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1. Human–nature connectedness as a pathway to sustainability: A global meta‐analysis

Author

Gladys Barragan‐Jason, Claire de Mazancourt, Camille Parmesan, Michael C. Singer, and Michel Loreau

Subjects
environmental education, human health, human–nature connectedness, meta‐analysis, nature conservation, nature‐based solutions, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract

Abstract Internationally agreed sustainability goals are being missed. Here, we conduct global meta‐analyses to assess how the extent to which humans see themselves as part of nature—known as human–nature connectedness (HNC)—can be used as a leverage point to reach sustainability. A meta‐analysis of 147 correlational studies shows that individuals with high HNC had more pronature behaviours and were significantly healthier than those with low HNC. A meta‐analysis of 59 experimental studies shows significant increases in HNC after manipulations involving contact with nature and mindfulness practices. Surprisingly, this same meta‐analysis finds no significant effect of environmental education on HNC. Thus, HNC is positively linked to mind‐sets that value sustainability and behaviours that enhance it. Further, we argue that HNC can be enhanced by targeted practices, and we identify those most likely to succeed. Our results suggest that enhancing HNC, via promotion of targeted practices, can improve sustainability and should be integrated into conservation policy.

Published
2022
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2. Cognition in Context: Plasticity in Cognitive Performance in Response to Ongoing Environmental Variables

Author

Maxime Cauchoix, Alexis S. Chaine, and Gladys Barragan-Jason

Subjects
cognition, cognitive plasticity, evolution, environment, reaction norm, Evolution, QH359-425, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

Cognition has evolved to allow organisms to process, use and store information in their natural environment. Yet, cognitive abilities are traditionally measured in controlled laboratory conditions to obtain consistent and accurate measurements. Consequently, little is known about the actual effect of natural environmental variation on cognitive performances. Being able to modify cognitive performance according to environmental conditions (e.g., plasticity of attentional performances according to current predator densities) could provide evolutionary advantages. In this mini-review, we compile evidence for what we call “cognitive performance plasticity” (i.e., flexible adjustment of cognitive performance in response to the current environment). We then discuss methodological approaches associated with measurement of cognitive performance plasticity and cognition in general. Finally, we discuss the implications of acknowledging plasticity in cognitive performance, including a better understanding of the reproducibility crisis observed in cognitive sciences (Open Science Collaboration, 2015) and new lines of inquiry into the evolution of cognition and the adaptive value of cognitive performance plasticity.

Published
2020
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7. Effect of meditation on intracerebral EEG in a patient with temporal lobe epilepsy: A case report

Author

Luc Valton, Gladys Barragan-Jason, Marie Denuelle, Romain Grandchamp, Jean-Christophe Sol, Jonathan Curot, and Arnaud Delorme

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, media_common.quotation_subject, Electroencephalography, Audiology, 050105 experimental psychology, Stereoelectroencephalography, Temporal lobe, 03 medical and health sciences, Epilepsy, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Ictal, Meditation, General Nursing, media_common, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, 05 social sciences, medicine.disease, Epileptic activity, Complementary and alternative medicine, Intracerebral EEG, Chiropractics, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Analysis
Abstract

Meditation has been deemed a miracle cure for a wide range of neurological disorders. However, it is unclear whether meditation practice would be beneficial for patients suffering from epilepsy. Here we report on the comparison of the effects of focused-attention meditation and a control task on electroencephalographic (EEG) activity in a patient undergoing stereoencephalographic (SEEG) investigation for drug-resistant epilepsy. The patient routinely practiced focused-attention meditation and reported that she found it beneficial. During the SEEG investigation, intracerebral EEG data were recorded during meditation as well as during mind-wandering task. The EEG data were analyzed for type of electrical activity (labeled) by two expert epileptologists. We found that the proportion of EEG segments containing activity classified as interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs; abnormal electrical activity that occurs between seizures) increased significantly during meditation practice. Although the finding was surprising, this increase in IEDs may not correlate with an increase in seizure frequency, and the patient might still benefit from practicing meditation. The finding does, however, warrant further studies on the influence of meditation on epileptic activity.

