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Naturally sourced elements represent a sustainable alternative solution for the textile finishing industry, in the context of intense use of contamined, fossil-based raw materials. This study focuses on the exploration of an alternative naturally sourced blue colorant matter solution, by validating the possibility of the employment of Spirulina platensis sourced phycocyanin in natural fabrics coloration through the pigment printing technique. The experiments involved the laboratory-scale exploratory studies of the application of this blue colorant matter on cotton and wool textile substrates, using commercial synthetic printing mother paste. The influence of five different mordants(Cream of tartar, Alum, Tartaric acid, Tanic acid and Aluminum triformate), though pre-mordanting treatment and the printing mother paste were analyzed by measuring the chromatic coordinates and calculating the color strength (K/S), together with the measurement of VIS absorbance spectrum. The color characterization revealed good compatibility of wool -phycocyanin – synthetic paste. Results on cotton were not as good as expected. They conclusions evidence reduced affinity between the fibres and the phycocyanin. In terms of color improvements, Tannic acid revealed the most promising results, for both cotton and wool experiments. The validation of the finishing process was obtained through a fair behavior in laundering fastness, showing low response when analyzed against light degrading external factors.

The innovative integration of phase change materials (PCMs) into textiles through microencapsulation presents a transformative approach to developing thermally regulated fabrics. This study explores the synthesis and characterization of microcapsules containing a coconut oil core and an ethylcellulose shell, and their application on cotton fabrics coated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibers. The dual-layer system involving microcapsules and nanofibers is designed to enhance the thermal insulation properties of textiles by regulating heat through the absorption and release of thermal energy. The microencapsulation of PCMs allows for the effective incorporation of these materials into textiles without altering the fabric's inherent properties. In this study, the coconut oil serves as the PCM, known for its suitable phase change temperature range, while ethylcellulose provides a robust shell, enhancing the microcapsules' structural integrity. The application of a PVA nanofibers layer not only strengthens the thermal regulation properties but also protects the microcapsules from release while the fabric is manipulated, thereby prolonging the functional life of the fabric. Comprehensive testing, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), confirms the successful application and durability of the microcapsules on the textiles. Thermal imaging studies demonstrate the fabric's enhanced capability to maintain a consistent temperature, highlighting the potential of this technology in applications ranging from smart clothing to energy-efficient building materials or automotive isolation. The integration of PCMs in textiles via microencapsulation and nanofiber technology marks a significant advancement in textile engineering, offering new opportunities for the development of smart and sustainable materials. The study demonstrates the promising potential of integrating PCMs into textiles using microencapsulation and nanofiber technologies. Despite the initially modest insulation improvements, the methodology provides a robust foundation for further research and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textile manufacturers are demonstrating an increasing interest in the application of different types of micro or nanoparticles in order to add new properties to the fabric. For example, it is demostrated that fabrics treated with some type of silicate particles, like montmorillonite improve the wrinkle resistance of cotton fabric or improve the flame retardant effect, among other interesting properties. Usually these particles, are not a reactive agent that can react with the fibers. Because of that, the resin product are necessary to make them adhere to the fiber, otherwise they will be lost during the actions of treated fabric use and maintenance such as washing, ironing, drying, etc. The resin plays an important role in treating the fuctionalization of the textile. Instead, this compound can modify its properties. In this work, flexural rigidity of treated cotton fabrics with binder and with and without montmorillonite particles were evaluated. Two different resins were studied, acrilyc and poliurethane, and 1, 2.5 and 5 g/L of this product were applied. It was appreciated that fabric treated with particles modify the flexural rigidity in less difference than when treating it only with resin, regardless of the type of binder used.

In the process of making a print on a fabric, several steps that require many materials and substances are involved. When the purpose is to create a pattern through the use of natural products, it is necessary to pay close attention, not only to the origin and method of extraction of the pigments that you intend to use, but also, for example, to the thickeners to be added to the paste for increasing the viscosity of the pastes and molding, to the stains to be applied for better color rendering on the fabric and to the final fixatives, designed to make the product durable. Thickeners are a fundamental step in the success of printing on fabrics. These agents are generally compounds with a high molecular weight whose task is to transfer to the fabrics the dyes and chemical compounds necessary to create the printing pattern, thanks to the plastic action that they give to the compound used. As far as the environmental consequences of the use of thickeners are concerned, starting from the analysis of the wastewater of the processes, it has emerged that the use of biodegradable additives and guar rubber on the fabrics is preferable, since they are less harmful to the ecosystem. In this work different natural compounds, chitosan and alginate, are used in order to increase the viscosity of the paste prepared for printing. Color measurement of each printed cotton simple was analized and it could be appreciated that alginate paste printed on pretreated fabric with chitosan reached good results.

