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1. Three-Dimensional Inhomogeneity of Electron-Temperature-Gradient Turbulence in the Edge of Tokamak Plasmas

Author: Parisi, J. F., Parra, F. I., Roach, C. M., Hardman, M. R., Schekochihin, A. A., Abel, I. G., Aiba, N., Ball, J., Barnes, M., Chapman-Oplopoiou, B., Dickinson, D., Dorland, W., Giroud, C., Hatch, D. R., Hillesheim, J. C., Ruiz, J. Ruiz, Saarelma, S., and St-Onge, D.
Subjects: Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract: Nonlinear multiscale gyrokinetic simulations of a Joint European Torus edge pedestal are used to show that electron-temperature-gradient (ETG) turbulence has a rich three-dimensional structure, varying strongly according to the local magnetic-field configuration. In the plane normal to the magnetic field, the steep pedestal electron temperature gradient gives rise to anisotropic turbulence with a radial (normal) wavelength much shorter than in the binormal direction. In the parallel direction, the location and parallel extent of the turbulence are determined by the variation in the magnetic drifts and finite-Larmor-radius (FLR) effects. The magnetic drift and FLR topographies have a perpendicular-wavelength dependence, which permits turbulence intensity maxima near the flux-surface top and bottom at longer binormal scales, but constrains turbulence to the outboard midplane at shorter electron-gyroradius binormal scales. Our simulations show that long-wavelength ETG turbulence does not transport heat efficiently, and significantly decreases overall ETG transport -- in our case by $\sim$40 \% -- through multiscale interactions., Comment: 17 pages, 14 figures
Published: 2022
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2. Interpreting Radial Correlation Doppler Reflectometry using Gyrokinetic Simulations

Author: Ruiz, J. Ruiz, Parra, F. I., Hall-Chen, V. H., Christen, N., Barnes, M., Candy, J., Garcia, J., Giroud, C., Guttenfelder, W., Hillesheim, J. C., Holland, C., Howard, N. T., Ren, Y., White, A. E., and contributors., JET
Subjects: Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract: A linear response, local model for the DBS amplitude applied to gyrokinetic simulations shows that radial correlation Doppler reflectometry measurements (RCDR, Schirmer et al., Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 49 1019 (2007)) are not sensitive to the average turbulence radial correlation length, but to a correlation length that depends on the binormal wavenumber $k_\perp$ selected by the Doppler backscattering (DBS) signal. Nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations show that the turbulence naturally exhibits a non-separable power law spectrum in wavenumber space, leading to a power law dependence of the radial correlation length with binormal wavenumber $l_r \sim C k_\perp^{-\alpha} (\alpha \approx 1)$ which agrees with the inverse proportionality relationship between the measured $l_r$ and $k_\perp $ in experiments (Fernandez-Marina et al., Nucl. Fusion 54 072001 (2014)). This offers the possibility of characterizing the eddy aspect ratio in the perpendicular plane to the magnetic field and motivates future use of a non-separable turbulent spectrum to quantitatively interpret RCDR and potentially other turbulence diagnostics. The radial correlation length is only measurable when the radial resolution at the cutoff location $W_n$ satisfies $W_n \ll l_r$, while the measurement becomes dominated by $W_n$ for $W_n \gg l_r$. This suggests that $l_r$ is likely inaccessible for electron-scale DBS measurements ($k_\perp\rho_s > 1$). The effect of $W_n$ on ion-scale radial correlation lengths could be non-negligible., Comment: Total of 13 figures, 36 pages. TEX commands are included in the abstract for mathematical expressions. Submitted to Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion
Published: 2022
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3. Microtearing modes as the source of magnetic fluctuations in the JET pedestal

Author: Hatch, D. R., Kotschenreuther, M., Mahajan, S. M., Pueschel, M. J., Michoski, C., Merlo, G., Hassan, E., Field, A. R., Frassinetti, L., Giroud, C., Hillesheim, J. C., Maggi, C. F., von Thun, C. Perez, Roach, C. M., Saarelma, S., Jarema, D., Jenko, F., and contributors, JET
Subjects: Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract: We report on a detailed study of magnetic fluctuations in the JET pedestal, employing basic theoretical considerations, gyrokinetic simulations, and experimental fluctuation data, to establish the physical basis for their origin, role, and distinctive characteristics. We demonstrate quantitative agreement between gyrokinetic simulations of microtearing modes (MTMs) and two magnetic frequency bands with corresponding toroidal mode numbers n=4 and 8. Such disparate fluctuation scales, with substantial gaps between toroidal mode numbers, are commonly observed in pedestal fluctuations. Here we provide a clear explanation, namely the alignment of the relevant rational surfaces (and not others) with the peak in the omega star profile, which is localized in the steep gradient region of the pedestal. We demonstrate that a global treatment is required to capture this effect. Nonlinear simulations suggest that the MTM fluctuations produce experimentally-relevant transport levels and saturate by relaxing the background electron temperature gradient, slightly downshifting the fluctuation frequencies from the linear predictions. Scans in collisionality are compared with simple MTM dispersion relations. At the experimental points considered, MTM growth rates can either increase or decrease with collision frequency depending on the parameters thus defying any simple characterization of collisionality dependence.
Published: 2020
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4. Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals, to identify the culprits for energy losses using fingerprints

Author: Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D. R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., TEAM, the DIII-D, Hillesheim, J. C., Maggi, C. F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Contributors, JET, and Chankin, A.
Subjects: Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract: Fusion performance in tokamaks hinges critically on the efficacy of the Edge Transport Barrier (ETB) at suppressing energy losses. The new concept of fingerprints is introduced to identify the instabilities that cause the transport losses in the ETB of many of today's experiments, from widely posited candidates. Analysis of the Gyrokinetic-Maxwell equations, and gyrokinetic simulations of experiments, find that each mode type produces characteristic ratios of transport in the various channels: density, heat and impurities. This, together with experimental observations of transport in some channel, or, of the relative size of the driving sources of channels, can identify or determine the dominant modes causing energy transport. In multiple ELMy H-mode cases that are examined, these fingerprints indicate that MHD-like modes are apparently not the dominant agent of energy transport; rather, this role is played by Micro-Tearing Modes (MTM) and Electron Temperature Gradient (ETG) modes, and in addition, possibly Ion Temperature Gradient (ITG)/Trapped Electron Modes (ITG/TEM) on JET. MHD-like modes may dominate the electron particle losses. Fluctuation frequency can also be an important means of identification, and is often closely related to the transport fingerprint. The analytical arguments unify and explain previously disparate experimental observations on multiple devices, including DIII-D, JET and ASDEX-U, and detailed simulations of two DIII-D ETBs also demonstrate and corroborate this.
Published: 2019
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5. Direct Gyrokinetic Comparison of Pedestal Transport in JET with Carbon and ITER-Like Walls

Author: Hatch, D. R., Kotschenreuther, M., Mahajan, S. M., Merlo, G., Field, A. R., Giroud, C., Hillesheim, J. C., Maggi, C. F., von Thun, C. Perez, Roach, C. M., and Saarelma, S.
Subjects: Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract: This paper compares the gyrokinetic instabilities and transport in two representative JET pedestals, one (pulse 78697) from the JET configuration with a carbon wall (C) and another (pulse 92432) from after the installation of JET's ITER-like Wall (ILW). The discharges were selected for a comparison of JET-ILW and JET-C discharges with good confinement at high current (3 MA, corresponding also to low $\rho_*$) and retain the distinguishing features of JET-C and JET-ILW, notably, decreased pedestal top temperature for JET-ILW. A comparison of the profiles and heating power reveals a stark qualitative difference between the discharges: the JET-ILW pulse (92432) requires twice the heating power, at a gas rate of $1.9 \times 10^{22}e/s$, to sustain roughly half the temperature gradient of the JET-C pulse (78697), operated at zero gas rate. This points to heat transport as a central component of the dynamics limiting the JET-ILW pedestal and reinforces the following emerging JET-ILW pedestal transport paradigm, which is proposed for further examination by both theory and experiment. ILW conditions modify the density pedestal in ways that decrease the normalized pedestal density gradient $a/L_n$, often via an outward shift of the density pedestal. This is attributable to some combination of direct metal wall effects and the need for increased fueling to mitigate tungsten contamination. The modification to the density profile increases $\eta = L_n/L_T$ , thereby producing more robust ion temperature gradient (ITG) and electron temperature gradient driven instability. The decreased pedestal gradients for JET-ILW (92432) also result in a strongly reduced $E \times B$ shear rate, further enhancing the ion scale turbulence. Collectively, these effects limit the pedestal temperature and demand more heating power to achieve good pedestal performance.
Published: 2019
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6. The radiated power limit in impurity seeded JET-ILW plasmas

Author: Huber, A., Wischmeier, M., Wiesen, S., Bernert, M., Chankin, A.V., Aleiferis, S., Brezinsek, S., Huber, V., Sergienko, G., Giroud, C., Groth, M., Jachmich, S., Linsmeier, Ch., Lomanowski, B., Lowry, C., Matthews, G.F., Meigs, A.G., Mertens, Ph., Silburn, S., and Telesca, G.
Published: 2022
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7. Improved accuracy and robustness of electron density profiles from JET’s X-mode frequency-modulated continuous-wave reflectometers

Author: Morales, R. B., primary, Salmi, A., additional, Abreu, P., additional, Amador, C. H. S., additional, Appel, L., additional, Carman, P., additional, Fessey, J., additional, Flanagan, J., additional, Fontana, M., additional, Frassinetti, L., additional, Giroud, C., additional, Hacquin, S., additional, Heuraux, S., additional, Meneses, L., additional, Ronchi, G., additional, Sabot, R., additional, Silva, A., additional, Sirinelli, A., additional, Szepesi, G., additional, Taylor, D., additional, and Terranova, D., additional
Published: 2024
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8. The ‘neutron deficit’ in the JET tokamak

Author: Weisen, H, Kim, Hyun-Tae, Strachan, J, Scott, S, Baranov, Y, Buchanan, J, Fitzgerald, M, Keeling, D, King, DB, Giacomelli, L, Koskela, T, Weisen, MJ, Giroud, C, Maslov, M, Core, WG, Zastrow, K-D, Syme, DB, Popovichev, S, Conroy, S, Lengar, I, Snoj, L, Batistoni, P, and Santala, M
Subjects: neutron yield, fusion reactions, Monte Carlo orbit code, TRANSP, Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle and Plasma Physics, Fluids & Plasmas
Abstract: The measured D-D neutron rate of neutral beam heated JET baseline and hybrid H-modes in deuterium is found to be between approximately 50% and 100% of the neutron rate expected from the TRANSP code, depending on the plasma parameters. A number of candidate explanations for the shortfall, such as fuel dilution, errors in beam penetration and effectively available beam power have been excluded. As the neutron rate in JET is dominated by beam-plasma interactions, the 'neutron deficit' may be caused by a yet unidentified form of fast particle redistribution. Modelling, which assumes fast particle transport to be responsible for the deficit, indicates that such redistribution would have to happen at time scales faster than both the slowing down time and the energy confinement time. Sawteeth and edge localised modes are found to make no significant contribution to the deficit. There is also no obvious correlation with magnetohydrodynamic activity measured using magnetic probes at the tokamak vessel walls. Modelling of fast particle orbits in the 3D fields of neoclassical tearing modes shows that realistically sized islands can only contribute a few percent to the deficit. In view of these results it appears unlikely that the neutron deficit results from a single physical process in the plasma.
Published: 2017

9. Improved accuracy and robustness of electron density profiles from JET’s X-mode frequency-modulated continuous-wave reflectometers

Author: Morales, R. B., Salmi, A., Abreu, P., Amador, C. H.S., Appel, L., Carman, P., Fessey, J., Flanagan, J., Fontana, M., Frassinetti, Lorenzo, Giroud, C., Hacquin, S., Heuraux, S., Meneses, L., Ronchi, G., Sabot, R., Silva, A., Sirinelli, A., Szepesi, G., Taylor, D., Terranova, D., Morales, R. B., Salmi, A., Abreu, P., Amador, C. H.S., Appel, L., Carman, P., Fessey, J., Flanagan, J., Fontana, M., Frassinetti, Lorenzo, Giroud, C., Hacquin, S., Heuraux, S., Meneses, L., Ronchi, G., Sabot, R., Silva, A., Sirinelli, A., Szepesi, G., Taylor, D., and Terranova, D.
Abstract: JET’s frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) reflectometers have been operating well with the current design since 2005, and density profiles have been automatically calculated intershot since then. However, the calculated profiles had long suffered from several shortcomings: poor agreement with other diagnostics, sometimes inappropriately moving radially by several centimeters, elevated levels of radial jitter, and persistent wriggles (strong unphysical oscillations). In this research, several techniques are applied to the reflectometry data analysis, and the shortcomings are significantly improved. Starting with improving the equilibrium reconstruction that estimates the background magnetic field, adding a ripple correction in the reconstructed magnetic field profile, and adding new inner-wall reflection positions estimated through ray-tracing, these changes not only improve the agreement of reconstructed profiles to other diagnostics but also solve density profile wriggles that were present during band transitions. Other smaller but also persistent wriggles were also suppressed by applying a localized correction to the measured beat frequency where persistent oscillations are present. Finally, the burst analysis method, as introduced by Varela et al. [Nucl. Fusion 46 S693 (2006)], has been implemented to extract the beat frequency from stacked spectrograms. Due to the strong suppression of spurious reflections, the radial jitter that sometimes would span several centimeters has been strongly reduced. The stacking of spectrograms has also been shown to be very useful for stacking recurring events, like small gas puff modulations, and extracting transport coefficients that would otherwise be below the noise level., QC 20240418
Published: 2024
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10. Improved Confinement in JET High {beta} Plasmas with an ITER-Like Wall

Author: Challis, C. D., Garcia, J., Beurskens, M., Buratti, P., Delabie, E., Drewelow, P., Frassinetti, L., Giroud, C., Hawkes, N., Hobirk, J., Joffrin, E., Keeling, D., King, D. B., Maggi, C. F., Mailloux, J., Marchetto, C., McDonald, D., Nunes, I., Pucella, G., Saarelma, S., and Simpson, J.
Subjects: Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract: The replacement of the JET carbon wall (C-wall) by a Be/W ITER-like wall (ILW) has affected the plasma energy confinement. To investigate this, experiments have been performed with both the C-wall and ILW to vary the heating power over a wide range for plasmas with different shapes., Comment: 50 pages, 32 figures. This is an author-created, un-copyedited version of an article submitted for publication in Nuclear Fusion. IoP Publishing Ltd is not responsible for any errors or omissions in this version of the manuscript or any version derived from it
Published: 2015
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11. Theoretical description of heavy impurity transport and its application to the modelling of tungsten in JET and ASDEX Upgrade

Author: Casson, F. J., Angioni, C., Belli, E. A., Bilato, R., Mantica, P., Odstrcil, T., Puetterich, T., Valisa, M., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Hobirk, J., Maggi, C. F., Mlynar, J., Reinke, M. L., contributors, JET EFDA, and team, ASDEX-Upgrade
Subjects: Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract: Recent developments in theory-based modelling of core heavy impurity transport are presented, and shown to be necessary for quantitative description of present experiments in JET and ASDEX Upgrade. The treatment of heavy impurities is complicated by their large mass and charge, which result in a strong response to plasma rotation or any small background electrostatic field in the plasma, such as that generated by anisotropic external heating. These forces lead to strong poloidal asymmetries of impurity density, which have recently been added to numerical tools describing both neoclassical and turbulent transport. Modelling predictions of the steady-state two-dimensional tungsten impurity distribution are compared with experimental densities interpreted from soft X-ray diagnostics. The modelling identifies neoclassical transport enhanced by poloidal asymmetries as the dominant mechanism responsible for tungsten accumulation in the central core of the plasma. Depending on the bulk plasma profiles, neoclassical temperature screening can prevent accumulation, and can be enhanced by externally heated species, demonstrated here in ICRH plasmas., Comment: 9 pages, 11 figures, EPS Berlin Plasma Physics 2014, Invited speaker, submitted to Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion
Published: 2014
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12. Gas Analyses of First complete JET Cryopump Regeneration with ITER-Like Wall