Published
2021

9. Patient children are less likely to share with unknown children

Author

Gladys Barragan-Jason and Astrid Hopfensitz

Abstract

Human prosociality is a valuable but also deeply puzzling trait. While several studies suggest that prosociality is an instinctive and impulsive behavior, others argue that patience and self-control are necessary to develop prosocial behaviors. Yet, prosociality and patience in children have rarely been studied jointly. Here, we measured patience (i.e. delay-of-gratification) and prosociality (i.e. giving in a dictator game to a known or unknown partner) in 250 4- to 6-year-old French schoolchildren. We found that sharing with an unknown partner was negatively linked to patience in children but observed no relationship between patience and sharing with a familiar partner. Taken together, our results support the hypothesis that children are intuitively prosocial independent of strategic concerns and that patience is therefore not necessary to act prosocially during early childhood. Future studies investigating whether and why prosociality show a non-linear developmental trajectory across the lifespan are warranted.

Published
2021

10. Children with higher screen time exposure were less likely to show patience and to make school friends at 4–6 years of age

Author

Gladys Barragan-Jason, Astrid Hopfensitz, Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Toulouse School of Economics (TSE), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), emlyon business school, Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique (GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (SETE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Fédération de Recherche Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversité (FR AIB), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-15-CE33-0005,SINT,L'intelligence sociale: experiences et théories concernant les agents économiques(2015), and ANR-10-LABX-0029,IAST,Institut for Advanced Study in Toulouse(2010)

Subjects
media_common.quotation_subject, [SHS.PSY]Humanities and Social Sciences/Psychology, Friends, Developmental psychology, Screen Time, 03 medical and health sciences, Screen time, 0302 clinical medicine, 030225 pediatrics, Humans, Medicine, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Child, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, media_common, Schools, business.industry, 4. Education, 05 social sciences, General Medicine, Patience, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Sedentary Behavior, business, 050104 developmental & child psychology
Abstract

International audience; Excessive screen time during early childhood has been negatively associated with cognitive development, including poor academic success.1 Social integration2 and delayed gratification (ie patience), are key childhood factors that have been associated with positive achievements in later life.3 Despite this, little is known about the possible association between screen time and these childhood factors. This study fills a gap in our knowledge, by investigating the association between screen time; delayed gratification, which is waiting for a larger reward; and social integration, which is the number of times a child is called as a friend by their classmates.

Published
2021

11. Human-nature connectedness as a pathway to sustainability: a global meta-analysis

Author

Michael C. Singer, Michel Loreau, Camille Parmesan, Gladys Barragan-Jason, and Claire de Mazancourt

Subjects
Knowledge management, nature conservation, 050109 social psychology, nature‐based solutions, QH1-199.5, human health, 03 medical and health sciences, Human health, human–nature connectedness, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Nature connectedness, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, Nature and Landscape Conservation, 0303 health sciences, Ecology, business.industry, 05 social sciences, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, 15. Life on land, Environmental education, Geography, 13. Climate action, environmental education, meta‐analysis, Meta-analysis, Nature Conservation, Sustainability, business
Abstract

Internationally-agreed sustainability goals are being missed. Here, we document a potential reason for this failure and show how the extent to which humans see themselves as part of nature – known as human-nature connectedness (HNC) – can be used as a leverage point for increasing public engagement towards sustainability targets. We conduct the first global quantitative analysis of the HNC literature, with meta-analyses of 59 experimental and 147 correlational studies. Meta-analysis of experiments documents significant increases in HNC after manipulations involving contact with nature and "mindfulness" practices (focusing on oneself and surroundings in the present moment). By contrast, estimated effects on HNC of environmental education and virtual nature experience were minimal. Meta-analysis of correlational studies documents that individuals with high HNC had higher levels of physical contact with nature, more engagement in mindfulness and more pro-nature behaviours. They also felt significantly happier and healthier than those with low HNC. Thus, HNC is positively linked to mindsets that value sustainability and behaviours that enhance it. Further, we show that HNC can be enhanced by interventions and we identify techniques most likely to succeed. These results suggest that enhancing HNC, via promotion of targeted practices, can improve sustainability.

