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Life without the Internet would be hard to imagine. The essential purpose of the Internet is sharing data and communications. Due to the high demand, people start to use different technologies to accesses the Internet. Li-Fi is one of the efficient wireless technologies for sharing data and communications. Professor Harald Haas introduced it in July 2001 at TED Global talk. Compared to Wi-Fi and other wireless technology, Li-Fi is made more secure and high-speed data transmission. This paper focused on using Li-Fi with laser diode, glass prism and solar panel (LGS) formation to experiment single source to multi-destination. The experiment further split into two parts; one is sending the audio-to-text message from a single source to transfer more than one receiver who received the text message from the start. The second one is sending the file from a single source to more than one receiver who received the source’s file. The study of the experiment understands various characteristics of Li-Fi with LGS formations.

Purpose: Ophthalmic prisms are routinely used to measure ocular deviation. However, large measurement errors could be induced when a prism is not accurately positioned at its calibration position. We report a simple way to minimize the errors. Methods: We measured powers of prisms and plastic prisms at their calibration position and at angles the prism was rotated away from the calibration position. Glass prisms that have power of 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, and 60 prism diopters (PD) and plastic prisms that has power of 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 PD were used. To minimize the errors, we developed a pair of prism frame so that the prism can always be positioned accurately. Results: We have demonstrated large errors induced by rotating glass prisms and plastic prism away from their calibration position. Larger errors were recorded with glass prisms than with plastic prisms. The measurement errors are significant even with a small angle rotation for a large power glass prism. For instance, a 10-degrees rotation of a 50PD glass prism produces an error of 30PD. However, measurements errors were minimized when the prism frame was used. Conclusion: It suggests that the glass ophthalmic prism should be abandoned and the use of ophthalmic prisms in strabismus measurement should be standardized with assistance of the prism frame.

Glass, designed by Google, is a fairly new wearable and mobile technology that projects an image into a glass prism above the eye and is currently in beta testing. A touch pad on the side of Glass allows users to engage with the device through swiping gestures and voice control to perform several functions similar to mobile devices. This initial study used a multiple probe across participants design to investigate the effects of direct systematic instruction (model-lead-test [MLT]) to teach three individuals with intellectual disability (ID) to operate Glass. To date, no study has been conducted using Glass with individuals with ID. Results demonstrated a functional relation between the direct systematic instruction and student performance with Glass orientation across all participants. Additionally, participants indicated positive experiences using this wearable/mobile technology based on social validity measures collected at the end of the study. Limitations, future research, and implications for practice are also discussed.

This paper makes use of the unambiguous definitions of angles of incidence and refraction offered by the author in 2005 to make an extensive study of the theoretical behavior of the (i – δ) curve of a prism in ray optics. Novel relations have been achieved for the explicit dependence of the final angle of emergence (i2) as well as the net deviation (δ) on the unambiguous primary angle of incidence (i1). Considering a glass prism with angle, A = 60° and refractive index, μ = 1.5, the theoretical relations developed have been subsequently employed to predict the graphical behavior of each of the (i1 versus i2) curve, (i1 versus (i2 − i1)) curve, and (i1 versus δ) curve. Though the quantitative interpretation of the peculiar nature of the (i1 versus δ) curve of a prism follows from the relevant relation derived in the paper, qualitative interpretation regarding the peculiar trend of variation of the net deviation (δ) with the unambiguous primary angle of incidence (i1) has also been provided on the basis of the (i1 versus i2) as well as (i1 versus (i2 − i1)) curves.

This letter demonstrates a technique that utilizes the camera of a smartphone for evanescent wave coupled spectroscopic sensing. Using simple optical components, the camera of the smartphone is converted into a highly resolved spectrometer (0.305 nm per pixel), and using a right-angled glass prism, the evanescent field of the internally reflected light signal from a broadband optical source is allowed to interact with the external medium. The primary advantages of the proposed sensing technique are its compactness, portability, and cost-efficiency.