There are some scientific papers that verify that the generation of negative ions in the air have positive consequences on people’s mood and health. In this work is intended to increase the generation of negative ions from polyester fabrics to achieve an increase in well-being and comfort through the realize of negative ions. To improve the negative ion release ability on different substrates there have been many studies which have considered silicates as a good particle with these characteristics. Polyester fabrics were treated using padding system with different tourmaline microparticles in order to modify the surface behavior when rubbed and demonstrating that it is possible to modify the number of negative ions generated. Two types of tourmaline microparticles with different size particles, 3 and 30 μm, were studied and applied on the samples with and without an acrylic resin to get a better fixation. To determine the quantity of negative ions released, an ion counter was used, testing each sample. Finally, the results were studied, analyzing the different parameters that influence them, as the concentration, the addition of resin or the kind of the particle. The best results were obtained with the Tourmaline with 30 μm at 50 g/L concentration and without the addition of the acrylic resin.

Nowadays, envoronmental concern is increasing and textile industry is aware of it. Circular economy are two words which are linked together and frequently used nowadays. In this report, we focus the reseach on the rice husk in order to dimish the problem rice waste generates to farmers. Rice husk was treated with some chemicals (HNO3). The extract was dried and conveniently dissolved to apply it on textile fabrics made of 100 % cotton and 100 % polyester.. The extract was dissolved on NaOH solution and applied by padding on a cotton and polyester fabric at different concentrations. The dried extract was analysed by FTIR and both the extract and fabrics were observed by FESEM-EDX to detect the presence of some particles Results evidence the presence of some particles on the fibres, despite having applied low concentrations FTIR is sensitive enough to detect its presence on fibers. It was expected to observe Si from the extract but FESEM-EDX could not appreciate it. Once the treatment was applied on the fabric yellowing was observed but also water repellence thus with the FTIR spectrum gives the idea that the extract was mainly comprised of lignin. Further studies will be conducted in order to spcecify the new properties conferred to the textiles.

Over the few past decades, preparation of uniform microparticles has received a great interest in the textile area to add new functionalities to the textile fabric. Amongst them, thermal insulation textile and more specially microencapsulation of phase change materials (PCMs) have attracted more and more attention in recent years. In an latent heat thermal energy storage system, energy is stored during the melting, and recovered during the freezing, of phase change material (PCM). It plays an important role in solving energy imbalance, by improving thermal efficiency and protecting the environment. The aim of this study is obtaining bio-degradable PCM which shell is Ethly cellulose and active agent is coconut oil by using solvent evaporation as a microencansulation method. In order to microencapsulation with solvent evaporation method: we have prepared 4 different combinations of emulsions by changing the amount of ethyl cellulose and coconut oil. We examined the samples obtained by scanning electron microscope (SEM) to see how the ratio of materials used as active agent and shell play a role in microcapsule formation. SEM analysis showed that we obtained significative results when we use ethyl cellulose and coconut oil in a ratio of 1: 1, we obtain the spherical microcapsules.

Electrospinning was patented by Formhals in 1934. Prior to the year 2000 electrospinning was the domain of only a few specialists; This situation has changed dramatically in recent years. Many research groups in research and industry work currently on electrospinning topic, the number of conferences or sessions at conferences devoted to electrospinning is continuously increasing. Electrospinning is a fabrication technique, which can be used to create nanofibrous nonwovens from a variety of starting materials. The structure, chemical and mechanical stability, functionality, and other properties of the mats can be modified to match end applications. On the other hand cellulosic polymers have gathered great interest in recent years in the field of nanoproducts useful for high-value applications. The electrospun cellulosic composite fibers with reliable thermal properties are suitable and promising in serving as thermo-regulating materials in many fields. Based on this information, in this study we applied cellulose acetate by electrospinning into a raw cotton fabric in order to examine electrospinning effect in thermal properties. In order to analize thermal behaviour samples were tested with a thermochromic camera. It was found that coating woven cotton fabric by electrospinning with cellulose acetate, reduced the rates of cooling and heating.