Published
2021

12. Schoolchildren cooperate more successfully with non-kin than with siblings

Author

Maxime Cauchoix, Gladys Barragan-Jason, Marie Bourjade, Astrid Hopfensitz, Anne Regnier, Alexis S. Chaine, Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (SETE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Fédération de Recherche Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversité (FR AIB), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Toulouse School of Economics (TSE), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Cognition, Langues, Langage, Ergonomie (CLLE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Adult, Future studies, Evolution, media_common.quotation_subject, 050109 social psychology, Friends, Kin selection, 050105 experimental psychology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Social Networking, Perception, Kinship, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Interpersonal Relations, Cooperative Behavior, Child, Child development, General Environmental Science, media_common, Human evolution, General Immunology and Microbiology, Siblings, 05 social sciences, General Medicine, Evolution of cooperation, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, Preference, Friendship, Child, Preschool, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Psychology, Social psychology
Abstract

National audience; Cooperation plays a key role in the development of advanced societies and can be stabilized through shared genes (kinship) or reciprocation. In humans, cooperation among kin occurs more readily than cooperation among non-kin. In many organisms, cooperation can shift with age (e.g. helpers at the nest); however, little is known about developmental shifts between kin and non-kin cooperation in humans. Using a cooperative game, we show that 3- to 10-year-old French schoolchildren cooperated less successfully with siblings than with non-kin children, whether or not non-kin partners were friends. Furthermore, children with larger social networks cooperated better and the perception of friendship among non-friends improved after cooperating. These results contrast with the well-established preference for kin cooperation among adults and indicate that non-kin cooperation in humans might serve to forge and extend non-kin social relationships during middle childhood and create opportunities for future collaboration beyond kin. Our results suggest that the current view of cooperation in humans may only apply to adults and that future studies should focus on how and why cooperation with different classes of partners might change during development in humans across cultures as well as other long-lived organisms.

Published
2021

13. Two facets of patience in young children: Waiting with and without an explicit reward

Author

Cristina M. Atance, Gladys Barragan-Jason, Astrid Hopfensitz, and Leia Kopp

Subjects
Male, Motivation, media_common.quotation_subject, 05 social sciences, Child Behavior, 050109 social psychology, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Self-control, Delay of gratification, Patience, 050105 experimental psychology, Preference, Term (time), Task (project management), Test (assessment), Reward, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Humans, Female, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Child, Psychology, psychological phenomena and processes, media_common, Cognitive psychology
Abstract

Patience, or the ability to tolerate delay, is typically studied using delay of gratification (DoG) tasks. However, among other factors (e.g., type of reward), the use of a reward to test patience is affected by an individual’s motivation to obtain the reward (e.g., degree of preference for the small vs. large reward). In addition, DoG tasks do not assess the extent to which an individual can wait in the absence of an explicit reward—or what we term “patience as a virtue.” Accordingly, the current study used a new measure of patience—the “pure waiting paradigm”—in which 3- to 5-year-old children waited 3 min with nothing to do and with no explicit reward. We then examined the relation between performance on this task (as assessed by children’s spontaneous patient behaviors) and performance on two DoG tasks (candy and video rewards). Significant correlations were found between DoG performance and patient behaviors in the pure waiting paradigm, especially when controlling for motivation. These results and methodology show for the first time a direct link between patience as a virtue and DoG performance and also provide new insights about the study of patience in children.

