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PURPOSE The aim of this study was to compare the percentage of tissue types and assess the presence/absence of odontoblasts or preodontoblasts in granulation tissue harvested from lesions associated with teeth extracted due to endodontic and periodontal reasons. MATERIALS AND METHODS Histologic reports of cases with a confirmed diagnosis (ie, endodontic or periodontal diseases) were included. These should include a semiquantitative analysis of the percentage of tissue types per sample (ie, epithelium, subepithelial connective tissue, bone or chronic inflammation/deep connective tissue). The overall percentage of tissue type per diagnosis was calculated. Quantitative variables were summarized with means and standard deviations. Normal distribution was tested by the D'Agostino-Pearson omnibus normality test. The level of P < .05 was adopted for statistical significance. Finally, an analysis of the salient findings was summarized. RESULTS The reports from 19 patients were included, 9 of endodontic and 10 of periodontal origins. The granulomatous tissue of endodontic and periodontal disease origin was similar, and consisted mainly of chronic inflammation (endodontic 40%, periodontal 41.7%), followed by epithelium (endodontic 25.7%, periodontal 29.2%), subepithelial connective tissue (endodontic 18.6%, periodontal 20.8%), and bone (endodontic 15.7%, periodontal 8.3%). No significant differences were found when comparing the groups regarding the percentage of tissue types (P ≥ .05). No osteoblasts or preosteoblasts were reported. CONCLUSION Within the limitations of the study, the granulomatous tissues associated with chronic infection of endodontic or periodontal origin are comparable and consist primarily of chronic inflammatory cells.

African horse sickness (AHS) is a non-contagious, insect-borne disease of equids caused by a RNA virus (AHSV), which belongs to the genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae. The disease is endemic in sub-Saharan and western Africa, where prevention strictly depends upon vaccination. The present paper aims at evaluating the serological response and the occurrence of AHS in horses bred under field condition and regularly immunized using the commercially available live attenuated vaccine (LAV) produced by Onderstepoort Biological Products. The study was carried out in a farm located in the district of Windhoek (Namibia), where the disease is endemic. A total of 72 cross-breed horses, out of the 150 housed on the farm, were subdivided in six age groups, from 2 to 7 years-old. Each group consisted of 12 heads which were born during the same breed- ing season and had undergone from four to nine vaccination courses. AHSV specific immune response was evaluated by serum-virus neutralization test. Data about the clinical occurrence of the AHS from 2006 to 2011 were made available. The immune response, in terms of number of seropositive horses and serum neutralizing titers, was quite variable among horses and against different serotypes. Neutralizing antibodies against all serotypes were recorded in all the horses only after eight vaccination courses at 6 years of age onwards. Immune response to AHSV-5 and 9, which are not included in the LAV formulation, were also established. A severe AHS epidemic occurred in Namibia in 2011. On the farm under study, a total of 32 animals were clinically affected, 12 died, 11 of them were 2 year-old or younger. Our data confirm that vaccination with LAV is a useful tool to reduce the severity of the disease in ende- mic areas. However, clinical and sometimes fatal AHS can still affect young vaccinated horses, thus high- lighting the necessity to better understand the immune response to AHSV and to dispose of more effective vaccines. 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license