Author: Romanelli, S. Grunhagen, Brezinsek, S., Butler, B., Coad, J. P., Drenik, A., Giroud, C., Jachmich, S., Keenan, T., Kruezi, U., Mozetic, M., Oberkofler, M., Parracho, A., Romanelli, M., Smith, R., and contributors, JET EFDA
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: Analytical results of a complete JET cryopump regeneration, including the nitrogen panel, following the first ITER-Like Wall campaign are presented along with the in-situ analyses of residual gas. H/D mixtures and impurities such as nitrogen and neon were injected during plasma operation in the vessel to study radiation cooling in the scrape-off-layer and divertor region. The global gas inventory over the campaign is incomplete, suggesting residual volatile impurities are remaining on the cryogenic panel. This paper presents results on a) residual deuterium on the panel which is related to the campaign very low, b) impurities like nitrogen which sticks on the panel and c) the ammonia production which can be observed in the RGA spectrum., Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures. This is an author-created, un-copyedited version of an article accepted for publication in Physica Scripta. IOP Publishing Ltd and IAEA are not responsible for any errors or omissions in this version of the manuscript or any version derived from it
Published: 2014
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13. Contrasting H-mode behaviour with deuterium fuelling and nitrogen seeding in the all-carbon and metallic versions of JET

Author: Maddison, G. P., Giroud, C., Alper, B., Arnoux, G., Balboa, I., Beurskens, M. N. A., Boboc, A., Brezinsek, S., Brix, M., Clever, M., Coelho, R., Coenen, J. W., Coffey, I., Belo, P. C. da Silva Aresta, Devaux, S., Devynck, P., Eich, T., Felton, R. C., Flanagan, J., Frassinetti, L., Garzotti, L., Groth, M., Jachmich, S., Järvinen, A., Joffrin, E., Kempenaars, M. A. H., Kruezi, U., Lawson, K. D., Lehnen, M., Leyland, M. J., Liu, Y., Lomas, P. J., Lowry, C. G., Marsen, S., Matthews, G. F., McCormick, G. K., Meigs, A. G., Morris, A. W., Neu, R., Nunes, I. M., Oberkofler, M., Rimini, F. G., Saarelma, S., Sieglin, B., Sips, A. C. C., Sirinelli, A., Stamp, M. F., van Rooij, G. J., Ward, D. J., Wischmeier, M., and contributors, JET EFDA
Subjects: Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract: The former all-carbon wall on JET has been replaced with beryllium in the main torus and tungsten in the divertor to mimic the surface materials envisaged for ITER. Comparisons are presented between Type I H-mode characteristics in each design by examining respective scans over deuterium fuelling and impurity seeding, required to ameliorate exhaust loads both in JET at full capability and in ITER., Comment: 55 pages, 15 figures
Published: 2014
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14. Progress with applications of three-ion ICRF scenarios for fusion research: A review

Author: Wukitch, SJ, Bertelli, N, Bonoli, P, Kazakov, Y, Ongena, J, Nocente, M, Bobkov, V, Garcia, J, Kiptily, V, Schneider, M, Wukitch, S, Wright, J, Dreval, M, Kirov, K, Mazzi, S, Ochoukov, R, Sharapov, S, Štancar, Weisen, H, Baranov, Y, Baruzzo, M, Bierwage, A, Bilato, R, Chomiczewska, A, Coelho, R, Craciunescu, T, Crombé, K, Delabie, E, Luna, E, Dumont, R, Dumortier, P, Durodié, F, Eriksson, J, Fitzgerald, M, Galdon-Quiroga, J, Gallart, D, Garcia-Munoz, M, Giacomelli, L, Giroud, C, Gonzalez-Martin, J, Hakola, A, Henriques, R, Jacquet, P, Jepu, I, Johnson, T, Kappatou, A, Keeling, D, King, D, Klepper, C, Lauber, P, Lennholm, M, Lerche, E, Lomanowski, B, Lowry, C, Mantsinen, M, Maslov, M, Menmuir, S, Monakhov, I, Nabais, F, Nave, M, Noble, C, Panontin, E, Pinches, S, Polevoi, A, Rigamonti, D, Sahlberg, A, Salewski, M, Schneider, P, Sheikh, H, Shinohara, K, Siren, P, Sumida, S, Thorman, A, Tinguely, R, Valcarcel, D, Van Eester, D, Schoor, M, Varje, J, Weiland, M, Wendler, N, Kazakov Y. O., Ongena J., Nocente M., Bobkov V., Garcia J., Kiptily V. G., Schneider M., Wukitch S., Wright J. C., Dreval M., Kirov K. K., Mazzi S., Ochoukov R., Sharapov S. E., Weisen H., Baranov Y., Baruzzo M., Bierwage A., Bilato R., Chomiczewska A., Coelho R., Craciunescu T., Crombé K., Delabie E., Luna E. D. L., Dumont R., Dumortier P., Durodié F., Eriksson J., Fitzgerald M., Galdon-Quiroga J., Gallart D., Garcia-Munoz M., Giacomelli L., Giroud C., Gonzalez-Martin J., Hakola A., Henriques R., Jacquet P., Jepu I., Johnson T., Kappatou A., Keeling D., King D., Klepper C., Lauber P., Lennholm M., Lerche E., Lomanowski B., Lowry C., Mantsinen M. J., Maslov M., Menmuir S., Monakhov I., Nabais F., Nave M. F. F., Noble C., Panontin E., Pinches S. D., Polevoi A. R., Rigamonti D., Sahlberg A., Salewski M., Schneider P. A., Sheikh H., Shinohara K., Siren P., Sumida S., Thorman A., Tinguely R. A., Valcarcel D., Van Eester D., Schoor M. V., Varje J., Weiland M., Wendler N., Wukitch, SJ, Bertelli, N, Bonoli, P, Kazakov, Y, Ongena, J, Nocente, M, Bobkov, V, Garcia, J, Kiptily, V, Schneider, M, Wukitch, S, Wright, J, Dreval, M, Kirov, K, Mazzi, S, Ochoukov, R, Sharapov, S, Štancar, Weisen, H, Baranov, Y, Baruzzo, M, Bierwage, A, Bilato, R, Chomiczewska, A, Coelho, R, Craciunescu, T, Crombé, K, Delabie, E, Luna, E, Dumont, R, Dumortier, P, Durodié, F, Eriksson, J, Fitzgerald, M, Galdon-Quiroga, J, Gallart, D, Garcia-Munoz, M, Giacomelli, L, Giroud, C, Gonzalez-Martin, J, Hakola, A, Henriques, R, Jacquet, P, Jepu, I, Johnson, T, Kappatou, A, Keeling, D, King, D, Klepper, C, Lauber, P, Lennholm, M, Lerche, E, Lomanowski, B, Lowry, C, Mantsinen, M, Maslov, M, Menmuir, S, Monakhov, I, Nabais, F, Nave, M, Noble, C, Panontin, E, Pinches, S, Polevoi, A, Rigamonti, D, Sahlberg, A, Salewski, M, Schneider, P, Sheikh, H, Shinohara, K, Siren, P, Sumida, S, Thorman, A, Tinguely, R, Valcarcel, D, Van Eester, D, Schoor, M, Varje, J, Weiland, M, Wendler, N, Kazakov Y. O., Ongena J., Nocente M., Bobkov V., Garcia J., Kiptily V. G., Schneider M., Wukitch S., Wright J. C., Dreval M., Kirov K. K., Mazzi S., Ochoukov R., Sharapov S. E., Weisen H., Baranov Y., Baruzzo M., Bierwage A., Bilato R., Chomiczewska A., Coelho R., Craciunescu T., Crombé K., Delabie E., Luna E. D. L., Dumont R., Dumortier P., Durodié F., Eriksson J., Fitzgerald M., Galdon-Quiroga J., Gallart D., Garcia-Munoz M., Giacomelli L., Giroud C., Gonzalez-Martin J., Hakola A., Henriques R., Jacquet P., Jepu I., Johnson T., Kappatou A., Keeling D., King D., Klepper C., Lauber P., Lennholm M., Lerche E., Lomanowski B., Lowry C., Mantsinen M. J., Maslov M., Menmuir S., Monakhov I., Nabais F., Nave M. F. F., Noble C., Panontin E., Pinches S. D., Polevoi A. R., Rigamonti D., Sahlberg A., Salewski M., Schneider P. A., Sheikh H., Shinohara K., Siren P., Sumida S., Thorman A., Tinguely R. A., Valcarcel D., Van Eester D., Schoor M. V., Varje J., Weiland M., and Wendler N.
Abstract: The viability of magnetic confinement fusion as an energy source depends on achieving the high ion temperatures required for D-T fusion. Among the available techniques, plasma heating with waves in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) is a prominent method for bulk ion heating in fusion plasmas. Furthermore, a detailed understanding of the non-linear physics of alpha heating and the complex impact of MeV-range fast ions on plasma dynamics becomes progressively more important. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of recent developments with the three-ion ICRF scenarios on Alcator C-Mod, ASDEX Upgrade and JET tokamaks. The results demonstrate the flexibility of these novel scenarios for heating bulk ions in D-T ≈ 50%-50% plasmas and efficient generation of MeV-range fast ions in multi-ion species plasmas. Several key results relevant for ITER and future fusion reactors are highlighted.
Published: 2023

15. Impact of nitrogen seeding on confinement and power load control of a high-triangularity JET ELMy H-mode plasma with a metal wall

Author: Giroud, C, Maddison, G P, Jachmich, S, Rimini, F, Beurskens, M N A, Balboa, I, Brezinsek, S, Coelho, R, Coenen, J W, Frassinetti, L, Joffrin, E, Oberkofler, M, Lehnen, M, Liu, Y, Marsen, S, K, K McCormick, Meigs, A, Neu, R, Sieglin, B, van Rooij, G, Arnoux, G, Belo, P, Brix, M, Clever, M, Coffey, I, Devaux, S, Douai, D, Eich, T, Flanagan, J, Grunhagen, S, Huber, A, Kempenaars, M, Kruezi, U, Lawson, K, Lomas, P, Lowry, C, Nunes, I, Sirinnelli, A, Sips, A C C, Stamp, M, Wiesen, S, and contributors, JET-EFDA
Subjects: Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract: This paper reports the impact on confinement and power load of the high-shape 2.5MA ELMy H-mode scenario at JET of a change from an all carbon plasma facing components to an all metal wall. In preparation to this change, systematic studies of power load reduction and impact on confinement as a result of fuelling in combination with nitrogen seeding were carried out in JET-C and are compared to their counterpart in JET with a metallic wall. An unexpected and significant change is reported on the decrease of the pedestal confinement but is partially recovered with the injection of nitrogen., Comment: 30 pages, 16 figures
Published: 2013
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16. On the Challenge of Plasma Heating with the JET Metallic Wall

Author: Mayoral, M-L, Bobkov, V, Czarnecka, A, Day, I, Ekedah, A, Jacquet, P, Goniche, M, King, R, Kirov, K, Lerche, E, Mailloux, J, Van Eester, D, Asunta, O, Challis, C, Ciric, D, Coenen, J W, Colas, L, Giroud, C, Graham, M, Jenkins, I, Joffrin, E, Jones, T, King, D, Kiptily, V, Klepper, C C, Maggi, C, Maggiora, R., Marcotte, F, Matthews, G, Milanesio, D, Monakhov, I, Nightingale, M, Neu, R, Ongena, J, Pütterich, T, Riccardo, V, Rimini, F, Strachan, J, Surrey, E, Thompson, V, Van Rooij, G, and contributors, JET EFDA
Subjects: Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract: The major aspects linked to the use of the JET auxiliary heating systems: NBI, ICRF and LHCD, in the new JET ITER-like wall (JET-ILW) are presented. We show that although there were issues related to the operation of each system, efficient and safe plasma heating was obtained with room for higher power. For the NBI up to 25.7MW was safely injected; issues that had to be tackled were mainly the beam shine-through and beam re-ionisation before its entrance into the plasma. For the ICRF system, 5MW were coupled in L-mode and 4MW in H-mode; the main areas of concern were RF-sheaths related heat loads and impurities production. For the LH, 2.5 MW were delivered without problems; arcing and generation of fast electron beams in front of the launcher that can lead to high heat loads were the keys issues. For each system, an overview will be given of: the main modifications implemented for safe use, their compatibility with the new metallic wall, the differences in behavior compared with the previous carbon wall, with emphasis on heat loads and impurity content in the plasma., Comment: 21 pages, 17 figures
Published: 2013
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17. Scaling of spontaneous rotation with temperature and plasma current in tokamaks

Author: Parra, F. I., Nave, M. F. F., Schekochihin, A. A., Giroud, C., de Grassie, J. S., Severo, J. H. F., de Vries, P., Zastrow, K. -D., and Contributors, JET-EFDA
Subjects: Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract: Using theoretical arguments, a simple scaling law for the size of the intrinsic rotation observed in tokamaks in the absence of momentum injection is found: the velocity generated in the core of a tokamak must be proportional to the ion temperature difference in the core divided by the plasma current, independent of the size of the device. The constant of proportionality is of the order of $10\,\mathrm{km \cdot s^{-1} \cdot MA \cdot keV^{-1}}$. When the intrinsic rotation profile is hollow, i.e. it is counter-current in the core of the tokamak and co-current in the edge, the scaling law presented in this Letter fits the data remarkably well for several tokamaks of vastly different size and heated by different mechanisms., Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures
Published: 2011
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18. Observation of confined current ribbon in JET plasmas

Author: Solano, E. R., Lomas, P. J., Alper, B., Xu, G. S., Andrew, Y., Arnoux, G., Boboc, A., Barrera, L., Belo, P., Beurskens, M. N. A., Brix, M., Crombe, K., de la Luna, E., Devaux, S., Eich, T., Gerasimov, S., Giroud, C., Harting, D., Howell, D., Huber, A., Kocsis, G., Korotkov, A., Lopez-Fraguas, A., Nave, M. F. F., Rachlew, E., Rimini, F., Saarelma, S., Sirinelli, A., Thomsen, H., Zabeo, L., Zarzoso, D., and contributors, JET EFDA
Subjects: Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract: we report the identification of a localised current structure inside the JET plasma. It is a field aligned closed helical ribbon, carrying current in the same direction as the background current profile (co-current), rotating toroidally with the ion velocity (co-rotating). It appears to be located at a flat spot in the plasma pressure profile, at the top of the pedestal. The structure appears spontaneously in low density, high rotation plasmas, and can last up to 1.4 s, a time comparable to a local resistive time. It considerably delays the appearance of the first ELM., Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures
Published: 2009
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19. Effects of Magnetic Shear on Toroidal Rotation in Tokamak Plasmas with Lower Hybrid Current Drive

Author: Rice, JE, Podpaly, YA, Reinke, ML, Mumgaard, R, Scott, SD, Shiraiwa, S, Wallace, GM, Chouli, B, Fenzi-Bonizec, C, Nave, MFF, Diamond, PH, Gao, C, Granetz, RS, Hughes, JW, Parker, RR, Bonoli, PT, Delgado-Aparicio, L, Eriksson, L-G, Giroud, C, Greenwald, MJ, Hubbard, AE, Hutchinson, IH, Irby, JH, Kirov, K, Mailloux, J, Marmar, ES, and Wolfe, SM
Subjects: Physical Sciences, Mathematical Sciences, Engineering, General Physics, Mathematical sciences, Physical sciences
Abstract: Application of lower hybrid (LH) current drive in tokamak plasmas can induce both co- and countercurrent directed changes in toroidal rotation, depending on the core q profile. For discharges with q(0)
Published: 2013

20. Neon seeding effects on two high-performance baseline plasmas on the Joint European Torus

Author: Gabriellini, S., primary, Garzotti, L., additional, Zotta, V.K., additional, Bourdelle, C., additional, Casson, F.J., additional, Citrin, J., additional, Frigione, D., additional, Gatto, R., additional, Giroud, C., additional, Koechl, F., additional, Lomas, P., additional, Marin, M., additional, Menmuir, S., additional, Pucella, G., additional, Rimini, F., additional, and van Eester, D., additional
Published: 2023
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21. Enhanced performance in fusion plasmas through turbulence suppression by megaelectronvolt ions