Published
2018

14. The repeatability of cognitive performance: a meta-analysis

Author

Peter M. Kappeler, E. A. Smith, Shinichi Nakagawa, J. Henke-von der Malsburg, P. K. Y. Chow, S. Klein, Alexis S. Chaine, Blandine Doligez, Hanne Løvlie, Mathieux Lihoreau, Julie Morand-Ferron, Enrico Sorato, Emmanuel Barbeau, Lisa J. Wallis, Gladys Barragan-Jason, Franziska Huebner, Mark A. Whiteside, Susann Oesterwind, Stephen E. G. Lea, Sarah Dalesman, Anna V. Wilkinson, Claudia Fichtel, Louis D. Matzel, Bruno Sauce, Séverine D. Buechel, Annika Boussard, Amélie Cabirol, Sabine Tebbich, Joël Fagot, Christian Nawroth, Jean-Marc Devaud, J. O. van Horik, Mira Didic, Cristina M. Atance, Pierre Bize, E. Hermer, Ludwig Huber, Jan Langbein, Nicolas Claidière, Laure Cauchard, Ellis J. G. Langley, Maxime Cauchoix, Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse (IAST), Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, Psychology, University of Exeter, Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan], University of Ottawa [Ottawa], Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Biological Sciences [Aberdeen], University of Aberdeen, Stockholm University, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montréal (UdeM), Laboratoire de psychologie cognitive (LPC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Aberystwyth University, Hôpital de la Timone [CHU - APHM] (TIMONE), Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Evolution, adaptation et comportement, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Georg-August-University [Göttingen], Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Linköping University (LIU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers), University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), University of Rostock, University of Lincoln, University of Vienna [Vienna], Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale - UMR5169 (CRCA), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, ANR-10-LABX-0041,TULIP,Towards a Unified theory of biotic Interactions: the roLe of environmental(2010), Centre de résonance magnétique biologique et médicale (CRMBM), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de neurosciences cognitives de la méditerranée - UMR 6193 (INCM), Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service de neurologie et de neuropsychologie, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)- Hôpital de la Timone [CHU - APHM] (TIMONE), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Ecology and Evolution, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, cognition, evolution Keywords: cognitive repeatability, Context (language use), evolutionary biology of cognition, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Subject Areas: behaviour, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Task (project management), memory, [SCCO]Cognitive science, Animals, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, 050102 behavioral science & comparative psychology, Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance, Biological sciences, individual differences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Biological Variation, Individual, learning, Behavior, Animal, [SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience, [SDV.BA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology, 05 social sciences, C182 Evolution, [SDV.NEU.SC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Cognitive Sciences, Cognition, Repeatability, Articles, C120 Behavioural Biology, attention, Variation (linguistics), Meta-analysis, [SCCO.PSYC]Cognitive science/Psychology, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Psychology, Cognitive psychology
Abstract

Behavioural and cognitive processes play important roles in mediating an individual's interactions with its environment. Yet, while there is a vast literature on repeatable individual differences in behaviour, relatively little is known about the repeatability of cognitive performance. To further our understanding of the evolution of cognition, we gathered 44 studies on individual performance of 25 species across six animal classes and used meta-analysis to assess whether cognitive performance is repeatable. We compared repeatability ( R ) in performance (1) on the same task presented at different times (temporal repeatability), and (2) on different tasks that measured the same putative cognitive ability (contextual repeatability). We also addressed whether R estimates were influenced by seven extrinsic factors (moderators): type of cognitive performance measurement, type of cognitive task, delay between tests, origin of the subjects, experimental context, taxonomic class and publication status. We found support for both temporal and contextual repeatability of cognitive performance, with mean R estimates ranging between 0.15 and 0.28. Repeatability estimates were mostly influenced by the type of cognitive performance measures and publication status. Our findings highlight the widespread occurrence of consistent inter-individual variation in cognition across a range of taxa which, like behaviour, may be associated with fitness outcomes. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Causes and consequences of individual differences in cognitive abilities’.

Published
2019

15. From face processing to face recognition: Comparing three different processing levels

Author

Sébastien Puma, Gabriel Besson, Simon J. Thorpe, Mathieu Ceccaldi, Gladys Barragan-Jason, Michèle Fabre-Thorpe, Emmanuel J. Barbeau, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Hôpital de la Timone [CHU - APHM] (TIMONE)

