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Background: Previous studies have described the association between dopamine replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease and impulse control disorders., Methods: A case-control study was performed to establish the prevalence of four of these behaviors in Brazilian patients with Parkinson's disease on stable dopamine replacement therapy and the possible associated risk factors. We investigated 152 patients and 212 healthy controls for pathological gambling, compulsive sexual behavior and compulsive buying and eating., Results: Overall, patients had more impulsive control disorders than controls (18.4% vs. 4.2%, P < 0.001). Impulse control disorders were more common in younger patients (P = 0.008) and in those taking dopamine agonist (P < 0.001) and levodopa (P = 0.02). Higher Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor score (P = 0.03) and past smoking (P = 0.02) were also associated in the univariate analysis. Variables independently associated with impulse control disorders were history of smoking (odds ratio = 1.059 for each year of smoking, P = 0.010) and current use of pramipexole (odds ratio = 2.551 for each increase in 1 mg, P < 0.001)., Conclusions: Dopaminergic stimulation and previous exposure to smoking are independently associated with impulse control disorders in a dose-dependent manner., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To analyze the case notes of 127 patients with chorea admitted to the National Hospital at Queen Square, London, under the care of William Richard Gowers and review his contribution to the study of choreas., Methods: We consulted the case books available at the Queen Square Library, from 1878 to 1911, comprising 42 volumes., Results: 97 patients (76.3%) were female and the age of presentation ranged from 4 to 60 years (mean 14.3). 43 patients (33.8%) experienced recurrent attacks of chorea. 29 patients (22.8%) had a family history of chorea. Past history of rheumatic fever was observed in 46 patients (36.2%). 54 patients (42.5%) had speech impairment while a similar number had a cardiac murmur. Generalized chorea occurred in 87.4% and hemichorea in 11.8%. Gowers diagnosed different forms of chorea: Huntington's disease, paralytic, persistent, recurrent, tetanoid, functional, maniacal, hemichorea and chorea gravidarum., Conclusions: Gowers was one of the pioneers in recognizing chorea as a physical sign found in a myriad of etiologies. He also provided a comprehensive description of the clinical features and natural history of Sydenham's chorea in his work., (Copyright © 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Objective: To evaluate in detail the clinical features in a large series of pathologically confirmed cases of vascular Parkinsonism (VP)., Background: In the absence of widely accepted diagnostic criteria for VP pathological confirmation of diagnosis is necessary to ensure diagnostic reliability, and has only been reported in a few small series., Design/methods: The archival records of the Queen Square Brain Bank (QSBB) have been used to identify cases of Parkinsonism where cerebrovascular disease was the only pathological finding. Clinical notes were scrutinised and milestones of disease progression were compared with other atypical Parkinsonian syndromes from previous QSBB studies., Results: Twenty-eight cases were included. Mean age of onset and disease duration were 70.6 (SD± 6.42) and 10.5 (SD± 66.1) years respectively. Bradykinesia was present in all cases, rigidity in 96%, falls in 76%, pyramidal signs in 54%, urinary incontinence in 50% and dementia in 39%.Visual hallucinations in 0%. Two-thirds had an insidious onset and a relentless rather than stepwise progression of disability. When compared with other Parkinsonian syndromes, VP had an older age of onset., Conclusions: In comparison with other Parkinsonian syndromes the patients were older and had an extremely low frequency of visual hallucinations compared with Parkinson's disease.