Author: Mazzi, S., Garcia, J., Zarzoso, D., Kazakov, Y., Ongena, J., Dreval, M., Nocente, M., Stancar, Z., Szepesi, G., Eriksson, J., Sahlberg, A., Benkadda, S., Abid, N., Abraham, K., Abreu, P., Adabonyan, O., Adrich, P., Afanasev, V., Afzal, M., Ahlgren, T., Aho-Mantila, L., Aiba, N., Airila, M., Akhtar, M., Albanese, R., Alderson-Martin, M., Alegre, D., Aleiferis, S., Aleksa, A., Alekseev, A., Alessi, E., Aleynikov, P., Algualcil, J., Ali, M., Allinson, M., Alper, B., Alves, E., Ambrosino, G., Ambrosino, R., Amosov, V., Andersson Sunden, E., Andrew, P., Angelini, B., Angioni, C., Antoniou, I., Appel, L., Appelbee, C., Aria, S., Ariola, M., Artaserse, G., Arter, W., Artigues, V., Asakura, N., Ash, A., Ashikawa, N., Aslanyan, V., Astrain, M., Asztalos, O., Auld, D., Auriemma, F., Austin, Y., Avotina, L., Aymerich, E., Baciero, A., Bairaktaris, F., Balbin, J., Balbinot, L., Balboa, I., Balden, M., Balshaw, C., Balshaw, N., Bandaru, V., Banks, J., Baranov, Y., Barcellona, C., Barnard, A., Barnard, M., Barnsley, R., Barth, A., Baruzzo, M., Barwell, S., Bassan, M., Batista, A., Batistoni, P., Baumane, L., Bauvir, B., Baylor, L., Beaumont, P., Beckett, D., Begolli, A., Beidler, M., Bekris, N., Beldishevski, M., Belli, E., Belli, F., Belonohy, E., Ben Yaala, M., Benayas, J., Bentley, J., Bergsaker, H., Bernardo, J., Bernert, M., Berry, M., Bertalot, L., Betar, H., Beurskens, M., Bickerton, S., Bieg, B., Bielecki, J., Bierwage, A., Biewer, T., Bilato, R., Bílkova, P., Birkenmeier, G., Bishop, H., Bizarro, J., Blackburn, J., Blanchard, P., Blatchford, P., Bobkov, V., Boboc, A., Bohm, P., Bohm, T., Bolshakova, I., Bolzonella, T., Bonanomi, N., Bonfiglio, D., Bonnin, X., Bonofiglo, P., Boocock, S., Booth, A., Booth, J., Borba, D., Borodin, D., Borodkina, I., Boulbe, C., Bourdelle, C., Bowden, M., Boyd, K., Bozicevic Mihalic, I., Bradnam, S., Braic, V., Brandt, L., Bravanec, R., Breizman, B., Brett, A., Brezinsek, S., Brix, M., Bromley, K., Brown, B., Brunetti, D., 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ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory for Plasma Physics (LPP), Ecole Royale Militaire / Koninklijke Militaire School (ERM KMS), Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology (Ukraine), V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University (KhNU), Dipartimento di Fisica (Milano), Università degli Studi di Milano = University of Milan (UNIMI), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Milano] (CNR), Jozef Stefan Institute [Ljubljana] (IJS), Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (CCFE), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Uppsala], Uppsala University, This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014–2018 and 2019–2020 under Grant agreement No 633053., Mazzi, S, Garcia, J, Zarzoso, D, Kazakov, Y, Ongena, J, Dreval, M, Nocente, M, Stancar, Z, Szepesi, G, Eriksson, J, Sahlberg, A, Benkadda, S, Abid, N, Abraham, K, Abreu, P, Adabonyan, O, Adrich, P, Afzal, M, Ahlgren, T, Aho-Mantila, L, Aiba, N, Airila, M, Akhtar, M, Albanese, R, Alderson-Martin, M, Alegre, D, Aleiferis, S, Aleksa, A, Alessi, E, Aleynikov, P, Algualcil, J, Ali, M, Allinson, M, Alper, B, Alves, E, Ambrosino, G, Ambrosino, R, 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O., Ongena, J., Dreval, M., Nocente, M., Stancar, Z., Szepesi, G., Eriksson, J., Sahlberg, A., Benkadda, S., Abid, N., Abraham, K., Abreu, P., Adabonyan, O., Adrich, P., Afzal, M., Ahlgren, T., Aho-Mantila, L., Aiba, N., Airila, M., Akhtar, M., Albanese, R., Alderson-Martin, M., Alegre, D., Aleiferis, S., Aleksa, A., Alessi, E., Aleynikov, P., Algualcil, J., Ali, M., Allinson, M., Alper, B., Alves, E., Ambrosino, G., Ambrosino, R., Andersson Sunden, E., Andrew, P., Angelini, B. M., Angioni, C., Antoniou, I., Appel, L. C., Appelbee, C., Aria, S., Ariola, M., Artaserse, G., Arter, W., Artigues, V., Asakura, N., Ash, A., Ashikawa, N., Aslanyan, V., Astrain, M., Asztalos, O., Auld, D., Auriemma, F., Austin, Y., Avotina, L., Aymerich, E., Baciero, A., Bairaktaris, F., Balbin, J., Balbinot, L., Balboa, I., Balden, M., Balshaw, C., Balshaw, N., Bandaru, V. K., Banks, J., Baranov, Y. F., Barcellona, C., Barnard, A., Barnard, M., Barnsley, R., Barth, A., Baruzzo, M., Barwell, S., Bassan, M., Batista, A., Batistoni, P., Baumane, L., Bauvir, B., Baylor, L., Beaumont, P. S., Beckett, D., Begolli, A., Beidler, M., Bekris, N., Beldishevski, M., Belli, E., Belli, F., Belonohy, E., Ben Yaala, M., Benayas, J., Bentley, J., Bergsaker, H., Bernardo, J., Bernert, M., Berry, M., Bertalot, L., Betar, H., Beurskens, M., Bickerton, S., Bieg, B., Bielecki, J., Bierwage, A., Biewer, T., Bilato, R., Bilkova, P., Birkenmeier, G., Bishop, H., Bizarro, J. P. S., Blackburn, J., Blanchard, P., Blatchford, P., Bobkov, V., Boboc, A., Bohm, P., Bohm, T., Bolshakova, I., Bolzonella, T., Bonanomi, N., Bonfiglio, D., Bonnin, X., Bonofiglo, P., Boocock, S., Booth, A., Booth, J., Borba, D., Borodin, D., Borodkina, I., Boulbe, C., Bourdelle, C., Bowden, M., Boyd, K., Bozicevic Mihalic, I., Bradnam, S. C., Braic, V., Brandt, L., Bravanec, R., Breizman, B., Brett, A., Brezinsek, S., Brix, M., Bromley, K., Brown, B., Brunetti, D., Buckingham, R., Buckley, M., Budny, R., Buermans, J., Bufferand, H., Buratti, P., Burgess, A., Buscarino, A., Busse, A., Butcher, D., de la Cal, E., Calabro, G., Calacci, L., Calado, R., Camenen, Y., Canal, G., Cannas, B., Cappelli, M., Carcangiu, S., Card, P., Cardinali, A., Carman, P., Carnevale, D., Carr, M., Carralero, D., Carraro, L., Carvalho, I. S., Carvalho, P., Casiraghi, I., Casson, F. J., Castaldo, C., Catalan, J. P., Catarino, N., Causa, F., Cavedon, M., Cecconello, M., Challis, C. D., Chamberlain, B., Chang, C. S., Chankin, A., Chapman, B., Chernyshova, M., Chiariello, A., Chmielewski, P., Chomiczewska, A., Chone, L., Ciraolo, G., Ciric, D., Citrin, J., Ciupinski, L., Clark, M., Clarkson, R., Clements, C., Cleverly, M., Coad, J. P., Coates, P., Cobalt, A., Coccorese, V., Coelho, R., Coenen, J. W., Coffey, I. H., Colangeli, A., Colas, L., Collins, C., Collins, J., Collins, S., Conka, D., Conroy, S., Conway, B., Conway, N. J., Coombs, D., Cooper, P., Cooper, S., Corradino, C., Corrigan, G., Coster, D., Cox, P., Craciunescu, T., Cramp, S., Crapper, C., Craven, D., Craven, R., Crialesi Esposito, M., Croci, G., Croft, D., Croitoru, A., Crombe, K., Cronin, T., Cruz, N., Crystal, C., Cseh, G., Cufar, A., Cullen, A., Curuia, M., Czarski, T., Dabirikhah, H., Molin, A. D., Dale, E., Dalgliesh, P., Dalley, S., Dankowski, J., David, P., Davies, A., Davies, S., Davis, G., Dawson, K., Dawson, S., Day, I. E., De Bock, M., De Temmerman, G., De Tommasi, G., Deakin, K., Deane, J., Dejarnac, R., Del Sarto, D., Delabie, E., Del-Castillo-Negrete, D., Dempsey, A., Dendy, R. O., Devynck, P., Di Siena, A., Di Troia, C., Dickson, T., Dinca, P., Dittmar, T., Dobrashian, J., Doerner, R. P., Donne, A. J. 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R., Nodwell, D., Nordlund, K., Nordman, H., Normanton, R., Noterdaeme, J. -M., Nowak, S., Nunn, E., Nystrom, H., Oberparleiter, M., Obryk, B., O'Callaghan, J., Odupitan, T., Oliver, H. J. C., Olney, R., O'Mullane, M., Organ, E., Orsitto, F., Orszagh, J., Osborne, T., Otin, R., Otsuka, T., Owen, A., Oya, Y., Oyaizu, M., Paccagnella, R., Pace, N., Packer, L. W., Paige, S., Pajuste, E., Palade, D., Pamela, S. J. P., Panadero, N., Panontin, E., Papadopoulos, A., Papp, G., Papp, P., Parail, V. V., Pardanaud, C., Parisi, J., Parra Diaz, F., Parsloe, A., Parsons, M., Parsons, N., Passeri, M., Patel, A., Pau, A., Pautasso, G., Pavlichenko, R., Pavone, A., Pawelec, E., Soldan, C. P., Peacock, A., Pearce, M., Peluso, E., Penot, C., Pepperell, K., Pereira, R., Pereira, T., Cippo, E. P., Pereslavtsev, P., von Thun, C. P., Pericoli, V., Perry, D., Peterka, M., Petersson, P., Petravich, G., Petrella, N., Peyman, M., Pillon, M., Pinches, S., Pintsuk, G., de Sa, W. P., dos Reis, A. P., Piron, C., Piron, L., Pironti, A., Pitts, R., van de Plassche, K. L., Platt, N., Plyusnin, V., Podesta, M., Pokol, G., Poli, F. M., Pompilian, O. G., Popovichev, S., Poradzinski, M., Porfiri, M. T., Porkolab, M., Porosnicu, C., Porton, M., Poulipoulis, G., Predebon, I., Prestopino, G., Price, C., Price, D., Price, M., Primetzhofer, D., Prior, P., Provatas, G., Pucella, G., Puglia, P., Purahoo, K., Pusztai, I., Putignano, O., Putterich, T., Quercia, A., Rachlew, E., Radulescu, G., Radulovic, V., Rainford, M., Raj, P., Ralph, G., Ramogida, G., Rasmussen, D., Rasmussen, J. J., Ratta, G., Ratynskaia, S., Rebai, M., Refy, D., Reichle, R., Reinke, M., Reiser, D., Reux, C., Reynolds, S., Richiusa, M. L., Richyal, S., Rigamonti, D., Rimini, F. G., Risner, J., Riva, M., Rivero-Rodriguez, J., Roach, C. M., Robins, R., Robinson, S., Robson, D., Rodrigues, P., Rodriguez Ramos, M., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Romanelli, F., Romanelli, M., Romanelli, S., Romazanov, J., Rossi, R., Rowe, S., Rowlands, D., Rubel, M., Rubinacci, G., Rubino, G., Ruchko, L., Ruiz, M., Ruiz, J. R., Ruset, C., Rzadkiewicz, J., Saarelma, S., Safi, E., Salewski, M., Salmi, A., Salmon, R., Salzedas, F., Sanders, I., Sandiford, D., Santos, B., Santucci, A., Sarkimaki, K., Sarwar, R., Sarychev, I., Sauter, O., Sauwan, P., Scapin, N., Schluck, F., Schmid, K., Schmuck, S., Schneider, M., Schneider, P. A., Schworer, D., Scott, G., Scott, M., Scraggs, D., Scully, S., Segato, M., Seo, J., Sergienko, G., Sertoli, M., Sharapov, S. E., Shaw, A., Sheikh, H., Sheikh, U., Shepherd, A., Shigin, P., Shinohara, K., Shiraiwa, S., Shiraki, D., Short, M., Sias, G., Silburn, S. A., Silva, A., Silva, C., Silva, J., Silvagni, D., Simfukwe, D., Simpson, J., Sinclair, D., Sipila, S. K., Sips, A. C. C., Siren, P., Sirinelli, A., Sjostrand, H., Skinner, N., Slater, J., Smith, N., Smith, P., Snell, J., Snoep, G., Snoj, L., Snyder, P., Soare, S., Solano, E. R., Solokha, V., Somers, A., Sommariva, C., Soni, K., Sorokovoy, E., Sos, M., Sousa, J., Sozzi, C., Spagnolo, S., Spelzini, T., Spineanu, F., Spong, D., Sprada, D., Sridhar, S., Srinivasan, C., Stables, G., Staebler, G., Stamatelatos, I., Staniec, P., Stankunas, G., Stead, M., Stefanikova, E., Stephen, A., Stephens, J., Stevenson, P., Stojanov, M., Strand, P., Strauss, H. R., Strikwerda, S., Strom, P., Stuart, C. I., Studholme, W., Subramani, M., Suchkov, E., Sumida, S., Sun, H. J., Susts, T. E., Svensson, J., Svoboda, J., Sweeney, R., Sytnykov, D., Szabolics, T., Tabia, B., Tadic, T., Tal, B., Tala, T., Tallargio, A., Tamain, P., Tan, H., Tanaka, K., Tang, W., Tardocchi, M., Taylor, D., Teimane, A. S., Telesca, G., Teplukhina, A., Terentyev, D., Terra, A., Terranova, D., Terranova, N., Testa, D., Tholerus, E., Thomas, J., Thoren, E., Thorman, A., Tierens, W., Tinguely, R. A., Tipton, A., Todd, H., Tokitani, M., Tolias, P., Tomes, M., Tookey, A., Torikai, Y., von Toussaint, U., Tsavalas, P., Tskhakaya, D., Turner, I., Turner, M., Turner, M. M., Turnyanskiy, M., Tvalashvili, G., Tyrrell, S., Tyshchenko, M., Uccello, A., Udintsev, V., Urbanczyk, G., Vadgama, A., Valcarcel, D., Valisa, M., Vallejos Olivares, P., Vallhagen, O., Valovic, M., Van Eester, D., Varje, J., Vartanian, S., Vasilopoulou, T., Vayakis, G., Vecsei, M., Vega, J., Ventre, S., Verdoolaege, G., Verona, C., Rinati, G. V., Veshchev, E., Vianello, N., Viezzer, E., Vignitchouk, L., Vila, R., Villari, R., Villone, F., Vincenzi, P., Viola, B., Virtanen, A. J., Vitins, A., Vizvary, Z., Vlad, G., Vlad, M., Vondracek, P., de Vries, P., Wakeling, B., Walkden, N. R., Walker, M., Walker, R., Walsh, M., Wang, E., Wang, N., Warder, S., Warren, R., Waterhouse, J., Watts, C., Wauters, T., Weckmann, A., Wedderburn Maxwell, H., Weiland, M., Weisen, H., Weiszflog, M., Welch, P., Wendler, N., West, A., Wheatley, M., Wheeler, S., Whitehead, A., Whittaker, D., Widdowson, A., Wiesen, S., Wilkinson, J., Williams, J. C., Willoughby, D., Wilson, I., Wilson, J., Wilson, T., Wischmeier, M., Wise, P., Withenshaw, G., Withycombe, A., Witts, D., Wojcik-Gargula, A., Wolfrum, E., Wood, R., Woodley, C., Woodley, R., Woods, B., Wright, J., Wright, J. C., Xu, T., Yadikin, D., Yajima, M., Yakovenko, Y., Yang, Y., Yanling, W., Yanovskiy, V., Young, I., Young, R., Zabolockis, R. J., Zacks, J., Zagorski, R., Zaitsev, F. S., Zakharov, L., Zarins, A., Zastrow, K. -D., Zayachuk, Y., Zerbini, M., Zhang, W., Zhou, Y., Zlobinski, M., Zocco, A., Zohar, A., Zoita, V., Zoletnik, S., Zotta, V. K., Zoulias, I., Zwingmann, W., Zychor, I., JET Contributors, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, EIRES Eng. for Sustainable Energy Systems, Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic Stability of Fusion Plasmas, Applied Physics and Science Education, Kazakov, Yo, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Culham Science Centre, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, European Commission, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Universidade Lisboa, Fusion and Plasma Physics, University of Milan - Bicocca, Aalto University, General Atomics, ITER, University of Toyama, CEA, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Technical University of Madrid, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, Royal Military Academy, Seoul National University, Chalmers University of Technology, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, and Aalto-yliopisto
Subjects: [PHYS]Physics [physics], Settore FIS/01, Settore ING-IND/18 - Fisica dei Reattori Nucleari, General Physics and Astronomy, simulation, magnetically confined plasma, nuclear fusion, tokamaks, turbulence suppression, Plasma, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], confinement, transport, Alpha particles, Fusion reactors, Turbulence, physics
Abstract: openaire: EC/H2020/633053/EU//EUROfusion Funding Information: We thank M. Baruzzo and F. Nave for the preparation and execution of JET experiments discussed in this paper; E. de la Luna for support in detailing the experimental diagnostics of JET; A. Ho for assistance in processing the experimental data; T. Görler for providing essential advice to ensure the correct numerical setup for the GENE modelling reported in this paper; Y. Camenen, X. Garbet and A. Bierwage for fruitful discussions about the gyrokinetic analyses; G. Giruzzi for valuable suggestions on the article strategy. The simulations were performed on the IRENE Joliot-Curie HPC system, in the framework of the PRACE projects IONFAST and AFIETC, led by J. Garcia, and on the CINECA Marconi HPC within the project GENE4EP, led by D. Zarzoso. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014-2018 and 2019-2020 under grant agreement no. 633053. The views and opinions express herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. Part of the work by Ye. O. Kazakov and J.Ongena was also carried out in the framework of projects done for the ITER Scientist Fellow Network (ISFN). Funding Information: We thank M. Baruzzo and F. Nave for the preparation and execution of JET experiments discussed in this paper; E. de la Luna for support in detailing the experimental diagnostics of JET; A. Ho for assistance in processing the experimental data; T. Görler for providing essential advice to ensure the correct numerical setup for the GENE modelling reported in this paper; Y. Camenen, X. Garbet and A. Bierwage for fruitful discussions about the gyrokinetic analyses; G. Giruzzi for valuable suggestions on the article strategy. The simulations were performed on the IRENE Joliot-Curie HPC system, in the framework of the PRACE projects IONFAST and AFIETC, led by J. Garcia, and on the CINECA Marconi HPC within the project GENE4EP, led by D. Zarzoso. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014-2018 and 2019-2020 under grant agreement no. 633053. The views and opinions express herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. Part of the work by Ye. O. Kazakov and J.Ongena was also carried out in the framework of projects done for the ITER Scientist Fellow Network (ISFN). Publisher Copyright: © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited. Alpha particles with energies on the order of megaelectronvolts will be the main source of plasma heating in future magnetic confinement fusion reactors. Instead of heating fuel ions, most of the energy of alpha particles is transferred to electrons in the plasma. Furthermore, alpha particles can also excite Alfvénic instabilities, which were previously considered to be detrimental to the performance of the fusion device. Here we report improved thermal ion confinement in the presence of megaelectronvolts ions and strong fast ion-driven Alfvénic instabilities in recent experiments on the Joint European Torus. Detailed transport analysis of these experiments reveals turbulence suppression through a complex multi-scale mechanism that generates large-scale zonal flows. This holds promise for more economical operation of fusion reactors with dominant alpha particle heating and ultimately cheaper fusion electricity.
Published: 2022

