not always increase the setting rate of restorative GICs. • The FTIR data provides quantitative information on the dynamics of the changes in the material, relevant for future studies. Abstract Objective To evaluate the influence of external energy sources on the dynamic setting process of glass-ionomer restorative materials. Methods Eighteen brands of GIC were studied: Bioglass R (Biodinâmica; G1), Chemfil Rock (Dentsply; G2), Equia Forte (GC; G3), Gold Label 2 (GC; G4), Gold Label 9 (GC; G5), Glass Ionomer Cement Type II — (Shofu; G6), Ionglass R (Maquira; G7), Ion Z (FGM; G8), Ionomaster (Wilcos; G9), Ionofil Plus (Voco; G10), Ionostar Plus (Voco; G11), Ketac Molar easymix (3M ESPE; G12), Magic Glass R (Vigodent; G13), Maxxion R (FGM; G14), Riva Self Cure (SDI; G15), Vidrion R (SS White; G16), Vitro Fil R (Nova DFL; G17) and Vitro Molar (Nova DFL; G18). LED, halogen light or ultrasound (n = 20 for each set) applied for 30 s was used to activate setting, and a control group of each material was allowed to set without activation. Samples were analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy using the ratio of intensities of bands at 1637 cm−1 (carboxylate) and 1720 cm−1 (carbonyl) as a function of time. Means and standard deviations were subjected to ANOVA and Tukey tests (p < 0.05). Results All three activation modes significantly reduced the time at which the carboxylate content became stable in G2, G4, G5, G6, G8, G10, G14, G16, G17 and G18. By contrast, in G1, G7, G12 and G15 no activation source had any significant effect (p > 0.05). Significance External activation sources, namely LED, halogen light and ultrasound, typically but not always increase the setting rate of restorative GICs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of five different surface treatments on the mechanical property and antimicrobial effect of three desiccated glass ionomer cements. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro experimental study, 300 rectangular blocks of three different restorative materials were fabricated using an aluminum mold, Group I (n = 100) Micron bioactive, Group II (n = 100) GC Fuji IX GP Extra, and Group III (n = 100) bioglass R. These blocks were stored in 100% humidity for 24 h and then placed in air to desiccate for another 24 h. These groups were further divided into two major groups (n = 50) for both mechanical (Flexural) and antimicrobial testing. The blocks of mechanical and antimicrobial groups were further divided into five subgroups (n = 10) based on the medias used for surface treatment (senquelNaF, MI varnish, chlorhex plus, kedodent mouthwash, and 100% humidity [control]). Flexural strength (FS) was measured using the universal testing machine. Fracture strength of groups was compared using the one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test with P ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant. Antimicrobial effect was carried out by covering the specimens in a suspension of Streptococcus mutans followed by incubation for 24 h. The blocks were later washed, vortex mixed, serially diluted, and plated. Ccolony-forming unit/ml was calculated after 3 days of incubation. Data were then analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U nonparametric test, with P ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Micron bioactive with the surface treatment of MI varnish significantly exhibited highest FS. Surface treatment of desiccated restorative materials with chlorhex plus exhibited no growth of S. mutans. GC Fuji IX GP Extra with surface treatment of MI varnish exhibited highest reduction in S. mutans growth compared to other experimental group. Conclusion: Surface treatment of restorative material with MI varnish improved their mechanical and antimicrobial property while among three restorative materials Micron bioactive showed better mechanical property, whereas GC Fuji IX GP Extra exhibited better antimicrobial property.

The success of the sandwich technique depends on the bond strength of composite to glass-ionomer cement (GIC)/resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (RMGIC). Currently used adhesives employ the total-etch and the self-etch techniques. The total-etch system is technique sensitive, whereas the self-etch system is popular for its ease of use. The aim of this systematic review is to compare the effect of total-etch and self-etch adhesives (SEAs) on the bond strength of composite to GIC/(RMGIC) in the sandwich technique. A literature search was conducted using electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Ebscohost, and Scopus) limiting the year of publications from January 1, 2000, to September 30, 2018, to identify the relevant studies. All the cross-references of the selected studies were also screened. In vitro studies on extracted human teeth were selected. A total of 10 articles were included in this review. A conclusion was drawn that SEAs when used in the sandwich technique resulted in greater bond strength in comparison to total-etch adhesives. Moreover, increased bond strength was achieved when the primer was employed on unset GIC as compared to set GIC. Furthermore, the application of SEAs over uncured RMGIC (co-curing technique) resulted in better bond strengths as compared to their application over cured RMGIC.

Background. This study evaluated the effect of two prophylaxis techniques on the marginal gap of CI V resin-modified glass-ionomer restorations. Methods. Standard Cl V cavities were prepared on the buccal surfaces of 48 sound bovine mandibular incisors in this in vitro study. After restoration of the cavities with GC Fuji II LC resin-modified glass-ionomer, the samples were randomly assigned to 3 groups of 16. In group 1, the prophylactic procedures were carried out with rubber cup and pumice powder and in group 2 with air-powder polishing device (APD). In group 3 (control), the samples did not undergo any prophylactic procedures. Then the marginal gaps were measured. Two-way ANOVA was used to compare marginal gaps at the occlusal and gingival margins between the groups. Post hoc Tukey test was used for two-by-two comparisons. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results. There were significant differences in the means of marginal gaps in terms of prophylactic techniques (P < 0.001), with significantly larger marginal gaps in the APD group compared to the pumice and rubber cup group, which in turn exhibited significantly larger marginal gaps compared to the control group (P < 0.0005). In addition, the means of marginal gaps were significant in terms of the margin type (P < 0.001), with significantly larger gaps at gingival margins compared to the occlusal margins (P < 0.0005). Conclusion. The prophylactic techniques used in this study had a negative effect on the marginal gaps of Cl V resin-modified glass-ionomer restorations.