Graphene is a recently discovered material that has attracted a great deal of attention in numerous fields, from electronics to textiles, including medicine and energy harvesting. Its use confers interesting properties to conventional textile substrates, providing them with great versatility and the opportunity to explore new areas and applications beyond their common uses. Despite the many properties it shows, it also faces some challenges regarding critical issues such as its stability throughout the procedures the textile is subjected to, such as rubbing, ironing or washing. In this study, the washing fastness of a cellulosic textile substrate to which a printing paste containing graphene had previously been applied was evaluated. After evaluating the behaviour of the samples after the washings by means of chromatic coordinates and the ISO 105:C06 Color fastness to domestic and commercial laundering, it came to our attention the deficient behaviour of the graphene regarding washing fastness. In order to improve it, a heat treatment was applied, which led to a significant increase of washing fastness behaviour of the samples with graphene printing, compared to non-treated samples. In this research, an efficient and affordable method to improve graphene’s stability onto cellulosic textile substrates that can be carried out with common laboratory equipment is provided.

Phase change materials (PCM) are very useful in many fields due to their capacity to absorbe and release heat energy when it is necessary. In this paper it was managed to microencapsulate 100% biodegradable PCMs to apply them into textile fiber in order to regulate its temperature. The microencapsulation method used in the present work was solvent evaporation with oil-in-water emulsification. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was conducted to confirm the successful microencapsulation. Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) was used to evaluate thermal properties of the core material and also efficience of the microencapsulation. Coconut oil and bee wax were used as PCM due to their melting point (Coconut oil - 23°C, Beeswax – 60°C) and, Polylactide (PLA) and Ethyl cellulose (EC) as shell materials because of their biodegradable nature. The microPCMs were applied onto the non-woven PLA with the help of a binder which in this case was calcium alginate and chitosan and then it was confirmed by SEM the microcapsules were inside the fabric and stick them to it. The thermal regulating properties of modified textiles were investigated by an IR camera. The results obtained from thermal analysis of samples showed that the temperature of the unmodified sample decreases faster than the modified sample.

Paraffin is often used as an organic phase change material PCM incorporated in textiles for enhancing said texiles’ thermal behavior. This material is a substance with a high heat of fusion which, melting and solidifying at a certain temperature, is capable of storing and releasing large amounts of energy In this paper, two different densities of jute fabric was used. These phase changes take place at constant temperature and for certain materials the process of melting and crystallizing can be repeated over an unlimited number of cycles with no change to their physical or chemical properties. The aim of this work is to study the influence of structural jute fabrics treated with PCMs microencapsulated on thermal behavior, to carry aout the study two plain fabrics with different structural characteristics were used. Thermal behavior of both untreated fabrics was tested by balancing it above a heating plate. Consequently, the fabrics were measured with a TESTO 865 thermal imager. Afterwards, treated samples both with and without PCMs in printing paste were tested in the same way. The wanted effect was reached during cooling cycle of both textiles. Only the heating cycle of the treated lightest jute sample was found to be warmer than the untreated sample. More experimental testing is needed on this sample. Furthermore, the heating cycle of the densest jute sample was according to the expectations.

Posidonia oceanica is the most extended sea grass in the Mediterranean Sea. Important quantities of this alga are accumulated on coasts making necessary the cleaninness of those beaches where it can be found. For this reason, many authors are developmenting new products made by this raw material, like green composites or are studing this material to be used as biomass, for example. The aim of this study is to dye the Posidonia Oceanica fiber using commercial natural dye to change their appearance to get a material more attractive for different areas. To achieve this aim, fibers were scoured and bleached in order to remove the brown colour of the Posidonia Oceanica fibers. Scoured and bleached processes were followed by the treatment done for cellulosic fibers, because some researches indicate that P. Oceanica is composed of high quantity of cellulose. Different types of biomordants were use in the pre-treatment of the fiber to improve the affinity between the fiber and the dye used. To compare the results, we evaluate the colour of each sample using CIELAB parameters and colour differences (ΔE*), which are obtained by reflexion spectrophotometre. The results showed that medium molecular weight chitosan, which was used as biomordant, gets the highest intensity of colour

Medical products play an important role in our society. Textile structures offer a wide variety of products which can be used in a wide variety of medical applications. When treating a deep wound, it needs to be sewed with some yarns in order to stick both sides in the wound. It requires the yarn to be in contact with the skin and depending on the place the wound is located, it is soaked on corporal fluids such as perspiration, saliva, blood, etc. The aim of this work is to determine if silk threads can be damaged by perspiration and lose some properties. Yarns with different conditions have been treated for 10 days with perspiration solutions and results showed that traction resistance decreases for some of the studied yarns and that microorganism s grow on the yarn surface. Despite the fact that some yarns show antimicrobial treatments, this test showed that wax coated is not enough to prevent the presence of microorganisms on the yarn. This is an important fact as the yarn is in directly in contact with the wounded are a and it can implies infections for the patiente. Results evidence that perspiration solutions can reduce the yarn ́s resistance and it can be a problem if the yarn lasts longer than 10 days. Obviously, the test was conducted at room temperature, about 22º C, and patiente's body is at higher levels 36.5-37º C. Thus, further studies should be conducted in order to test temperature or even though fineness influence.