22. Disruption prediction with artificial intelligence techniques in tokamak plasmas

Author: Vega, J, Murari, A, Dormido-Canto, S, Ratta, G, Gelfusa, M, Mailloux, J, Abid, N, Abraham, K, Abreu, P, Adabonyan, O, Adrich, P, Afanasev, V, Afzal, M, Ahlgren, T, Aho-Mantila, L, Aiba, N, Airila, M, Akhtar, M, Albanese, R, Alderson-Martin, M, Alegre, D, Aleiferis, S, Aleksa, A, Alekseev, A, Alessi, E, Aleynikov, P, Algualcil, J, Ali, M, Allinson, M, Alper, B, Alves, E, Ambrosino, G, Ambrosino, R, Amosov, V, Sunden, E, Andrew, P, Angelini, B, Angioni, C, Antoniou, I, Appel, L, Appelbee, C, Aria, S, Ariola, M, Artaserse, G, Arter, W, Artigues, V, Asakura, N, Ash, A, Ashikawa, N, Aslanyan, V, Astrain, M, Asztalos, O, Auld, D, Auriemma, F, Austin, Y, Avotina, L, Aymerich, E, Baciero, A, Bairaktaris, F, Balbin, J, Balbinot, L, Balboa, I, Balden, M, Balshaw, C, Balshaw, N, Bandaru, V, Banks, J, Baranov, Y, Barcellona, C, Barnard, A, Barnard, M, Barnsley, R, Barth, A, Baruzzo, M, Barwell, S, Bassan, M, Batista, A, Batistoni, P, Baumane, L, Bauvir, B, Baylor, L, Beaumont, P, Beckett, D, Begolli, A, Beidler, M, Bekris, N, Beldishevski, M, Belli, E, Belli, F, Belonohy, E, Yaala, M, Benayas, J, Bentley, J, Bergsaker, H, Bernardo, J, Bernert, M, Berry, M, Bertalot, L, Betar, H, Beurskens, M, Bickerton, S, Bieg, B, Bielecki, J, Bierwage, A, Biewer, T, Bilato, R, Bilkova, P, Birkenmeier, G, Bishop, H, Bizarro, J, Blackburn, J, Blanchard, P, Blatchford, P, Bobkov, V, Boboc, A, Bohm, P, Bohm, T, Bolshakova, I, Bolzonella, T, Bonanomi, N, Bonfiglio, D, Bonnin, X, Bonofiglo, P, Boocock, S, Booth, A, Booth, J, Borba, D, Borodin, D, Borodkina, I, Boulbe, C, Bourdelle, C, Bowden, M, Boyd, K, Bozicevic Mihalic, I, Bradnam, S, Braic, V, Brandt, L, Bravanec, R, Breizman, B, Brett, A, Brezinsek, S, Brix, M, Bromley, K, Brown, B, Brunetti, D, Buckingham, R, Buckley, M, Budny, R, Buermans, J, Bufferand, H, Buratti, P, Burgess, A, Buscarino, A, Busse, A, Butcher, D, de la Cal, E, Calabro, G, Calacci, L, Calado, R, Camenen, Y, Canal, G, Cannas, B, Cappelli, M, Carcangiu, S, Card, P, 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A., Huynh P., Hynes A., Iliasova M., lmrie D., lmrisek M., lngleby J., Innocente P., Bjork K. I., Isernia N., lvanova-Stanik I., lvings E., Jablonski S., Jachmich S., Jackson T., Jacquet P., Jarleblad H., Jaulmes F., Rodriguez J. J., Jepu I., Joffrin E., Johnson R., Johnson T., Johnston J., Jones C., Jones G., Jones L., Jones N., Jones T., Joyce A., Juarez R., Juvonen M., Kalnina P., Kaltiaisenaho T., Kaniewski J., Kantor A., Kappatou A., Karhunen J., Karkinsky D., Kashchuk Y., Kaufman M., Kaveney G., Kazakov Y. E. O., Kazantzidis V., Keeling D. L., Kelly R., Kempenaars M., Kennedy C., Kennedy D., Kent J., Khan K., Khilkevich E., Kiefer C., Kilpelainen J., Kim C., Kim H. -T., Kim S. H., King D. B., King R., Kinna D., Kiptily V. G., Kirjasuo A., Kirov K. K., Kirschner A., kiviniemi T., Kizane G., Klas M., Klepper C., Klix A., Kneale G., Knight M., Knight P., Knights R., Knipe S., Knolker M., Knott S., Kocan M., Kochl F., Kodeli I., Kolesnichenko Y., Kominis Y., Kong M., Korovin V., Kos B., Kos D., Koslowski H. R., Kotschenreuther M., Koubiti M., Kowalska-Strzeciwilk E., Koziol K., Krasilnikov A., Krasilnikov V., Kresina M., Krieger K., Krishnan N., Krivska A., Kruezi U., Ksiezek I., Kukushkin A. B., Kumpulainen H., Kurki-Suonio T., Kurotaki H., Kwak S., Kwon O. J., Laguardia L., Lagzdina E., Lahtinen A., Laing A., Lam N., Lambertz H. T., Lane B., Lane C., Neto E. L., Laszyriska E., Lawson K. D., Lazaros A., Lazzaro E., Learoyd G., Lee C., Lee S. E., Leerink S., Leeson T., Lefebvre X., Leggate H. J., Lehmann J., Lehnen M., Leichtle D., Leipold F., Lengar I., Lennholm M., Gutierrez E. L., Lepiavko B., Leppanen J., Lerche E., Lescinskis A., Lewis J., Leysen W., Li L., Li Y., Likonen J., Linsmeier C., Lipschultz B., Litaudon X., Litherland-Smith E., Liu F., Loarer T., Loarte A., Lobel R., Lomanowski B., Lomas P. J., Lopez J. M., Lorenzini R., Loreti S., Losada U., Loschiavo V. P., Loughlin M., Louka Z., Lovell J., Lowe T., Lowry C., Lubbad S., Luce T., Lucock R., Lukin A., Luna C., de la Luna E., Lungaroni M., Lungu C. P., Lunt T., Lutsenko V., Lyons B., Lyssoivan A., Machielsen M., Macusova E., Maenpaa R., Maggi C. F., Maggiora R., Magness M., Mahesan S., Maier H., Maingi R., Malinowski K., Manas P., Mantica P., Mantsinen M. J., Manyer J., Manzanares A., Maquet P., Marceca G., Marcenko N., Marchetto C., Marchuk O., Mariani A., Mariano G., Marin M., Marinelli M., Markovic T., Marocco D., Marot L., Marsden S., Marsh J., Marshall R., Martellucci L., Martin A., Martin A. J., Martone R., Maruyama S., Maslov M., Masuzaki S., Matejcik S., Mattei M., Matthews G. F., Matveev D., Matveeva E., Mauriya A., Maviglia F., Mayer M., Mayoral M. -L., Mazzi S., Mazzotta C., McAdams R., McCarthy P. J., McClements K. G., McClenaghan J., McCullen P., McDonald D. C., McGuckin D., McHugh D., Mclntyre G., McKean R., McKehon J., McMillan B., McNamee L., McShee A., Meakins A., Medley S., Meekes C. J., Meghani K., Meigs A. G., Meisl G., Meitner S., Menmuir S., Mergia K., Merriman S., Mertens P., Meshchaninov S., Messiaen A., Michling R., Middleton P., Middleton-Gear D., Mietelski J., Milanesio D., Milani E., Militello F., Asp A. M., Milnes J., Milocco A., Miloshevsky G., Minghao C., Minucci S., Miron I., Miyamoto M., Mlynar J., Moiseenko V., Monaghan P., Monakhov I., Moody T., Moon S., Mooney R., Moradi S., Morales J., Morales R. B., Mordijck S., Moreira L., Morgan L., Moro F., Morris J., Morrison K. -M., Moser L., Moulton D., Mrowetz T., Mundy T., Muraglia M., Muraro A., Muthusonai N., N'Konga B., Na Y. -S., Nabais F., Naden M., Naish J., Naish R., Napoli F., Nardon E., Naulin V., Nave M. F. F., Nedzelskiy I., Nemtsev G., Nesenevich V., Nestoras I., Neu R., Neverov V. S., Ng S., Nicassio M., Nielsen A. H., Nina D., Nishijima D., Noble C., Nobs C. R., Nocente M., Nodwell D., Nordlund K., Nordman H., Normanton R., Noterdaeme J. M., Nowak S., Nunn E., Nystrom H., Oberparleiter M., Obryk B., O'Callaghan J., Odupitan T., Oliver H. J. C., Olney R., O'Mullane M., Ongena J., Organ E., Orsitto F., Orszagh J., Osborne T., Otin R., Otsuka T., Owen A., Oya Y., Oyaizu M., Paccagnella R., Pace N., Packer L. W., Paige S., Pajuste E., Palade D., Pamela S. J. P., Panadero N., Panontin E., Papadopoulos A., Papp G., Papp P., Parail V. V., Pardanaud C., Parisi J., Diaz F. 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Abstract: In nuclear fusion reactors, plasmas are heated to very high temperatures of more than 100 million kelvin and, in so-called tokamaks, they are confined by magnetic fields in the shape of a torus. Light nuclei, such as deuterium and tritium, undergo a fusion reaction that releases energy, making fusion a promising option for a sustainable and clean energy source. Tokamak plasmas, however, are prone to disruptions as a result of a sudden collapse of the system terminating the fusion reactions. As disruptions lead to an abrupt loss of confinement, they can cause irreversible damage to present-day fusion devices and are expected to have a more devastating effect in future devices. Disruptions expected in the next-generation tokamak, ITER, for example, could cause electromagnetic forces larger than the weight of an Airbus A380. Furthermore, the thermal loads in such an event could exceed the melting threshold of the most resistant state-of-the-art materials by more than an order of magnitude. To prevent disruptions or at least mitigate their detrimental effects, empirical models obtained with artificial intelligence methods, of which an overview is given here, are commonly employed to predict their occurrence—and ideally give enough time to introduce counteracting measures.
Published: 2022

23. Alfven cascade eigenmodes above the TAE-frequency and localization of Alfven modes in D-He-3 plasmas on JET

Author: Dreval, M, Sharapov, S, Kazakov, Y, Ongena, J, Nocente, M, Calado, R, Coelho, R, Ferreira, J, Figueiredo, A, Fitzgerald, M, Garcia, J, Giroud, C, Hawkes, N, Kiptily, V, Nabais, F, Nave, M, Weisen, H, Craciunescu, T, Salewski, M, Stancar, A, Dreval M., Sharapov S. E., Kazakov Y. O., Ongena J., Nocente M., Calado R., Coelho R., Ferreira J., Figueiredo A., Fitzgerald M., Garcia J., Giroud C., Hawkes N. C., Kiptily V. G., Nabais F., Nave M. F. F., Weisen H., Craciunescu T., Salewski M., Stancar A., Dreval, M, Sharapov, S, Kazakov, Y, Ongena, J, Nocente, M, Calado, R, Coelho, R, Ferreira, J, Figueiredo, A, Fitzgerald, M, Garcia, J, Giroud, C, Hawkes, N, Kiptily, V, Nabais, F, Nave, M, Weisen, H, Craciunescu, T, Salewski, M, Stancar, A, Dreval M., Sharapov S. E., Kazakov Y. O., Ongena J., Nocente M., Calado R., Coelho R., Ferreira J., Figueiredo A., Fitzgerald M., Garcia J., Giroud C., Hawkes N. C., Kiptily V. G., Nabais F., Nave M. F. F., Weisen H., Craciunescu T., Salewski M., and Stancar A.
Abstract: Various types of Alfvén eigenmodes (AEs) have been destabilized by fast ions over a broad frequency range from 1/480 kHz to 1/4700 kHz in a series of JET experiments in mixed D-3He plasmas heated with the three-ion ICRF scenario (2020 Nocente et al Nucl. Fusion 60 124006). In this paper, we identify the radial localization of AEs using an X-mode reflectometer, a multiline interferometer and soft x-ray diagnostics. The analysis is focused on the most representative example of these measurements in JET pulse #95691, where two different types of Alfvén cascade (AC) eigenmodes were observed. These modes originate from the presence of a local minimum of the safety factor q min. In addition to ACs with frequencies below the frequency of toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes (TAEs), ACs with frequencies above the TAE frequency were destabilized by energetic ions. Both low- (f ≈ 80-180 kHz) and high-frequency (f ≈ 330-450 kHz) ACs were localized in the central regions of the plasma. The characteristics of the high-frequency ACs are investigated in detail numerically using HELENA, CSCAS and MISHKA codes. The resonant conditions for the mode excitation are found to be determined by passing ions of rather high energy of several hundred keV and similar to those established in JT-60U with negative-ion-based NBI (2005 Takechi et al Phys. Plasmas 12 082509). The computed radial mode structure is found to be consistent with the experimental measurements. In contrast to low-frequency ACs observed most often, the frequency of the high-frequency ACs decreases with time as the value of q min decreases. This feature is in a qualitative agreement with the analytical model of the high-frequency ACs in Breizman et al (2003 Phys. Plasmas 10 3649). The high-frequency AC could be highly relevant for future ITER and fusion reactor plasmas dominated by 1/4MeV energetic ions, including a significant population of passing fast ions.
Published: 2022