Subjects
Adult, Male, Linguistics and Language, Time Factors, Cognitive Neuroscience, Speech recognition, [SHS.PSY]Humanities and Social Sciences/Psychology, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Superordinate goals, Facial recognition system, 050105 experimental psychology, Language and Linguistics, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Reaction Time, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Humans, Three-dimensional face recognition, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Visual hierarchy, Face detection, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 05 social sciences, Contrast (statistics), Recognition, Psychology, Categorization, Face (geometry), Female, Psychology, Facial Recognition, Social psychology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Verifying that a face is from a target person (e.g. finding someone in the crowd) is a critical ability of the human face processing system. Yet how fast this can be performed is unknown. The 'entry-level shift due to expertise' hypothesis suggests that - since humans are face experts - processing faces should be as fast - or even faster - at the individual than at superordinate levels. In contrast, the 'superordinate advantage' hypothesis suggests that faces are processed from coarse to fine, so that the opposite pattern should be observed. To clarify this debate, three different face processing levels were compared: (1) a superordinate face categorization level (i.e. detecting human faces among animal faces), (2) a face familiarity level (i.e. recognizing famous faces among unfamiliar ones) and (3) verifying that a face is from a target person, our condition of interest. The minimal speed at which faces can be categorized (∼260ms) or recognized as familiar (∼360ms) has largely been documented in previous studies, and thus provides boundaries to compare our condition of interest to. Twenty-seven participants were included. The recent Speed and Accuracy Boosting procedure paradigm (SAB) was used since it constrains participants to use their fastest strategy. Stimuli were presented either upright or inverted. Results revealed that verifying that a face is from a target person (minimal RT at ∼260ms) was remarkably fast but longer than the face categorization level (∼240ms) and was more sensitive to face inversion. In contrast, it was much faster than recognizing a face as familiar (∼380ms), a level severely affected by face inversion. Face recognition corresponding to finding a specific person in a crowd thus appears achievable in only a quarter of a second. In favor of the 'superordinate advantage' hypothesis or coarse-to-fine account of the face visual hierarchy, these results suggest a graded engagement of the face processing system across processing levels as reflected by the face inversion effects. Furthermore, they underline how verifying that a face is from a target person and detecting a face as familiar - both often referred to as "Face Recognition" - in fact differs.

Published
2017

16. A new approach to measuring patience in preschoolers

Author

Gladys Barragan-Jason and Cristina M. Atance

Subjects
Male, Elementary cognitive task, media_common.quotation_subject, Child Behavior, Sitting, 050105 experimental psychology, Task (project management), Developmental psychology, 03 medical and health sciences, Behavioral Neuroscience, 0302 clinical medicine, Child Development, Cognition, Developmental Neuroscience, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Cognitive development, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, media_common, Potential impact, 05 social sciences, Patience, Delay of gratification, Child, Preschool, Female, Psychology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Developmental Biology
Abstract

Patience in children has usually been studied using delay of gratification paradigms. However, another important aspect of patience that has not been well documented is the ability to adjust one's behavior while waiting without an explicit reward as a motivator (e.g., sitting in the doctor's waiting room). To examine this aspect of patience, video-recordings of sixty-one 3- and 4-year olds waiting for two separate 3-min periods were examined and coded for children's spontaneous behaviors. We found that 4-year olds displayed more patient (i.e., staying still) behaviors than 3-year olds during this “waiting paradigm.” Interestingly, we also found that children who displayed less patient behaviors during the waiting paradigm were also those who succeeded on a future-thinking task. These findings have important implications for measuring patience in young children and highlight the potential impact of spontaneous behaviors on children's performance in cognitive tasks such as those assessing future-oriented cognition.

Published
2016

17. Bilateral Wada test: Amobarbital or propofol?

Author

Marie Denuelle, Luc Valton, Jonathan Curot, M. Kany, Thomas Busigny, P. Tall, Nelly Fabre, F. Marlat, Gladys Barragan-Jason, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Neurologie et Explorations Fonctionnelles du Système Nerveux [Toulouse], Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Hôpital de Rangueil, and CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]

Subjects
Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Consciousness, Amobarbital, Clinical Neurology, Neuropsychological Tests, Wada, Functional Laterality, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, Temporal lobe, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Epilepsy, 0302 clinical medicine, Memory, Preoperative Care, medicine, Humans, Epilepsy surgery, Adverse effect, Propofol, Anesthetics, Language, Retrospective Studies, medicine.diagnostic_test, [SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience, Brain, General Medicine, Gold standard (test), Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Surgery, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Neurology, Anesthesia, Visual Perception, Wada test, Female, Neurology (clinical), Psychology, Temporal epilepsy, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, medicine.drug
Abstract

A B S T R A C T Purpose: The Wada test is still the gold standard procedure to predict language and memory deficits before temporal lobe epilepsy surgery. As amobarbital was no longer available, our aim was to validate propofol as an alternative. Method: We retrospectively studied 47 patients who underwent a bilateral intracarotid procedure, performed with amobarbital (18), or propofol (29), between 2000 and 2010 during the preoperative evaluation of temporal lobe epilepsy. Results: The number of patients experiencing an adverse event (mostly transient disturbance of consciousness or benign ocular symptoms) during both injections did not differ significantly between amobarbital and propofol. Hemispheric dominance was successfully determined in 96.5% patients with propofol vs. 94.4% with amobarbital for language, and in 72.4% under propofol vs. 77.7% under amobarbital for memory with no significant difference between groups. Conclusion: Propofol can be used for the Wada test with an efficacy and safety comparable to amobarbital.