In New York entsteht derzeit am 11 Times Square ein 40-stockiges Burohochhaus mit einer neuartigen Stahl-Glas-Konstruktion fur die uber vier Stockwerke reichende verglaste Eingangslobby. Die hybride Fassadenkonstruktion besteht aus 16,5 m langen, stehenden Schwertern aus tragendem Glas mit Edelstahlgurten und die Queraussteifung erfolgt uber die Glasscheiben der Fassade. Als weithin sichtbares Eingangselement wurde ein beleuchtetes glasernes Prisma entworfen, das ebenfalls uber vier Stockwerke reicht und die ausere Plaza mit der inneren Lobby verbindet. Daruber hinaus werden folgende Projekte unseres Buros kurz vorgestellt: – die Luminous Glass Shell der Bank of America, Charlotte – die Glastreppe fur das Four Seasons Center of Performing Arts in Toronto – die Seilnetzfassaden fur das 7 World Trade Center, den Freedomtower und das Time Warner Center in Manhattan. Innovative Glazed Structures Design in America. An innovative steel and glass structure reaching above four stories in height is currently being constructed as part of a new 40-story office high-rise building at 11 Times Square in New York. The hybrid facade construction consists of 16.5 m long, standing fins made up of load-bearing glass with stainless steel chords, while the cross-bracing is achieved through the glass panes of the facade. An illuminated glass prism was also designed, serving as a beacon leading towards the entry-way of the lobby, which also extends beyond four stories in height and serves to bind together the exterior plaza with the interior lobby. Furthermore, the following projects from our office will be presented in short: – the Luminous Glass Shell of the Bank of America Charlotte – the glass staircase of the Four Seasons Center of Performing Arts in Toronto – the cable net facade of the 7 World Trade Center, as well as of the Freedom Tower and of the Time Warner Center in Manhattan.

The effect of extreme light transmission through a nanohole in metal film deposited on a glass prism has been investigated. The Discrete Sources Method has been applied for computer simulation analysis of this effect in the evanescent wave area. It has been found that the effect appears together with Plasmon resonance of the film. The dependence of the transmitted intensity on the wavelength, incident angle, film materials and hole’s filling has been analyzed.

Based on the method of discrete sources, an analysis is made of the spectral scattering characteristics of a nanohole in a metal film applied onto a glass prism. An effect of extremal electromagnetic energy leakage through the hole is discovered in the evanescent wave formation region.

Three-dimensional IR emission characteristics of a weak discharge in the reset period were investigated with the specially fabricated 3-D test panel which has a glass prism instead of one flank of a closed wall in AC PDP. Based on the 3-D images of the IR emissions measured in the reset period, the IR emissions from the cathode electrodes were not observed all through the rising and falling ramp reset period. During the falling ramp reset period, the emissions from the X and Ay electrodes, which work as anodes, were seen. Moreover, it was observed that the address obviously discharge occurs between the Y and a part of address (Ax) electrode. These results were experimentally confirmed with the 6-in 3-D plasma display panel.

The scattering characteristics of an insertion in a gold film deposited on a glass prism are analyzed using the method of discrete sources. The effect of extreme energy transmission through the film is revealed in the range of total internal reflection.

A way to improve the angular sensitivity of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor by tuning the resonance position to a higher incident angle region using a lower refractive index glass prism is described in this paper. A novel effective 3-layer (E3L) model is described to transform a multiple layer biosensor configuration in context of SPR condition. The E3L model supports the use of a low refractive index prism for biosensing. The performance of the sensor in immunosensing is checked for two glass prisms of different refractive index materials. The experimental results showed an enhancement in the amount of resonance angle shift of the immunosensor for the lower refractive index glass prism.

This paper investigates a passive stereovision system which employs one single CCD camera and one pyramid-like glass prism. Its trinocular variety is first presented: each image captured by this system can be split into three sub-images and these sub-images are taken as the images simultaneously captured by three virtual cameras which are generated by the prism. Two different approaches are developed to model this system: one bases on a conventional camera calibration technique and the other bases on geometrical analysis of ray sketching. The second approach is a relatively simpler but is sufficiently accurate as compared to the calibration based approach. Then the knowledge on this trinocular system is extended to build a single-lens multi-ocular stereovision system. Experiments are conducted to validate this system. The ideas presented in this paper are believed novel.