24. Enhanced performance in fusion plasmas through turbulence suppression by megaelectronvolt ions

Author: Mazzi, S, Garcia, J, Zarzoso, D, Kazakov, Y, Ongena, J, Dreval, M, Nocente, M, Stancar, Z, Szepesi, G, Eriksson, J, Sahlberg, A, Benkadda, S, Abid, N, Abraham, K, Abreu, P, Adabonyan, O, Adrich, P, Afzal, M, Ahlgren, T, Aho-Mantila, L, Aiba, N, Airila, M, Akhtar, M, Albanese, R, Alderson-Martin, M, Alegre, D, Aleiferis, S, Aleksa, A, Alessi, E, Aleynikov, P, Algualcil, J, Ali, M, Allinson, M, Alper, B, Alves, E, Ambrosino, G, Ambrosino, R, Andersson Sunden, E, Andrew, P, Angelini, B, Angioni, C, Antoniou, I, Appel, L, Appelbee, C, Aria, S, Ariola, M, Artaserse, G, Arter, W, Artigues, V, Asakura, N, Ash, A, Ashikawa, N, Aslanyan, V, Astrain, M, Asztalos, O, Auld, D, Auriemma, F, Austin, Y, Avotina, L, Aymerich, E, Baciero, A, Bairaktaris, F, Balbin, J, Balbinot, L, Balboa, I, Balden, M, Balshaw, C, Balshaw, N, Bandaru, V, Banks, J, Baranov, Y, Barcellona, C, Barnard, A, Barnard, M, Barnsley, R, Barth, A, Baruzzo, M, Barwell, S, Bassan, M, Batista, A, Batistoni, P, Baumane, L, Bauvir, B, Baylor, L, Beaumont, P, Beckett, D, Begolli, A, Beidler, M, Bekris, N, Beldishevski, M, Belli, E, Belli, F, Belonohy, E, Ben Yaala, M, Benayas, J, Bentley, J, Bergsaker, H, Bernardo, J, Bernert, M, Berry, M, Bertalot, L, Betar, H, Beurskens, M, Bickerton, S, Bieg, B, Bielecki, J, Bierwage, A, Biewer, T, Bilato, R, Bilkova, P, Birkenmeier, G, Bishop, H, Bizarro, J, Blackburn, J, Blanchard, P, Blatchford, P, Bobkov, V, Boboc, A, Bohm, P, Bohm, T, Bolshakova, I, Bolzonella, T, Bonanomi, N, Bonfiglio, D, Bonnin, X, Bonofiglo, P, Boocock, S, Booth, A, Booth, J, Borba, D, Borodin, D, Borodkina, I, Boulbe, C, Bourdelle, C, Bowden, M, Boyd, K, Bozicevic Mihalic, I, Bradnam, S, Braic, V, Brandt, L, Bravanec, R, Breizman, B, Brett, A, Brezinsek, S, Brix, M, Bromley, K, Brown, B, Brunetti, D, Buckingham, R, Buckley, M, Budny, R, Buermans, J, Bufferand, H, Buratti, P, Burgess, A, Buscarino, A, Busse, A, Butcher, D, de la Cal, E, Calabro, G, Calacci, L, Calado, R, Camenen, Y, Canal, G, 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M., Forbes S., Formisano A., Fornal T., Fortuna L., Fortuna-Zalesna E., Fortune M., Fowler C., Fransson E., Frassinetti L., Freisinger M., Fresa R., Fridstrom R., Frigione D., Fulop T., Furseman M., Fusco V., Futatani S., Gadariya D., Gal K., Galassi D., Galazka K., Galeani S., Gallart D., Galvao R., Gao Y., Garcia-Munoz M., Gardener M., Garzotti L., Gaspar J., Gatto R., Gaudio P., Gear D., Gebhart T., Gee S., Gelfusa M., George R., Gerasimov S. N., Gervasini G., Gethins M., Ghani Z., Gherendi M., Ghezzi F., Giacalone J. C., Giacomelli L., Giacometti G., Gibson C., Gibson K. J., Gil L., Gillgren A., Giovannozzi E., Giroud C., Glen R., Gloggler S., Goff J., Gohil P., Goloborodko V., Gomes R., Goncalves B., Goniche M., Goodyear A., Gore S., Gorini G., Gorler T., Gotts N., Goulding R., Gow E., Graham B., Graves J. 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A., Huynh P., Hynes A., Imrie D., Imrisek M., Ingleby J., Innocente P., Insulander Bjork K., Isernia N., Ivanova-Stanik I., Ivings E., Jablonski S., Jachmich S., Jackson T., Jacquet P., Jarleblad H., Jaulmes F., Rodriguez J. J., Jepu I., Joffrin E., Johnson R., Johnson T., Johnston J., Jones C., Jones G., Jones L., Jones N., Jones T., Joyce A., Juarez R., Juvonen M., Kalnina P., Kaltiaisenaho T., Kaniewski J., Kantor A., Kappatou A., Karhunen J., Karkinsky D., Kaufman M., Kaveney G., Kazantzidis V., Keeling D. L., Kelly R., Kempenaars M., Kennedy C., Kennedy D., Kent J., Khan K., Kiefer C., Kilpelainen J., Kim C., Kim H. -T., Kim S. H., King D. B., King R., Kinna D., Kiptily V. G., Kirjasuo A., Kirov K. K., Kirschner A., Kiviniemi T., Kizane G., Klas M., Klepper C., Klix A., Kneale G., Knight M., Knight P., Knights R., Knipe S., Knolker M., Knott S., Kocan M., Kochl F., Kodeli I., Kolesnichenko Y., Kominis Y., Kong M., Korovin V., Kos B., Kos D., Koslowski H. R., Kotschenreuther M., Koubiti M., Kowalska-Strzeciwilk E., Koziol K., Krasilnikov V., Kresina M., Krieger K., Krishnan N., Krivska A., Kruezi U., Ksiazek I., Kukushkin A. B., Kumpulainen H., Kurki-Suonio T., Kurotaki H., Kwak S., Kwon O. J., Laguardia L., Lagzdina E., Lahtinen A., Laing A., Lam N., Lambertz H. T., Lane B., Lane C., Lascas Neto E., Laszynska E., Lawson K. D., Lazaros A., Lazzaro E., Learoyd G., Lee C., Lee S. E., Leerink S., Leeson T., Lefebvre X., Leggate H. J., Lehmann J., Lehnen M., Leichtle D., Leipold F., Lengar I., Lennholm M., Leon Gutierrez E., Lepiavko B., Leppanen J., Lerche E., Lescinskis A., Lewis J., Leysen W., Li L., Li Y., Likonen J., Linsmeier C., Lipschultz B., Litaudon X., Litherland-Smith E., Liu F., Loarer T., Loarte A., Lobel R., Lomanowski B., Lomas P. J., Lopez J. M., Lorenzini R., Loreti S., Losada U., Loschiavo V. P., Loughlin M., Louka Z., Lovell J., Lowe T., Lowry C., Lubbad S., Luce T., Lucock R., Luna C., de la Luna E., Lungaroni M., Lungu C. P., Lunt T., Lutsenko V., Lyons B., Lyssoivan A., Machielsen M., Macusova E., Maenpaa R., Maggi C. F., Maggiora R., Magness M., Mahesan S., Maier H., Mailloux J., Maingi R., Malinowski K., Manas P., Mantica P., Mantsinen M. J., Manyer J., Manzanares A., Maquet P., Marceca G., Marchetto C., Marchuk O., Mariani A., Mariano G., Marin M., Marinelli M., Markovic T., Marocco D., Marot L., Marsden S., Marsh J., Marshall R., Martellucci L., Martin A., Martin A. J., Martone R., Maruyama S., Maslov M., Masuzaki S., Matejcik S., Mattei M., Matthews G. F., Matveev D., Matveeva E., Mauriya A., Maviglia F., Mayer M., Mayoral M. -L., Mazzotta C., McAdams R., McCarthy P. J., McClements K. G., McClenaghan J., McCullen P., McDonald D. C., McGuckin D., McHugh D., McIntyre G., McKean R., McKehon J., McMillan B., McNamee L., McShee A., Meakins A., Medley S., Meekes C. J., Meghani K., Meigs A. G., Meisl G., Meitner S., Menmuir S., Mergia K., Merriman S., Mertens P., Messiaen A., Michling R., Middleton P., Middleton-Gear D., Mietelski J., Milanesio D., Milani E., Militello F., Militello Asp A., Milnes J., Milocco A., Miloshevsky G., Minghao C., Minucci S., Miron I., Miyamoto M., Mlynar J., Moiseenko V., Monaghan P., Monakhov I., Moody T., Moon S., Mooney R., Moradi S., Morales J., Morales R. B., Mordijck S., Moreira L., Morgan L., Moro F., Morris J., Morrison K. -M., Moser L., Moulton D., Mrowetz T., Mundy T., Muraglia M., Murari A., Muraro A., Muthusonai N., N'Konga B., Na Y. -S., Nabais F., Naden M., Naish J., Naish R., Napoli F., Nardon E., Naulin V., Nave M. F. F., Nedzelskiy I., Nestoras I., Neu R., Ng S., Nicassio M., Nielsen A. H., Nina D., Nishijima D., Noble C., Nobs C. R., Nodwell D., Nordlund K., Nordman H., Normanton R., Noterdaeme J. -M., Nowak S., Nunn E., Nystrom H., Oberparleiter M., Obryk B., O'Callaghan J., Odupitan T., Oliver H. J. C., Olney R., O'Mullane M., Organ E., Orsitto F., Orszagh J., Osborne T., Otin R., Otsuka T., Owen A., Oya Y., Oyaizu M., Paccagnella R., Pace N., Packer L. W., Paige S., Pajuste E., Palade D., Pamela S. J. P., Panadero N., Panontin E., Papadopoulos A., Papp G., Papp P., Parail V. V., Pardanaud C., Parisi J., Parra Diaz F., Parsloe A., Parsons M., Parsons N., Passeri M., Patel A., Pau A., Pautasso G., Pavlichenko R., Pavone A., Pawelec E., Soldan C. P., Peacock A., Pearce M., Peluso E., Penot C., Pepperell K., Pereira R., Pereira T., Cippo E. P., Pereslavtsev P., von Thun C. P., Pericoli V., Perry D., Peterka M., Petersson P., Petravich G., Petrella N., Peyman M., Pillon M., Pinches S., Pintsuk G., de Sa W. P., dos Reis A. P., Piron C., Piron L., Pironti A., Pitts R., van de Plassche K. L., Platt N., Plyusnin V., Podesta M., Pokol G., Poli F. M., Pompilian O. G., Popovichev S., Poradzinski M., Porfiri M. T., Porkolab M., Porosnicu C., Porton M., Poulipoulis G., Predebon I., Prestopino G., Price C., Price D., Price M., Primetzhofer D., Prior P., Provatas G., Pucella G., Puglia P., Purahoo K., Pusztai I., Putignano O., Putterich T., Quercia A., Rachlew E., Radulescu G., Radulovic V., Rainford M., Raj P., Ralph G., Ramogida G., Rasmussen D., Rasmussen J. J., Ratta G., Ratynskaia S., Rebai M., Refy D., Reichle R., Reinke M., Reiser D., Reux C., Reynolds S., Richiusa M. L., Richyal S., Rigamonti D., Rimini F. G., Risner J., Riva M., Rivero-Rodriguez J., Roach C. M., Robins R., Robinson S., Robson D., Rodrigues P., Rodriguez Ramos M., Rodriguez-Fernandez P., Romanelli F., Romanelli M., Romanelli S., Romazanov J., Rossi R., Rowe S., Rowlands D., Rubel M., Rubinacci G., Rubino G., Ruchko L., Ruiz M., Ruiz J. 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C., Olney R., O'Mullane M., Organ E., Orsitto F., Orszagh J., Osborne T., Otin R., Otsuka T., Owen A., Oya Y., Oyaizu M., Paccagnella R., Pace N., Packer L. W., Paige S., Pajuste E., Palade D., Pamela S. J. P., Panadero N., Panontin E., Papadopoulos A., Papp G., Papp P., Parail V. V., Pardanaud C., Parisi J., Parra Diaz F., Parsloe A., Parsons M., Parsons N., Passeri M., Patel A., Pau A., Pautasso G., Pavlichenko R., Pavone A., Pawelec E., Soldan C. P., Peacock A., Pearce M., Peluso E., Penot C., Pepperell K., Pereira R., Pereira T., Cippo E. P., Pereslavtsev P., von Thun C. P., Pericoli V., Perry D., Peterka M., Petersson P., Petravich G., Petrella N., Peyman M., Pillon M., Pinches S., Pintsuk G., de Sa W. P., dos Reis A. P., Piron C., Piron L., Pironti A., Pitts R., van de Plassche K. L., Platt N., Plyusnin V., Podesta M., Pokol G., Poli F. M., Pompilian O. G., Popovichev S., Poradzinski M., Porfiri M. T., Porkolab M., Porosnicu C., Porton M., Poulipoulis G., Predebon I., Prestopino G., Price C., Price D., Price M., Primetzhofer D., Prior P., Provatas G., Pucella G., Puglia P., Purahoo K., Pusztai I., Putignano O., Putterich T., Quercia A., Rachlew E., Radulescu G., Radulovic V., Rainford M., Raj P., Ralph G., Ramogida G., Rasmussen D., Rasmussen J. J., Ratta G., Ratynskaia S., Rebai M., Refy D., Reichle R., Reinke M., Reiser D., Reux C., Reynolds S., Richiusa M. L., Richyal S., Rigamonti D., Rimini F. G., Risner J., Riva M., Rivero-Rodriguez J., Roach C. M., Robins R., Robinson S., Robson D., Rodrigues P., Rodriguez Ramos M., Rodriguez-Fernandez P., Romanelli F., Romanelli M., Romanelli S., Romazanov J., Rossi R., Rowe S., Rowlands D., Rubel M., Rubinacci G., Rubino G., Ruchko L., Ruiz M., Ruiz J. R., Ruset C., Rzadkiewicz J., Saarelma S., Safi E., Salewski M., Salmi A., Salmon R., Salzedas F., Sanders I., Sandiford D., Santos B., Santucci A., Sarkimaki K., Sarwar R., Sarychev I., Sauter O., Sauwan P., Scapin N., Schluck F., Schmid K., Schmuck S., Schneider M., Schneider P. A., Schworer D., Scott G., Scott M., Scraggs D., Scully S., Segato M., Seo J., Sergienko G., Sertoli M., Sharapov S. E., Shaw A., Sheikh H., Sheikh U., Shepherd A., Shigin P., Shinohara K., Shiraiwa S., Shiraki D., Short M., Sias G., Silburn S. A., Silva A., Silva C., Silva J., Silvagni D., Simfukwe D., Simpson J., Sinclair D., Sipila S. K., Sips A. C. C., Siren P., Sirinelli A., Sjostrand H., Skinner N., Slater J., Smith N., Smith P., Snell J., Snoep G., Snoj L., Snyder P., Soare S., Solano E. R., Solokha V., Somers A., Sommariva C., Soni K., Sorokovoy E., Sos M., Sousa J., Sozzi C., Spagnolo S., Spelzini T., Spineanu F., Spong D., Sprada D., Sridhar S., Srinivasan C., Stables G., Staebler G., Stamatelatos I., Staniec P., Stankunas G., Stead M., Stefanikova E., Stephen A., Stephens J., Stevenson P., Stojanov M., Strand P., Strauss H. R., Strikwerda S., Strom P., Stuart C. I., Studholme W., Subramani M., Suchkov E., Sumida S., Sun H. J., Susts T. E., Svensson J., Svoboda J., Sweeney R., Sytnykov D., Szabolics T., Tabia B., Tadic T., Tal B., Tala T., Tallargio A., Tamain P., Tan H., Tanaka K., Tang W., Tardocchi M., Taylor D., Teimane A. S., Telesca G., Teplukhina A., Terentyev D., Terra A., Terranova D., Terranova N., Testa D., Tholerus E., Thomas J., Thoren E., Thorman A., Tierens W., Tinguely R. A., Tipton A., Todd H., Tokitani M., Tolias P., Tomes M., Tookey A., Torikai Y., von Toussaint U., Tsavalas P., Tskhakaya D., Turner I., Turner M., Turner M. M., Turnyanskiy M., Tvalashvili G., Tyrrell S., Tyshchenko M., Uccello A., Udintsev V., Urbanczyk G., Vadgama A., Valcarcel D., Valisa M., Vallejos Olivares P., Vallhagen O., Valovic M., Van Eester D., Varje J., Vartanian S., Vasilopoulou T., Vayakis G., Vecsei M., Vega J., Ventre S., Verdoolaege G., Verona C., Rinati G. V., Veshchev E., Vianello N., Viezzer E., Vignitchouk L., Vila R., Villari R., Villone F., Vincenzi P., Viola B., Virtanen A. J., Vitins A., Vizvary Z., Vlad G., Vlad M., Vondracek P., de Vries P., Wakeling B., Walkden N. R., Walker M., Walker R., Walsh M., Wang E., Wang N., Warder S., Warren R., Waterhouse J., Watts C., Wauters T., Weckmann A., Wedderburn Maxwell H., Weiland M., Weisen H., Weiszflog M., Welch P., Wendler N., West A., Wheatley M., Wheeler S., Whitehead A., Whittaker D., Widdowson A., Wiesen S., Wilkinson J., Williams J. C., Willoughby D., Wilson I., Wilson J., Wilson T., Wischmeier M., Wise P., Withenshaw G., Withycombe A., Witts D., Wojcik-Gargula A., Wolfrum E., Wood R., Woodley C., Woodley R., Woods B., Wright J., Wright J. C., Xu T., Yadikin D., Yajima M., Yakovenko Y., Yang Y., Yanling W., Yanovskiy V., Young I., Young R., Zabolockis R. J., Zacks J., Zagorski R., Zaitsev F. S., Zakharov L., Zarins A., Zastrow K. -D., Zayachuk Y., Zerbini M., Zhang W., Zhou Y., Zlobinski M., Zocco A., Zohar A., Zoita V., Zoletnik S., Zotta V. K., Zoulias I., Zwingmann W., and Zychor I.
Abstract: Alpha particles with energies on the order of megaelectronvolts will be the main source of plasma heating in future magnetic confinement fusion reactors. Instead of heating fuel ions, most of the energy of alpha particles is transferred to electrons in the plasma. Furthermore, alpha particles can also excite Alfvénic instabilities, which were previously considered to be detrimental to the performance of the fusion device. Here we report improved thermal ion confinement in the presence of megaelectronvolts ions and strong fast ion-driven Alfvénic instabilities in recent experiments on the Joint European Torus. Detailed transport analysis of these experiments reveals turbulence suppression through a complex multi-scale mechanism that generates large-scale zonal flows. This holds promise for more economical operation of fusion reactors with dominant alpha particle heating and ultimately cheaper fusion electricity.
Published: 2022