Published
2014

18. Object and proper name retrieval in temporal lobe epilepsy: A study of difficulties and latencies

Author

Marie Denuelle, Gladys Barragan-Jason, Jonathan Curot, Emmanuel J. Barbeau, Jean-Luc Nespoulous, Valérie Condret-Santi, Luc Valton, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CHU Toulouse [Toulouse], Unité de Recherche Interdisciplinaire Octogone-Lordat (Octogone-Lordat), and Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)

Subjects
Adult, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Specific name, Functional Laterality, Temporal lobe, Epilepsy, Tip of the tongue, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reaction Time, medicine, Humans, Names, Speech, Proper noun, Semantic memory, [SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience, medicine.disease, Paraphasia, Semantics, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Neurology, Mental Recall, Cerebral hemisphere, Female, Neurology (clinical), medicine.symptom, Psychology, Photic Stimulation, Cognitive psychology
Abstract

Retrieving a specific name is sometimes difficult and can be even harder when pathology affects the temporal lobes. Word finding difficulties have been well documented in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) but analyses have mostly concentrated on the study of accuracy. Our aim here was to go beyond simple accuracy and to provide both a quantitative and a qualitative assessment of naming difficulties and latencies in patients with TLE.Thirty-two patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (16 with epilepsy affecting the cerebral hemisphere dominant for language (D-TLE) and 16 with epilepsy affecting the cerebral hemisphere non-dominant for language (ND-TLE)) and 34 healthy matched control subjects were included in the study. The experiment involved naming 70 photographs of objects and 70 photographs of celebrities as fast as possible. Accuracy and naming reaction times were recorded. Following each trial, a questionnaire was used to determine the specific nature of each subject's difficulty in retrieving the name (e.g., no difficulty, paraphasia, tip of the tongue, feeling of knowing the name, etc). Reaction times were analysed both across subjects and across trials.D-TLE patients showed consistent and quasi-systematic impairment compared to matched control subjects on both object and famous people naming. This impairment was characterized not only by lower accuracy but also by more qualitative errors and tip of the tongue phenomena. Furthermore, minimum reaction times were slowed down by about 70 ms for objects and 150 ms for famous people naming. In contrast, patients with ND-TLE were less impaired, and their impairment was limited to object naming.These results suggest that patients with TLE, in particular D-TLE, show a general impairment of lexical access. Furthermore, there was evidence of subtle difficulties (increased reaction times) in patients with TLE.

Published
2014

19. The Neural Dynamics of Face Detection in the Wild Revealed by MVPA

Author

Emmanuel J. Barbeau, Gladys Barragan-Jason, Maxime Cauchoix, Thomas Serre, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Brown University

Subjects
Adult, Male, Pattern analysis, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, Stimulus (physiology), Electroencephalography, Young Adult, Reaction Time, medicine, Humans, Face Detection, Face detection, Communication, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, General Neuroscience, [SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience, Brain, Pattern recognition, Articles, Magnetoencephalography, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Eeg activity, Categorization, Multivariate Analysis, Visual Perception, Neural Dynamics, Evoked Potentials, Visual, Female, Artificial intelligence, business, Psychology, Photic Stimulation, Psychomotor Performance, Decoding methods
Abstract

Previous magnetoencephalography/electroencephalography (M/EEG) studies have suggested that face processing is extremely rapid, indeed faster than any other object category. Most studies, however, have been performed using centered, cropped stimuli presented on a blank background resulting in artificially low interstimulus variability. In contrast, the aim of the present study was to assess the underlying temporal dynamics of face detection presented in complex natural scenes.We recorded EEG activity while participants performed a rapid go/no-go categorization task in which they had to detect the presence of a human face. Subjects performed at ceiling (94.8% accuracy), and traditional event-related potential analyses revealed only modest modulations of the two main components classically associated with face processing (P100 and N170). A multivariate pattern analysis conducted across all EEG channels revealed that face category could, however, be readout very early, under 100 ms poststimulus onset. Decoding was linked to reaction time as early as 125 ms. Decoding accuracy did not increase monotonically; we report an increase during an initial 95–140 ms period followed by a plateau ∼140–185 ms–perhaps reflecting a transitory stabilization of the face information available–and a strong increase afterward. Further analyses conducted on individual images confirmed these phases, further suggesting that decoding accuracy may be initially driven by low-level stimulus properties. Such latencies appear to be surprisingly short given the complexity of the natural scenes and the large intraclass variability of the face stimuli used, suggesting that the visual system is highly optimized for the processing of natural scenes.