Interface integrity can be maintained by setting the composite in a layering technique and using liners. Objective The aim of this in vitro study was to verify the effect of resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (RMGIC) lining and composite layering technique on the bond strength of the dentin/resin adhesive interface of lateral walls of occlusal restorations. Material and Methods Occlusal cavities were prepared in 52 extracted sound human molars, randomly assigned into 4 groups: Group 2H (control) – no lining + two horizontal layers; Group 4O: no lining + four oblique layers; Group V-2H: RMGIC lining (Vitrebond) + two horizontal layers; and Group V-4O: RMGIC lining (Vitrebond) + four oblique layers. Resin composite (Filtek Z250, 3M ESPE) was placed after application of an adhesive system (Adper™ Single Bond 2, 3M ESPE) dyed with a fluorescent reagent (Rhodamine B) to allow confocal microscopy analysis. The teeth were stored in deionized water at 37oC for 24 hours before being sectioned into 0.8 mm slices. One slice of each tooth was randomly selected for Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) analysis. The other slices were sectioned into 0.8 mm x 0.8 mm sticks to microtensile bond strength test (MPa). Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Fisher's test. Results There was no statistical difference on bond strength among groups (p>0.05). CLSM analysis showed no significant statistical difference regarding the presence of gap at the interface dentin/resin among groups. Conclusions RMGIC lining and composite layering techniques showed no effect on the microtensile bond strength and gap formation at the adhesive interface of lateral walls of high C-factor occlusal restorations.

Introduction. Glass-ionomer cements were described as being a hybrid between silicate cements and polycarboxylic ones. The evolution of glass-ionomer cements in the past decades has brought modifications both to the powder and the polycarboxylic acid. In this period, the clinical experience has shown the advantages of using glass-ionomer cements. Paper goal. The investigations carried out on the surface quality aimed at showing the variations of rugosity corresponding to the samples made from different classes of glass-ionomer cements used as direct coronary restorative materials whose final finishing by polishing was performed mechanically. Material and method. Experimental researches related to surface quality were carried out on 3 glass-ionomer cements: Kavitan Plus - SPOFA DENTAL , Ketac Molar EasyMix - 3M ESPE and Fuji II LC – GC AMERICA. Specimens were made in the Dental material lab from the Faculty of Dental Medicine - U.M.F. “Gr. T. Popa” Iaşi. The surfaces finished by polishing were subjected to the imagistic test and experimental measurements to nanometric scale by using the atomic force microscopy system Nanosurf easyScan 2 AFM existing in the lab for Surface Engineering of the Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering from “Gheorghe Asachi” Techncial University of Iaşi. Results. Experimental researches run to determine the nanometric profile of each surface showed the following aspects: 3D image of the relief topography obtained after finishing by polishing; nanometric profile of the midline corresponding to the investigated area; 2D image of the surface treated obtained by deflection.Conclusions. After gum polishing, the nanometric profile having the lowest dimension (379.3 nm) was obtained for Ketac Molar EasyMix material followed by Fuji II LC commercial product whereas Kavitan Plus material registered the highest value (513.3 nm).After having analysed the average values of total size for the nanometric profile for glass-ionomer cement specimens, we notice that Kavitan Plus material registered the highest value (513.3 nm).

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OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the application of the modified Ottawa method by establishing the update need of a systematic review with focus on the caries preventive effect of GIC versus resin pit and fissure sealants; to answer the question as to whether the existing conclusions of this systematic review are still current; to establish whether a new update of this systematic review was needed. METHODS: Application of the Modified Ottawa method. Application date: April/May 2012. RESULTS: Four signals aligned with the criteria of the modified Ottawa method were identified. The content of these signals suggest that higher precision of the current systematic review results might be achieved if an update of the current review were conducted at this point in time. However, these signals further indicate that such systematic review update, despite its higher precision, would only confirm the existing review conclusion that no statistically significant difference exists in the caries-preventive effect of GIC and resin-based fissure sealants. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this study demonstrated the modified Ottawa method as an effective tool in establishing the update need of the systematic review. In addition, it was established that the conclusions of the systematic review in relation to the caries preventive effect of GIC versus resin based fissure sealants are still current, and that no update of this systematic review was warranted at date of application.

OBJECTIVE: This study determined the effects of various surface treatment modalities on the bond strength of composite resins to glass-ionomer cements. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Conventional (KetacTM Molar Quick ApplicapTM) or resin-modified (PhotacTM Fil Quick AplicapTM) glass-ionomer cements were prepared. Two-step etch-rinse & bond adhesive (AdperTM Single Bond 2) or single-step self-etching adhesive (AdperTM PromptTM L-PopTM) was applied to the set cements. In the etch-rinse & bond group, the sample surfaces were pre-treated as follows: (1) no etching, (2) 15 s of etching with 35% phosphoric acid, (3) 30 s of etching, and (4) 60 s of etching. Following the placement of the composite resin (FiltekTM Z250), the bond strength was measured in a universal testing machine and the data obtained were analyzed with the two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey's HSD post hoc analysis (p=0.05). Then, the fractured surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: The bond strength of the composite resin to the conventional glass-ionomer cement was significantly lower than that to the resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (p0.05). However, a greater bond strength was obtained with 30 s of phosphoric acid application. CONCLUSIONS: The resin-modified glass-ionomer cement improved the bond strength of the composite resin to the glass-ionomer cement. Both etch-rinse & bond and self-etching adhesives may be used effectively in the lamination of glass-ionomer cements. However, an etching time of at least 30 s appears to be optimal.