25. Investigation of the dependence of pe,ped on ne,sep in JET H-Mode plasmas using integrated JETTO-MISHKA-FRANTIC simulations

Author: Simpson, J., primary, Moulton, D., additional, Giroud, C., additional, Groth, M., additional, Horvath, L., additional, Casson, F.J., additional, Kochl, F., additional, Frassinetti, L., additional, Corrigan, G., additional, Saarelma, S., additional, Garzotti, L., additional, Gahle, D.S., additional, and Chankin, A., additional
Published: 2023
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26. Characterisation of divertor detachment onset in JET-ILW hydrogen, deuterium, tritium and deuterium–tritium low-confinement mode plasmas

Author: Groth, M., primary, Solokha, V., additional, Aleiferis, S., additional, Brezinsek, S., additional, Brix, M., additional, Carvalho, I.S., additional, Carvalho, P., additional, Corrigan, G., additional, Harting, D., additional, Horsten, N., additional, Jepu, I., additional, Karhunen, J., additional, Kirov, K., additional, Lomanowski, B., additional, Lawson, K.D., additional, Lowry, C., additional, Meigs, A.G., additional, Menmuir, S., additional, Pawelec, E., additional, Pereira, T., additional, Shaw, A., additional, Silburn, S., additional, Thomas, B., additional, Wiesen, S., additional, Börner, P., additional, Borodin, D., additional, Jachmich, S., additional, Reiter, D., additional, Sergienko, G., additional, Stancar, Z., additional, Viola, B., additional, Beaumont, P., additional, Bernardo, J., additional, Coffey, I., additional, Conway, N.J., additional, de la Luna, E., additional, Douai, D., additional, Giroud, C., additional, Hillesheim, J., additional, Horvath, L., additional, Huber, A., additional, Lomas, P., additional, Maggi, C.F., additional, Maslov, M., additional, Perez von Thun, C., additional, Scully, S., additional, Vianello, N., additional, and Wischmeier, M., additional
Published: 2023
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27. Prospects of core–edge integrated no-ELM and small-ELM scenarios for future fusion devices

Author: Viezzer, E., primary, Austin, M.E., additional, Bernert, M., additional, Burrell, K.H., additional, Cano-Megias, P., additional, Chen, X., additional, Cruz-Zabala, D.J., additional, Coda, S., additional, Faitsch, M., additional, Février, O., additional, Gil, L., additional, Giroud, C., additional, Happel, T., additional, Harrer, G.F., additional, Hubbard, A.E., additional, Hughes, J.W., additional, Kallenbach, A., additional, Labit, B., additional, Merle, A., additional, Meyer, H., additional, Paz-Soldan, C., additional, Oyola, P., additional, Sauter, O., additional, Siccinio, M., additional, Silvagni, D., additional, and Solano, E.R., additional
Published: 2023
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28. The JET hybrid scenario in Deuterium, Tritium and Deuterium-Tritium

Author: Hobirk, J., Challis, C. D., Kappatou, A., Lerche, E., Keeling, D., King, D., Aleiferis, S., Alessi, E., Angioni, C., Auriemma, F., Baruzzo, M., Belonohy, E., Bernardo, J., Boboc, A., Carvalho, I. S., Carvalho, P., Casson, F. J., Chomiczewska, A., Citrin, J., Coffey, I. H., Conway, N. J., Douai, D., Delabie, E., Eriksson, Benjamin, Eriksson, Jacob, Ficker, O., Field, A. R., Fontana, M., Fontdecaba, J. M., Frassinetti, L., Frigione, D., Gallart, D., Garcia, J., Gelfusa, M., Ghani, Z., Giacomelli, L., Giovannozzi, E., Giroud, C., Goniche, M., Gromelski, W., Hacquin, S., Ham, C., Hawkes, N. C., Henriques, R. B., Hillesheim, J. C., Ho, A., Horvath, L., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Jacquet, P., Jaulmes, F., Joffrin, E., Kim, H. T., Kiptily, V., Kirov, K., Kos, D., Kowalska-Strzeciwilk, E., Kumpulainen, H., Lawson, K., Lennholm, M., Litaudon, X., Litherland-Smith, E., Lomas, P. J., de la Luna, E., Maggi, C. F., Mailloux, J., Mantsinen, M. J., Maslov, M., Matthews, G., Mcclements, K. G., Meigs, A. G., Menmuir, S., Milocco, A., Miron, I. G., Moradi, S., Morales, R. B., Nowak, S., Orsitto, F., Patel, A., Piron, L., Prince, C., Pucella, G., Peluso, E., von Thun, C. Perez, Rachlew, E., Reux, C., Rimini, F., Saarelma, S., Schneider, P. A., Scully, S., Sertoli, M., Sharapov, S., Shaw, A., Silburn, S., Sips, A., Siren, P., Sozzi, C., Solano, E. R., Stancar, Z., Stankunas, G., Stuart, C., Sun, H. J., Szepesi, G., Valcarcel, D., Valisa, M., Verdoolaege, G., Viola, B., Wendler, N., Zerbini, M., Hobirk, J., Challis, C. D., Kappatou, A., Lerche, E., Keeling, D., King, D., Aleiferis, S., Alessi, E., Angioni, C., Auriemma, F., Baruzzo, M., Belonohy, E., Bernardo, J., Boboc, A., Carvalho, I. S., Carvalho, P., Casson, F. J., Chomiczewska, A., Citrin, J., Coffey, I. H., Conway, N. J., Douai, D., Delabie, E., Eriksson, Benjamin, Eriksson, Jacob, Ficker, O., Field, A. R., Fontana, M., Fontdecaba, J. M., Frassinetti, L., Frigione, D., Gallart, D., Garcia, J., Gelfusa, M., Ghani, Z., Giacomelli, L., Giovannozzi, E., Giroud, C., Goniche, M., Gromelski, W., Hacquin, S., Ham, C., Hawkes, N. C., Henriques, R. B., Hillesheim, J. C., Ho, A., Horvath, L., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Jacquet, P., Jaulmes, F., Joffrin, E., Kim, H. T., Kiptily, V., Kirov, K., Kos, D., Kowalska-Strzeciwilk, E., Kumpulainen, H., Lawson, K., Lennholm, M., Litaudon, X., Litherland-Smith, E., Lomas, P. J., de la Luna, E., Maggi, C. F., Mailloux, J., Mantsinen, M. J., Maslov, M., Matthews, G., Mcclements, K. G., Meigs, A. G., Menmuir, S., Milocco, A., Miron, I. G., Moradi, S., Morales, R. B., Nowak, S., Orsitto, F., Patel, A., Piron, L., Prince, C., Pucella, G., Peluso, E., von Thun, C. Perez, Rachlew, E., Reux, C., Rimini, F., Saarelma, S., Schneider, P. A., Scully, S., Sertoli, M., Sharapov, S., Shaw, A., Silburn, S., Sips, A., Siren, P., Sozzi, C., Solano, E. R., Stancar, Z., Stankunas, G., Stuart, C., Sun, H. J., Szepesi, G., Valcarcel, D., Valisa, M., Verdoolaege, G., Viola, B., Wendler, N., and Zerbini, M.
Abstract: The JET hybrid scenario has been developed from low plasma current carbon wall discharges to the record-breaking Deuterium-Tritium plasmas obtained in 2021 with the ITER-like Be/W wall. The development started in pure Deuterium with refinement of the plasma current, and toroidal magnetic field choices and succeeded in solving the heat load challenges arising from 37 MW of injected power in the ITER like wall environment, keeping the radiation in the edge and core controlled, avoiding MHD instabilities and reaching high neutron rates. The Deuterium hybrid plasmas have been re-run in Tritium and methods have been found to keep the radiation controlled but not at high fusion performance probably due to time constraints. For the first time this scenario has been run in Deuterium-Tritium (50:50). These plasmas were re-optimised to have a radiation-stable H-mode entry phase, good impurity control through edge Ti gradient screening and optimised performance with fusion power exceeding 10 MW for longer than three alpha particle slow down times, 8.3 MW averaged over 5 s and fusion energy of 45.8 MJ.
Published: 2023
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29. Experiments in high-performance JET plasmas in preparation of second harmonic ICRF heating of tritium in ITER

Author: Mantsinen, M. J., Jacquet, P., Lerche, E., Gallart, D., Kirov, K., Mantica, P., Taylor, D., Van Eester, D., Baruzzo, M., Carvalho, I., Challis, C. D., Dal Molin, A., Delabie, E., de la Luna, E., Dumont, R., Dumortier, P., Eriksson, Jacob, Frigione, D., Garcia, J., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Henriques, R., Hobirk, J., Kappatou, A., Kazakov, Y., Keeling, D., King, D., Kiptily, V., Lennholm, M., Lomas, P., Lowry, C., Maggi, C. F., Mailloux, J., Maslov, M., Menmuir, S., Monakhov, I., Morales, R. B., Noble, C., Nocente, M., Patel, A., Pucella, G., Reux, C., Rigamonti, D., Rimini, F., Sheikh, A., Silburn, S., Siren, P., Solano, E. R., Stancar, Z., Tardocchi, M., Mantsinen, M. J., Jacquet, P., Lerche, E., Gallart, D., Kirov, K., Mantica, P., Taylor, D., Van Eester, D., Baruzzo, M., Carvalho, I., Challis, C. D., Dal Molin, A., Delabie, E., de la Luna, E., Dumont, R., Dumortier, P., Eriksson, Jacob, Frigione, D., Garcia, J., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Henriques, R., Hobirk, J., Kappatou, A., Kazakov, Y., Keeling, D., King, D., Kiptily, V., Lennholm, M., Lomas, P., Lowry, C., Maggi, C. F., Mailloux, J., Maslov, M., Menmuir, S., Monakhov, I., Morales, R. B., Noble, C., Nocente, M., Patel, A., Pucella, G., Reux, C., Rigamonti, D., Rimini, F., Sheikh, A., Silburn, S., Siren, P., Solano, E. R., Stancar, Z., and Tardocchi, M.
Abstract: The reference ion cyclotron resonance frequency (ICRF) heating schemes for ITER deuterium-tritium (D-T) plasmas at the full magnetic field of 5.3 T are second harmonic heating of T and 3He minority heating. The wave-particle resonance location for these schemes coincide and are central at a wave frequency of 53 MHz at 5.3 T. Experiments have been carried out in the second major D-T campaign (DTE2) at JET, and in its prior D campaigns, to integrate these ICRF scenarios in JET high-performance plasmas and to compare their performance with the commonly used hydrogen (H) minority heating. In 50:50 D:T plasmas, up to 35% and 5% larger fusion power and diamagnetic energy content, respectively, were obtained with second harmonic heating of T as compared to H minority heating at comparable total input powers and gas injection rates. The core ion temperature was up to 30% and 20% higher with second harmonic T and 3He minority heating, respectively, with respect to H minority heating. These are favourable results for the use of these scenarios in ITER and future fusion reactors. According to modelling, adding ICRF heating to neutral beam injection using D and T beams resulted in a 10%-20% increase of on-axis bulk ion heating in the D-T plasmas due to its localisation in the plasma core. Central power deposition was confirmed with the break-in-slope and fast Fourier transform analysis of ion and electron temperature in response to ICRF modulation. The tail temperature of fast ICRF-accelerated tritons, their enhancement of the fusion yield and time behaviour as measured by an upgraded magnetic proton recoil spectrometer and neutral particle analyser were found in agreement with theoretical predictions. No losses of ICRF-accelerated ions were observed by fast ion detectors, which was as expected given the high plasma density of n e approximate to 7-8 x 1019 m-3 in the main heating phase that limited the formation of ICRF-accelerated fast ion tails. 3He was introduced in the mach
Published: 2023
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30. Overview of interpretive modelling of fusion performance in JET DTE2 discharges with TRANSP