Published
2014

20. Fast and Famous: Looking for the Fastest Speed at Which a Face Can be Recognized

Author

Gladys Barragan-Jason, Emmanuel J. Barbeau, Gabriel Besson, Mathieu Ceccaldi, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service de neurologie et de neuropsychologie, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)- Hôpital de la Timone [CHU - APHM] (TIMONE), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Famous faces, Speedup, Boosting (machine learning), go/no-go, Computer science, Time constrained, Speech recognition, lcsh:BF1-990, Facial recognition system, 050105 experimental psychology, Task (project management), 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Memory, Perirhinal cortex, Speed constraints, medicine, Psychology, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Face recognition, General Psychology, Original Research, 05 social sciences, Familiarity, SAB, lcsh:Psychology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Face (geometry), Go/no go, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

International audience; Face recognition is supposed to be fast. However, the actual speed at which faces can be recognized remains unknown. To address this issue, we report two experiments run with speed constraints. In both experiments, famous faces had to be recognized among unknown ones using a large set of stimuli to prevent pre-activation of features which would speed up recognition. In the first experiment (31 participants), recognition of famous faces was investigated using a rapid go/no-go task. In the second experiment, 101 participants performed a highly time constrained recognition task using the Speed and Accuracy Boosting procedure. Results indicate that the fastest speed at which a face can be recognized is around 360-390 ms. Such latencies are about 100 ms longer than the latencies recorded in similar tasks in which subjects have to detect faces among other stimuli. We discuss which model of activation of the visual ventral stream could account for such latencies. These latencies are not consistent with a purely feed-forward pass of activity throughout the visual ventral stream. An alternative is that face recognition relies on the core network underlying face processing identified in fMRI studies (OFA, FFA, and pSTS) and reentrant loops to refine face representation. However, the model of activation favored is that of an activation of the whole visual ventral stream up to anterior areas, such as the perirhinal cortex, combined with parallel and feed-back processes. Further studies are needed to assess which of these three models of activation can best account for face recognition.

Published
2013

21. How fast is famous face recognition?

Author

Gladys Barragan-Jason, Emmanuel J. Barbeau, Fanny Lachat, Centre de recherche cerveau et cognition (CERCO), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Famous faces, lcsh:BF1-990, Face detection, Facial recognition system, Superordinate goals, 050105 experimental psychology, gender categorization, Task (project management), 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Psychology, Famous face, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, General Psychology, Original Research, Hierarchy, business.industry, 05 social sciences, Familiarity, lcsh:Psychology, Categorization, Face (geometry), [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], Artificial intelligence, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, face recognition, Cognitive psychology
Abstract

International audience; The rapid recognition of familiar faces is crucial for social interactions. However the actual speed with which recognition can be achieved remains largely unknown as most studies have been carried out without any speed constraints. Different paradigms have been used, leading to conflicting results, and although many authors suggest that face recognition is fast, the speed of face recognition has not been directly compared to "fast" visual tasks. In this study, we sought to overcome these limitations. Subjects performed three tasks, a familiarity categorization task (famous faces among unknown faces), a superordinate categorization task (human faces among animal ones), and a gender categorization task. All tasks were performed under speed constraints. The results show that, despite the use of speed constraints, subjects were slow when they had to categorize famous faces: minimum reaction time was 467 ms, which is 180 ms more than during superordinate categorization and 160 ms more than in the gender condition. Our results are compatible with a hierarchy of face processing from the superordinate level to the familiarity level. The processes taking place between detection and recognition need to be investigated in detail.

Published
2012

22. The time course of individual face processing

Author

Emmanuel J. Barbeau, Fanny Lachat, and Gladys Barragan-Jason

Subjects
Ophthalmology, Computer science, Human–computer interaction, Time course, Face (sociological concept), Sensory Systems
Published
2011

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