Based on the method of discrete sources, a mathematical model for the analysis of the spectral characteristics of the scattering of nonradiative waves by nanodimensional rods arranged on the surface of a glass prism was constructed. It was shown that the spectral characteristics significantly depend on both the elongation of the rods and their orientation.

Helium’s discovery is probably one of the most unique stories in elemental discovery. Its ultimate identification was the culmination of hundreds of years of scientific achievements by countless professional and amateur scientists. The most distinctive aspect of the discovery of helium lies in the fact that it was the first element to be detected on the Sun before it was identified on Earth. Helium was first detected through a device known as a spectrometer which at its very basic level is nothing more than an apparatus with a slit to allow the passage of light, a prism to refract the light, and an eyepiece (or display) to view the results. Although a very simple apparatus, the spectrometer became one of the most useful tools in atomic elemental identification and discovery for many years after its discovery in 1860. Although technology has certainly advanced since that time, the spectroscope is still used today to determine the composition of stars. At the very heart of spectroscopic analysis is the glass prism.

The discrete sources method is extended to analyse evanescent waves scattering by a non-spherical particle located near a metal-coated glass prism. A metallic film is designed to enhance conversion of an evanescent wave into a scattered one via computational simulations. The importance of taking into account interaction between scatterer and multi-layered interface is demonstrated.

When the fumes cleared, I realized that I was in the strangest room I had ever seen. There was a variety of appliances made of glass and metal. A young man was stirring some material in a large vessel that was being heated and from which the clouds of yellow fumes, that had engulfed me, were still rising up. He was pale and seemed to be somewhat weak. Although he was in his shirtsleeves, he was profusely perspiring. Open image in new window

In this work, we have proposed a novel long-range surface plasmon resonance (LRSPR) sensor with sharp reflection spectrum, which consists of a glass prism, a (A/B)4-type waveguide-coupled layer and a metal layer. To reveal its sharp reflection spectrum perfectly, we have simulated the effects of all factors of this LRSPR sensor on the reflection spectrum, and finally presented the optimal parameters of the LRSPR sensor with sharp reflection spectrum.

Anyone who has looked at a rainbow has surely found them to be interesting and beautiful. For a long time few people understood what they saw. It was Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727) who demonstrated what causes rainbows and some of the deeper characteristics of light. Newton took a glass prism and allowed a sliver (light through a small slit) of light to fall on it. What was seen on the other side of the prism was a rainbow of colors. White light was broken down into rainbow colors (Fig. 1.1).

We propose a structure that can be used for enhanced single molecule detection using surface plasmon coupled emission (SPCE). In the proposed structure, instead of a single metal layer on the glass prism of a typical SPCE structure for fluorescence microscopy, a metal-dielectric-metal structure is used. We theoretically show that the proposed structure significantly decreases the excitation volume of the fluorescently labeled sample, and simultaneously increases the peak SPCE intensity and SPCE power. Therefore, the signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity of an SPCE based fluorescence microscopy system can be significantly increased using the proposed structure, which will be helpful for enhanced single molecule detection, especially, in a less pure biological sample.

Acrylic reflectors and reflective sheeting are attractive alternatives to the glass prism reflectors normally supplied with infrared EDM instruments. The range limitations of these devices has been investigated using modern distance meters. The range to acrylic reflectors was typically 100–200 m. The change of the total instrument/reflector correction can be large and must be determined. The measurement precision is not seriously degraded by measuring to such reflectors.

An experimental setup is described which uses a prismatic dye cuvette and a dispersion glass prism. The two prisms are oriented so as to ensure wavelength-dependent deflection in two perpendicular planes. The dispersion of the solvent material was subtracted by using an immersion cuvette filled with the solvent liquid of the dye solution. The setup displays the contribution of the dye material to the refractive index of the solution as a function of the wavelength. The setup is simple, inexpensive, does not use toxic or hazardous materials or high temperature ovens, and thus can be a very useful means to demonstrate the effect of anomalous dispersion at different levels of education.

Optics and refraction are often thought of as a dry chapter in ophthalmology, but understanding a few basic principles enables one to avoid errors and complications when treating both pediatric and adult strabismic patients.