Author: Stancar, Z, Kirov, K, Auriemma, F, Kim, H, Poradzinski, M, Sharma, R, Lorenzini, R, Ghani, Z, Gorelenkova, M, Poli, F, Boboc, A, Brezinsek, S, Carvalho, P, Casson, F, Challis, C, Delabie, E, Van Eester, D, Fitzgerald, M, Fontdecaba, J, Gallart, D, Garcia, J, Garzotti, L, Giroud, C, Kappatou, A, Kazakov, Y, King, D, Kiptily, V, Kos, D, Lerche, E, Litherland-Smith, E, Maggi, C, Mantica, P, Mantsinen, M, Maslov, M, Menmuir, S, Nocente, M, Oliver, H, Sharapov, S, Sirén, P, Solano, E, Sun, H, Szepesi, G, Kirov, KK, Kim, HT, Casson, FJ, Challis, CD, Fontdecaba, JM, Kazakov, YO, King, DB, Kiptily, VG, Maggi, CF, Mantsinen, MJ, Oliver, HJC, Sharapov, SE, Solano, ER, Stancar, Z, Kirov, K, Auriemma, F, Kim, H, Poradzinski, M, Sharma, R, Lorenzini, R, Ghani, Z, Gorelenkova, M, Poli, F, Boboc, A, Brezinsek, S, Carvalho, P, Casson, F, Challis, C, Delabie, E, Van Eester, D, Fitzgerald, M, Fontdecaba, J, Gallart, D, Garcia, J, Garzotti, L, Giroud, C, Kappatou, A, Kazakov, Y, King, D, Kiptily, V, Kos, D, Lerche, E, Litherland-Smith, E, Maggi, C, Mantica, P, Mantsinen, M, Maslov, M, Menmuir, S, Nocente, M, Oliver, H, Sharapov, S, Sirén, P, Solano, E, Sun, H, Szepesi, G, Kirov, KK, Kim, HT, Casson, FJ, Challis, CD, Fontdecaba, JM, Kazakov, YO, King, DB, Kiptily, VG, Maggi, CF, Mantsinen, MJ, Oliver, HJC, Sharapov, SE, and Solano, ER
Abstract: In the paper we present an overview of interpretive modelling of a database of JET-ILW 2021 D-T discharges using the TRANSP code. The main aim is to assess our capability of computationally reproducing the fusion performance of various D-T plasma scenarios using different external heating and D-T mixtures, and to understand the performance driving mechanisms. We find that interpretive simulations confirm a general power-law relationship between increasing external heating power and fusion output, which is supported by absolutely calibrated neutron yield measurements. A comparison of measured and computed D-T neutron rates shows that the calculations' discrepancy depends on the absolute neutron yield. The calculations are found to agree well with measurements for higher performing discharges with external heating power above similar to 20 MW , while low-neutron shots display an average discrepancy of around +40% compared to measured neutron yields. A similar trend is found for the ratio between thermal and beam-target fusion, where larger discrepancies are seen in shots with dominant beam-driven performance. We compare the observations to studies of JET-ILW D discharges, to find that on average the fusion performance is well modelled over a range of heating power, although an increased unsystematic deviation for lower-performing shots is observed. The ratio between thermal and beam-induced D-T fusion is found to be increasing weakly with growing external heating power, with a maximum value of greater than or similar to 1 achieved in a baseline scenario experiment. An evaluation of the fusion power computational uncertainty shows a strong dependence on the plasma scenario type and fusion drive characteristics, varying between +/- 25% and 35%. D-T fusion alpha simulations show that the ratio between volume-integrated electron and ion heating from alphas is less than or similar to 10 for the majority of analysed discharges. Alphas are computed to contribute between simi
Published: 2023

31. Experiments in high-performance JET plasmas in preparation of second harmonic ICRF heating of tritium in ITER

Author: Mantsinen, M, Jacquet, P, Lerche, E, Gallart, D, Kirov, K, Mantica, P, Taylor, D, Van Eester, D, Baruzzo, M, Carvalho, I, Challis, C, Dal Molin, A, Delabie, E, de la Luna, E, Dumont, R, Dumortier, P, Eriksson, J, Frigione, D, Garcia, J, Garzotti, L, Giroud, C, Henriques, R, Hobirk, J, Kappatou, A, Kazakov, Y, Keeling, D, King, D, Kiptily, V, Lennholm, M, Lomas, P, Lowry, C, Maggi, C, Mailloux, J, Maslov, M, Menmuir, S, Monakhov, I, Morales, R, Noble, C, Nocente, M, Patel, A, Pucella, G, Reux, C, Rigamonti, D, Rimini, F, Sheikh, A, Silburn, S, Siren, P, Solano, E, Stancar, Z, Tardocchi, M, Mantsinen, MJ, Challis, CD, Maggi, CF, Morales, RB, Solano, ER, Mantsinen, M, Jacquet, P, Lerche, E, Gallart, D, Kirov, K, Mantica, P, Taylor, D, Van Eester, D, Baruzzo, M, Carvalho, I, Challis, C, Dal Molin, A, Delabie, E, de la Luna, E, Dumont, R, Dumortier, P, Eriksson, J, Frigione, D, Garcia, J, Garzotti, L, Giroud, C, Henriques, R, Hobirk, J, Kappatou, A, Kazakov, Y, Keeling, D, King, D, Kiptily, V, Lennholm, M, Lomas, P, Lowry, C, Maggi, C, Mailloux, J, Maslov, M, Menmuir, S, Monakhov, I, Morales, R, Noble, C, Nocente, M, Patel, A, Pucella, G, Reux, C, Rigamonti, D, Rimini, F, Sheikh, A, Silburn, S, Siren, P, Solano, E, Stancar, Z, Tardocchi, M, Mantsinen, MJ, Challis, CD, Maggi, CF, Morales, RB, and Solano, ER
Abstract: The reference ion cyclotron resonance frequency (ICRF) heating schemes for ITER deuterium-tritium (D-T) plasmas at the full magnetic field of 5.3 T are second harmonic heating of T and 3He minority heating. The wave-particle resonance location for these schemes coincide and are central at a wave frequency of 53 MHz at 5.3 T. Experiments have been carried out in the second major D-T campaign (DTE2) at JET, and in its prior D campaigns, to integrate these ICRF scenarios in JET high-performance plasmas and to compare their performance with the commonly used hydrogen (H) minority heating. In 50:50 D:T plasmas, up to 35% and 5% larger fusion power and diamagnetic energy content, respectively, were obtained with second harmonic heating of T as compared to H minority heating at comparable total input powers and gas injection rates. The core ion temperature was up to 30% and 20% higher with second harmonic T and 3He minority heating, respectively, with respect to H minority heating. These are favourable results for the use of these scenarios in ITER and future fusion reactors. According to modelling, adding ICRF heating to neutral beam injection using D and T beams resulted in a 10%-20% increase of on-axis bulk ion heating in the D-T plasmas due to its localisation in the plasma core. Central power deposition was confirmed with the break-in-slope and fast Fourier transform analysis of ion and electron temperature in response to ICRF modulation. The tail temperature of fast ICRF-accelerated tritons, their enhancement of the fusion yield and time behaviour as measured by an upgraded magnetic proton recoil spectrometer and neutral particle analyser were found in agreement with theoretical predictions. No losses of ICRF-accelerated ions were observed by fast ion detectors, which was as expected given the high plasma density of n e ≈ 7-8 × 1019 m−3 in the main heating phase that limited the formation of ICRF-accelerated fast ion tails. 3He was introduced in the machine by 3He ga
Published: 2023

32. Investigation of the dependence of p(e,ped) on n(e,sep) in JET H-Mode plasmas using integrated JETTO-MISHKA-FRANTIC simulations

Author: Simpson, J., Moulton, D., Giroud, C., Groth, M., Horvath, L., Casson, F. J., Kochl, F., Frassinetti, Lorenzo, Corrigan, G., Saarelma, S., Garzotti, L., Gahle, D. S., Chankin, A., Simpson, J., Moulton, D., Giroud, C., Groth, M., Horvath, L., Casson, F. J., Kochl, F., Frassinetti, Lorenzo, Corrigan, G., Saarelma, S., Garzotti, L., Gahle, D. S., and Chankin, A.
Abstract: Experimentally, it has been observed in high-confinement (H-Mode) plasmas with Edge Localised Modes (ELMs) on JET that the pressure pedestal (p(e,ped)) is degraded by approximately a factor of two when there is a change in electron separatrix density, n(e,sep), from 1 - 4 x 10(19) m(-3). Previous work using the pedestal stability code EUROPED, has been able to predict the degradation of p(e,ped) but only for n(e,sep) = 1.5 x 10(19) m(-3). In this work, we apply a coupled code JETTO-MISHKA-FRANTIC, to self-consistently predict the transport in the pedestal region and neutral source with varying separatrix conditions. The code feeds back on the transport in the pedestal region to achieve profiles that are marginally stable to ideal MHD modes (continuous ELM model in JETTO). When accounting for the change in electron separatrix temperature (T-e,T-sep), ion separatrix temperature (T-e,T-sep) and the poloidally integrated neutral flux crossing the separatrix (Gamma(sep,neui)) as it changes with n(e,sep) (according to a scan in n(e,sep) in the edge code EDGE2D-EIRENE), no degradation in p(e,ped) was observed in JETTO-MISHKA-FRANTIC in contrast to experiment. Instead, an increase in p(e,ped) with n(e,sep) was observed which is driven by an increasing density pedestal (n(e,ped)). Within the presented JETTO-MISHKA-FRANTIC simulations, changing the pedestal width by a factor of two and a half in normalised poloidal flux (psi(n)) resulted in an approximately 40% degradation in p(e,ped) for n(e,sep) = 1 - 3 x 10(19) m(-3). This change in pedestal width was not supported by experimental data. A scan in the ratio of particle and energy transport in the pedestal (D/chi) was found to have a negligible effect on p(e,ped). Qualitative agreement between JETTO-MISHKA-FRANTIC with EUROPED was found when the input density profiles are identical., QC 20230613
Published: 2023
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33. Open science discovery of potent noncovalent SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors.

Author: Boby, M.L., Fearon, D., Ferla, M., Filep, M., Koekemoer, L., Robinson, M.C., Chodera, J.D., Lee, A.A., London, N., Delft, A. von, Delft, F. von, Achdout, H., Aimon, A., Alonzi, D.S., Arbon, R., Aschenbrenner, J.C., Balcomb, B.H., Bar-David, E., Barr, H., Ben-Shmuel, A., Bennett, J., Bilenko, V.A., Borden, B., Boulet, P., Bowman, G.R., Brewitz, L., Brun, J., Bvnbs, S., Calmiano, M., Carbery, A., Carney, D.W., Cattermole, E., Chang, E., Chernyshenko, E., Clyde, A., Coffland, J.E., Cohen, G., Cole, J.C., Contini, A., Cox, L., Croll, T.I., Cvitkovic, M., Jonghe, S. De, Dias, A., Donckers, K., Dotson, D.L., Douangamath, A., Duberstein, S., Dudgeon, T., Dunnett, L.E., Eastman, P., Erez, N., Eyermann, C.J., Fairhead, M., Fate, G., Fedorov, O., Fernandes, R.S., Ferrins, L., Foster, R., Foster, H., Fraisse, L., Gabizon, R., García-Sastre, A., Gawriljuk, V.O., Gehrtz, P., Gileadi, C., Giroud, C., Glass, W.G., Glen, R.C., Glinert, I., Godoy, A.S., Gorichko, M., Gorrie-Stone, T., Griffen, E.J., Haneef, A., Hassell Hart, S, Heer, J., Henry, M., Hill, M., Horrell, S., Huang, Q.Y.J., Huliak, V.D., Hurley, M.F.D., Israely, T., Jajack, A., Jansen, J, Jnoff, E., Jochmans, D., John, T., Kaminow, B., Kang, L., Kantsadi, A.L., Kenny, P.W., Kiappes, J.L., Kinakh, S.O., Kovar, B., Krojer, T., La, V.N.T., Laghnimi-Hahn, S., Lefker, B.A., Levy, H., Lithgo, R.M., Logvinenko, I.G., Lukacik, P., Macdonald, H.B., MacLean, E.M., Makower, L.L., Malla, T.R., Marples, P.G., Matviiuk, T., McCorkindale, W., McGovern, B.L., Melamed, S., Melnykov, K.P., Michurin, O., Miesen, P., Mikolajek, H., Milne, B.F., Minh, D., Morris, A., Morris, G.M., Morwitzer, M.J., Moustakas, D., Mowbray, C.E., Nakamura, A.M., Neto, J.B., Neyts, J., Nguyen, L, Noske, G.D., Oleinikovas, V., Oliva, G., Overheul, G.J., Owen, C.D., Pai, R., Pan, J., Paran, N., Payne, A.M., Perry, B., Pingle, M., Pinjari, J., Politi, B., Powell, A., Pšenák, V., Pulido, I., Puni, R., Rangel, V.L., Reddi, R.N., Rees, P., Reid, S.P., Reid, L., Resnick, E., Ripka, E.G., Robinson, R.P., Rodriguez-Guerra, J., Rosales, R., Rufa, D.A., Saar, K., Saikatendu, K.S., Salah, E., Schaller, D., Scheen, J., Schiffer, C.A., Schofield, C.J., Shafeev, M., Shaikh, A., Shaqra, A.M., Shi, J., Shurrush, K., Singh, S., Sittner, A., Sjö, P., Skyner, R., Smalley, A., Smeets, B., Smilova, M.D., Solmesky, L.J., Spencer, J., Strain-Damerell, C., Swamy, V., Tamir, H., Taylor, J.C., Tennant, R.E., Thompson, W., Thompson, A., Tomásio, S., Tomlinson, C.W.E., Tsurupa, I.S., Tumber, A., Vakonakis, I., Rij, R.P. van, Vangeel, L., Varghese, F.S., Vaschetto, M., Vitner, E.B., Voelz, V., Volkamer, A., Walsh, M.A., Ward, W., Weatherall, C., Weiss, S., White, K.M., Wild, C.F., Witt, K.D., Wittmann, M., Wright, N., Yahalom-Ronen, Y., Yilmaz, N.K., Zaidmann, D., Zhang, I., Zidane, H., Zitzmann, N., Zvornicanin, S.N., Boby, M.L., Fearon, D., Ferla, M., Filep, M., Koekemoer, L., Robinson, M.C., Chodera, J.D., Lee, A.A., London, N., Delft, A. von, Delft, F. von, Achdout, H., Aimon, A., Alonzi, D.S., Arbon, R., Aschenbrenner, J.C., Balcomb, B.H., Bar-David, E., Barr, H., Ben-Shmuel, A., Bennett, J., Bilenko, V.A., Borden, B., Boulet, P., Bowman, G.R., Brewitz, L., Brun, J., Bvnbs, S., Calmiano, M., Carbery, A., Carney, D.W., Cattermole, E., Chang, E., Chernyshenko, E., Clyde, A., Coffland, J.E., Cohen, G., Cole, J.C., Contini, A., Cox, L., Croll, T.I., Cvitkovic, M., Jonghe, S. De, Dias, A., Donckers, K., Dotson, D.L., Douangamath, A., Duberstein, S., Dudgeon, T., Dunnett, L.E., Eastman, P., Erez, N., Eyermann, C.J., Fairhead, M., Fate, G., Fedorov, O., Fernandes, R.S., Ferrins, L., Foster, R., Foster, H., Fraisse, L., Gabizon, R., García-Sastre, A., Gawriljuk, V.O., Gehrtz, P., Gileadi, C., Giroud, C., Glass, W.G., Glen, R.C., Glinert, I., Godoy, A.S., Gorichko, M., Gorrie-Stone, T., Griffen, E.J., Haneef, A., Hassell Hart, S, Heer, J., Henry, M., Hill, M., Horrell, S., Huang, Q.Y.J., Huliak, V.D., Hurley, M.F.D., Israely, T., Jajack, A., Jansen, J, Jnoff, E., Jochmans, D., John, T., Kaminow, B., Kang, L., Kantsadi, A.L., Kenny, P.W., Kiappes, J.L., Kinakh, S.O., Kovar, B., Krojer, T., La, V.N.T., Laghnimi-Hahn, S., Lefker, B.A., Levy, H., Lithgo, R.M., Logvinenko, I.G., Lukacik, P., Macdonald, H.B., MacLean, E.M., Makower, L.L., Malla, T.R., Marples, P.G., Matviiuk, T., McCorkindale, W., McGovern, B.L., Melamed, S., Melnykov, K.P., Michurin, O., Miesen, P., Mikolajek, H., Milne, B.F., Minh, D., Morris, A., Morris, G.M., Morwitzer, M.J., Moustakas, D., Mowbray, C.E., Nakamura, A.M., Neto, J.B., Neyts, J., Nguyen, L, Noske, G.D., Oleinikovas, V., Oliva, G., Overheul, G.J., Owen, C.D., Pai, R., Pan, J., Paran, N., Payne, A.M., Perry, B., Pingle, M., Pinjari, J., Politi, B., Powell, A., Pšenák, V., Pulido, I., Puni, R., Rangel, V.L., Reddi, R.N., Rees, P., Reid, S.P., Reid, L., Resnick, E., Ripka, E.G., Robinson, R.P., Rodriguez-Guerra, J., Rosales, R., Rufa, D.A., Saar, K., Saikatendu, K.S., Salah, E., Schaller, D., Scheen, J., Schiffer, C.A., Schofield, C.J., Shafeev, M., Shaikh, A., Shaqra, A.M., Shi, J., Shurrush, K., Singh, S., Sittner, A., Sjö, P., Skyner, R., Smalley, A., Smeets, B., Smilova, M.D., Solmesky, L.J., Spencer, J., Strain-Damerell, C., Swamy, V., Tamir, H., Taylor, J.C., Tennant, R.E., Thompson, W., Thompson, A., Tomásio, S., Tomlinson, C.W.E., Tsurupa, I.S., Tumber, A., Vakonakis, I., Rij, R.P. van, Vangeel, L., Varghese, F.S., Vaschetto, M., Vitner, E.B., Voelz, V., Volkamer, A., Walsh, M.A., Ward, W., Weatherall, C., Weiss, S., White, K.M., Wild, C.F., Witt, K.D., Wittmann, M., Wright, N., Yahalom-Ronen, Y., Yilmaz, N.K., Zaidmann, D., Zhang, I., Zidane, H., Zitzmann, N., and Zvornicanin, S.N.
Abstract: Item does not contain fulltext, We report the results of the COVID Moonshot, a fully open-science, crowdsourced, and structure-enabled drug discovery campaign targeting the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease. We discovered a noncovalent, nonpeptidic inhibitor scaffold with lead-like properties that is differentiated from current main protease inhibitors. Our approach leveraged crowdsourcing, machine learning, exascale molecular simulations, and high-throughput structural biology and chemistry. We generated a detailed map of the structural plasticity of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease, extensive structure-activity relationships for multiple chemotypes, and a wealth of biochemical activity data. All compound designs (>18,000 designs), crystallographic data (>490 ligand-bound x-ray structures), assay data (>10,000 measurements), and synthesized molecules (>2400 compounds) for this campaign were shared rapidly and openly, creating a rich, open, and intellectual property-free knowledge base for future anticoronavirus drug discovery.
Published: 2023