Fictionalization of textiles has been the aim of many studies in the field of intelligent materials. The application of nanoparticles on the fabric is one of approaches used for get textile fictionalization. Normally, there is no attraction between inorganic particles and polymeric materials such as textiles. The difference between surface energy of two aforementioned organic and inorganic materials causes a kind of repellency in their interfaces. This problem is intensified by using nanoparticles because of their high specific surfaces In this research, treated samples with silica particles are compared to evaluate the effectiveness of the binder used. Cotton fabrics´ surfaces were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive using X-Ray (EDX). EDX technique showed that it was a suitable method to detect Si particles presence on fabric surface, this technique offers quantitative results which help to compare different formulations. We confirm that the treated fabric with resin contained higher quantity of Ti particles than the one treated without resin. We analyzed %weight (Si/O) for unwashed and washed treated samples with and without binder. We concluded that whased samples which had been treated using acrylic resin contain higher quantity of the silica particles onto fabric than those whased samples which had been treated without resin

Posidonia Oceanic is a seaweed from Mediterranean Sea and it is more concentrated at the Balerian SEA. This implies the Valencian Community also. It forms vaste underwater meadows in the sea and are part of the Mediterranean ecosystem. It is a sea-grass specie with fruits and flowers. Leaves are ribbon-like and they grow in winter and at the end of summer some of them are separated and arrive to some sea line. Fuit is separated and can floate, it is known as “the olive of the sea” mainly in Italy, or as the Neptune Balls. As it can be used in different fields, it is is being studied in order ro have the precitice tests. Some authors have reported the manufacturing of fully bio-based comites with a gluten matrix by hot-press molding. And it has been considered as an effective insulator for building industry or even though to determine the presence of mercure in the Mediterranean sea some years ago. As many applications can be designed from that fibers, it has been considered to be bleached in order to used them in fashionable products. Consequently, its original brown color is not the most suitable one and it should be bleached as many other cellulosic fibers. The aim of this paper is to bleache neptune balls however, the inner fibers were not accessible at all and it implied not to bleach the inner fibers in the neptune ball. Further studiesd will consider bleaching the individualized fibers.

Coating is a technique widely used in the textile industry for different purposes, mainly in coloring and functional finishes. Graphene is usually applied to fabrics using coating techniques to provide such fabrics with properties like thermal or electrical conductivity. All woven fabrics have peaks and valleys in their structure, generated by the warp and weft threads interlacing. When spreading the graphene coating, the paste is placed in the fabric's interstices, and the connection between conductive particles is only produced when the height of the coating is sufficient to connect the different areas where it is deposited. This article analyzes three types of satin weave with three interlacing coefficients (ICs) (0.4, 0.25, 0.17) and two sets of weft yarns each (20 and 71.43 tex). For a blade gap of 1.5 mm, the electrical resistance of samples with weft yarn count of 20 tex and IC of 0.4 is 534.33 Ω, while for IC = 0.25 electrical resistance is 36.8% higher and for IC = 0.17 this parameter increases 249.3%. For samples with weft yarn count of 71.43, the sample with IC = 0.40 exhibits an electrical resistance of 1053 Ω, for IC = 0.25 this value rises to 33.9% and for IC = 0.17 the electrical resistance value increases a total of 78.9%. This finding can be of interest for coatings where continuity is crucial, and for the application of substances that need to be protected from external factors, for which fabrics with deep interstices can be designed to house said products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nature, including the oceans, is polluted by the presence of plastics. Different products can be found, including plastic bottles, toys, toothpaste tubes, fruit meshes, etc. Small pieces of plastics, known as microplastics, have been found in the oceans and there is concern that their impact is increasing. Some of those microplastics are considered to come from the textile products. In this article, the authors will suggest how to minimize the environmental problem of the presence of microplastics in wastewaters from textile laundries. The aim of this study is to determine the influence of some parameters related to the design of fabrics. A relationship between microplastic release and parameters from weave design will be established. A fiberglass filter was used to analyze water from the laundry. Results demonstrated that the interlacing coefficient influences the number of particles in the wastewaters. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the higher the density of yarns/cm in the fabric, the lower the quantity of fibers could be found in the wastewater. Results demonstrated that the presence of weave patterns, such as a plain pattern, work better from the sustainability point of view than a twill. The interlacing coefficient and the weft density are important to prevent the microplastic release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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