Light travels in waves. The eye is able to perceive colour because each colour has a wave of different lengths. Reds have the longest wavelengths and blues the shortest. When light is passed through a glass prism its waves split according to their length and can be ‘seen’ as separate colours — red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet — always in that order, the order of the rainbow. The human eye is able to perceive certain light wavelengths which enable us to see these colours.

The influence on the near critical angle reflectivity of a thin deposited on the face of a glass prism is used to optically characterize a zwitterion Langmuir-Blodgett film.

The history of glass is quite old, that of its scientific exploration very young. During formation of the earth, highly siliceous melts of rocks occasionally froze to natural glasses such as obsidian. Water, dissolved homogeneously under high pressure, evaporated rapidly if such melts penetrated the surface, e. g., in a volcanic eruption; and, when cooled quickly, the foaming melt became a solid natural glass foam, since high viscosity prevented the escape of bubbles. Modern industrial technologies may be considered variations of this basic process.

The discrete sources method has been applied to perform a computer simulation analysis of different total internal reflection microscopy schemes. It has been found that the positioning of the objective lens beneath a glass prism can provide a considerable advantage for determination of the particle–film distance.

A simple method to measure the refractive index of a glass prism with very low uncertainty was developed at INRiM. The method is a modification of the classical minimum deviation method. A brief description of the methods used to measure the vertex angles of the prism and the angle of minimum deviation is reported together with the uncertainty evaluation. The technique is going to be validated by a comparison between INRiM and two other laboratories. A relative standard uncertainty better than 1 ppm has been obtained.

A hollow glass prism filled with liquid becomes a "liquid prism". A simple method for constructing hollow glass prisms is presented. A method is given for a demonstration that uses the liquid prism with a laser or laser pointer so the audience can observe differences in refractive index for various liquids. The demonstration provides a quick and easy determination of the sugar content of soft drinks and juices. The prism makes it easy to determine a numerical value for the refractive index of a liquid.

We have proposed a simple reflection method to evaluate the optical constants and optical thicknesses of various films. The optical constants and thicknesses of alkyl-urethane-substituted polydiacetylene (PDA-C4UC4) films on a BK-7 glass prism have been measured using the reflection method proposed in this paper. Unoriented blue-form PDAs have an optically anisotropic nature and their optical constants have been estimated in the tangential direction and in the direction normal to the film surface. Our reflection method also provides information on the polymerization state.

The near-infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is located between the visible and mid-range infrared (MIR) sections, roughly 750–2500 nm or 13,333–4000 cm 1 (see Fig. 6.1). It consists (mainly) of overtones and combinations of the bands found in the mid-range infrared region (4000–200 cm ). The region was discovered by Sir William Herschel in 1800 [1]. Sir William was attempting to discover the color of light that carried the heat of sunlight. He used a glass prism to split the colors from white light and arranged a series of thermometers, wrapped in dark cloth, such that they would each be exposed to a different colored light. Not much happened in the visible region, but as he allowed the thermometer to be located next to the red band, he noticed a dramatic

The entopic phenomenon called "Haidinger's brushes" (HB) is used both as a diagnostic testing procedure and as a feedback mechanism in visual training. A recent explanation of HB incorporating corneal birefringence is presented. This new theory also explains a clinical phenomenon found by this author. By using a "heat-treated" glass prism, a HB pattern can be enhanced, stopped, or reversed along a continuum of rotation. Clinical application of this phenomenon in testing macular integrity as well as in visual training is discussed.

Unpredictability in strabismus surgery results may be due in part to errors in the measurement of strabismic deviations. Whenever measuring strabismic deviations with a fixation target at near, the distance from the eye to the prism must be taken into account to measure the true deviation. For example, when a prism is held 4 cm from the cornea of an eye deviating 50 prism diopters from a fixation target at 33 cm, the measured deviation is 62 prism diopters. The required prism power needed to neutralize a deviation with fixation at near will be increased, the further the prism is held from the cornea. This may lead to surgical overcorrections if the surgery is based on the near measurement. The deviation neutralized by a prism held in any angular position, the effect of prism measurements at near, and the measurement of deviations over Fresnel prisms can be calculated and the appropriate corrections made.