34. L-H transition studies in tritium and deuterium-tritium campaigns at JET with Be wall and W divertor

Author: Solano, E., Birkenmeier, G., Silva, C., Delabie, E., Hillesheim, J., Baciero, A., Balboa, I., Baruzzo, M., Boboc, A., Brix, M., Bernardo, J., Bourdelle, C., Carvalho, I., Carvalho, P., Challis, C., Chernyshova, M., Chomiczewska, A., Coelho, R., Coffey, I., Craciunescu, T., de la Cal, E., de la Luna, E., Dumont, R., Dumortier, P., Fontana, M., Fontdecaba, J., Frassinetti, L., Gallart, D., Garcia, J., Giroud, C., Gromelski, W., Henriques, R., Hall, J., Ho, A., Horton, L.D., Horvath, L., Jacquet, P., Jepu, I., Joffrin, E., Kappatou, A., Keeling, D., King, D., Kiptily, V., Kirov, K., Kos, D., Kowalska-Strzęciwilk, E., Lennholm, M., Lerche, E., Litherland-Smith, E., Loarte, A., Lomanowski, B., Lomas, P.J., Maggi, C.F., Mailloux, J., Mantsinen, M.J., Maslov, M., Meigs, A.G., Monakhov, I., Morales, R.B., Nielsen, Anders Henry, Nina, D., Noble, C., Pawelec, E., Poradzinski, M., Pucella, Gianluca, Puglia, P., Réfy, D., Rasmussen, Jens Juul, Righi, E., Rimini, F.G., Robinson, T., Sertoli, M., Silburn, S. A., Sips, G., Sirén, P., Štancar, Žiga, Sun, H. J., Szepesi, G., Taylor, D., Tholerus, E., Thomas, Beth, Verdoolaege, G., Vincenzi, P., Viola, Bruno, Vianello, N, Wilson, Thomas, Solano, E., Birkenmeier, G., Silva, C., Delabie, E., Hillesheim, J., Baciero, A., Balboa, I., Baruzzo, M., Boboc, A., Brix, M., Bernardo, J., Bourdelle, C., Carvalho, I., Carvalho, P., Challis, C., Chernyshova, M., Chomiczewska, A., Coelho, R., Coffey, I., Craciunescu, T., de la Cal, E., de la Luna, E., Dumont, R., Dumortier, P., Fontana, M., Fontdecaba, J., Frassinetti, L., Gallart, D., Garcia, J., Giroud, C., Gromelski, W., Henriques, R., Hall, J., Ho, A., Horton, L.D., Horvath, L., Jacquet, P., Jepu, I., Joffrin, E., Kappatou, A., Keeling, D., King, D., Kiptily, V., Kirov, K., Kos, D., Kowalska-Strzęciwilk, E., Lennholm, M., Lerche, E., Litherland-Smith, E., Loarte, A., Lomanowski, B., Lomas, P.J., Maggi, C.F., Mailloux, J., Mantsinen, M.J., Maslov, M., Meigs, A.G., Monakhov, I., Morales, R.B., Nielsen, Anders Henry, Nina, D., Noble, C., Pawelec, E., Poradzinski, M., Pucella, Gianluca, Puglia, P., Réfy, D., Rasmussen, Jens Juul, Righi, E., Rimini, F.G., Robinson, T., Sertoli, M., Silburn, S. A., Sips, G., Sirén, P., Štancar, Žiga, Sun, H. J., Szepesi, G., Taylor, D., Tholerus, E., Thomas, Beth, Verdoolaege, G., Vincenzi, P., Viola, Bruno, Vianello, N, and Wilson, Thomas
Abstract: The recent deuterium-tritium campaign in JET-ILW (DTE2) has provided a unique opportunity to study the isotope dependence of the L-H power threshold in an ITER-like wall environment (Be wall and W divertor). Here we present results from dedicated L-H transition experiments at JET-ILW, documenting the power threshold in tritium and deuterium-tritium plasmas, comparing them with the matching deuterium and hydrogen datasets. From earlier experiments in JET-ILW it is known that as plasma isotopic composition changes from deuterium, through varying deuterium/hydrogen concentrations, to pure hydrogen, the value of the line averaged density at which the threshold is minimum, n̄e,min, increases, leading us to expect that n̄e,min(T) < n̄e,min(DT) < n̄e,min(D) < n̄e,min(H). The new power threshold data confirms these expectations in most cases, with the corresponding ordering of the minimum power thresholds. We present a comparison of this data to power threshold scalings, used for extrapolation to future devices such as ITER and DEMO.
Published: 2023

35. Integrated modelling of neon impact on JET H-mode core plasmas

Author: Marin, M., Citrin, J., Giroud, C., Bourdelle, C., Camenen, Y., Garzotti, L., Ho, A., Sertoli, M., Marin, M., Citrin, J., Giroud, C., Bourdelle, C., Camenen, Y., Garzotti, L., Ho, A., and Sertoli, M.
Abstract: Nuclear fusion reactor plasmas will need to exhaust a significant proportion of energy flux through radiative processes, to enable acceptable divertor loads. This can be obtained by line radiation from impurities, injected from the plasma edge. There are however limitations on the sustainable impurity content, since radiation from the core can lead to a deleterious electron heat sink. Moreover, dilution of the main ions reduces the available fuel. Simultaneously, impurities have an impact on the turbulent transport, both by dilution and by changes in the effective charge. Recent experiments at JET point towards an improvement in plasma confinement in neon seeded discharges with respect to purer equivalent plasmas. In this paper the impact of the impurities on the confinement is studied, isolating various effects. First-principle-based integrated modelling with the QuaLiKiz quasilinear turbulent transport model explains the improvement by a combination of higher pedestal temperature, increased rotation shear, and impurity-induced microturbulence stabilization. These results are optimistic with respect to the maximum impurity levels allowed in ITER and future reactors. Comparison between QuaLiKiz and higher fidelity gyrokinetics has exposed issues with QuaLiKiz impurity peaking predictions with rotation.
Published: 2023

36. Characterisation of divertor detachment onset in JET-ILW hydrogen, deuterium, tritium and deuterium–tritium low-confinement mode plasmas

Author: Groth, M., Solokha, V., Aleiferis, S., Brezinsek, S., Brix, M., Carvalho, I. S., Carvalho, P., Corrigan, G., Harting, D., Horsten, N., Jepu, I., Karhunen, J., Kirov, K., Lomanowski, B., Lawson, K. D., Lowry, C., Meigs, A. G., Menmuir, S., Pawelec, E., Pereira, T., Shaw, A., Silburn, S., Thomas, B., Wiesen, S., Börner, P., Borodin, D., Jachmich, S., Reiter, D., Sergienko, G., Stancar, Z., Viola, B., Beaumont, P., Bernardo, J., Coffey, I., Conway, N. J., de la Luna, E., Douai, D., Giroud, C., Hillesheim, J., Horvath, L., Huber, A., Lomas, P., Maggi, C. F., Maslov, M., Perez von Thun, C., Scully, S., Vianello, N., Wischmeier, M., JET Contributors, Fusion and Plasma Physics, Department of Applied Physics, Demokritos National Centre for Scientific Research, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Culham Science Centre, University of Lisbon, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, University of Opole, ITER, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, CIEMAT, CEA, Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, University of Padova, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
Subjects: Detachment, JET, Hydrogen isotopes
Abstract: Funding Information: This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium, funded by the European Union via the Euratom Research and Training Programme (Grant Agreement No 101052200 — EUROfusion). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Commission. Neither the European Union nor the European Commission can be held responsible for them. | openaire: EC/H2020/101052200/EU//EUROfusion Measurements of the ion currents to and plasma conditions at the low-field side (LFS) divertor target plate in low-confinement mode plasmas in the JET ITER-like wall materials configuration show that the core plasma density required to detach the LFS divertor plasma is independent of the hydrogenic species protium, deuterium and tritium, and a 40 %/60 % deuterium–tritium mixture. This observation applies to a divertor plasma configuration with the LFS strike line connected to the horizontal part of the LFS divertor chosen because of its superior diagnostic coverage. The finding is independent of the operational status of the JET cryogenic pump. The electron temperature (Te) at the LFS strike line was markedly reduced from 25 eV to 5 eV over a narrow range of increasing core plasma density, and observed to be between 2 eV and 3 eV at the onset of detachment. The electron density (ne) peaks across the LFS plasma when Te at the target plate is 1 eV, and spatially moves to the X-point for higher core densities. The density limit was found approximately 20 % higher in protium than in tritium and deuterium–tritium plasmas.
Published: 2023

37. Isotope physics of heat and particle transport with tritium in JET-ILW type-I ELMy H-mode plasmas.

Author: Schneider, P.A., Angioni, C., Auriemma, F., Bonanomi, N., Görler, T., Henriques, R., Horvath, L., King, D., Lorenzini, R., Nyström, H., Maslov, M., Ruiz, J., Szepesi, G., Challis, C.D., Chomiczewska, A., Delabie, E., Fontdecaba, J.M., Frassinetti, L., Garcia, J., and Giroud, C.
Subjects: PARTICLE physics, ISOTOPES, PLASMA currents, HEAT flux, PEDESTALS, TRITIUM, PLASMA confinement
Abstract: As part the DTE2 campaign in the JET tokamak, we conducted a parameter scan in T and D-T complementing existing pulses in H and D. For the different main ion masses, type-I ELMy H-modes at fixed plasma current and magnetic field can have the pedestal pressure varying by a factor of 4 and the total pressure changing from β N = 1.0 to 3.0. We investigated the pedestal and core isotope mass dependencies using this extensive data set. The pedestal shows a strong mass dependence on the density, which influences the core due to the strong coupling between both plasma regions. To better understand the causes for the observed isotope mass dependence in the pedestal, we analysed the interplay between heat and particle transport and the edge localised mode (ELM) stability. For this purpose, we developed a dynamic ELM cycle model with basic transport assumptions and a realistic neutral penetration. The temporal evolution and resulting ELM frequency introduce an additional experimental constraint that conventional quasi-stationary transport analysis cannot provide. Our model shows that a mass dependence in the ELM stability or in the transport alone cannot explain the observations. One requires a mass dependence in the ELM stability as well as one in the particle sources. The core confinement time increases with pedestal pressure for all isotope masses due to profile stiffness and electromagnetic turbulence stabilisation. Interestingly, T and D-T plasmas show an improved core confinement time compared to H and D plasmas even for matched pedestal pressures. For T, this improvement is largely due to the unique pedestal composition of higher densities and lower temperatures than H and D. With a reduced gyroBohm factor at lower temperatures, more turbulent drive in the form of steeper gradients is required to transport the same amount of heat. This picture is supported by quasilinear flux-driven modelling using TGLF -SAT2 within Astra. With the experimental boundary condition TGLF -SAT2 predicts the core profiles well for gyroBohm heat fluxes > 15 , however, overestimates the heat and particle transport closer to the turbulent threshold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2023
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38. Mass spectrometry analysis of the impurity content in N2 seeded discharges in JET-ILW

Author: Drenik, A., Oberkofler, M., Alegre, D., Kruezi, U., Brezinsek, S., Mozetic, M., Nunes, I., Wischmeier, M., Giroud, C., Maddison, G., and Reux, C.
Published: 2015
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39. Investigation of the influence of divertor recycling on global plasma confinement in JET ITER-like wall

Author: Tamain, P., Joffrin, E., Bufferand, H., Järvinen, A., Brezinsek, S., Ciraolo, G., Delabie, E., Frassinetti, L., Giroud, C., Groth, M., Lipschultz, B., Lomas, P., Marsen, S., Menmuir, S., Oberkofler, M., Stamp, M., Wiesen, S., and JET EFDA contributors
Published: 2015
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40. Numerical simulations of JET discharges with the ITER-like wall for different nitrogen seeding scenarios

Author: Telesca, G., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Zagorski, R., Brezinsek, S., Czarnecka, A., Drewelow, P., Giroud, C., Marsen, S., and Wischmeier, M.
Published: 2015
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41. Interpretation of radiative divertor studies with impurity seeding in type-I ELMy H-mode plasmas in JET-ILW using EDGE2D–EIRENE

Author: Jaervinen, A.E., Groth, M., Airila, M., Belo, P., Beurskens, M., Brezinsek, S., Clever, M., Corrigan, G., Devaux, S., Drewelow, P., Eich, T., Giroud, C., Harting, D., Huber, A., Jachmich, S., Lawson, K., Lipschultz, B., Maddison, G., Maggi, C., Makkonen, T., Marchetto, C., Marsen, S., Matthews, G.F., Meigs, A.G., Moulton, D., Stamp, M.F., Wiesen, S., and Wischmeier, M.
Published: 2015
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42. The broadening of SOL profiles in JET tritium plasma and its impact on machine operation

Author: Sun, H.J., primary, Silburn, S.A., additional, Carvalho, I.S., additional, King, D.B., additional, Giroud, C., additional, Fishpool, G., additional, Matthews, G.F., additional, Henriques, R.B., additional, Keeling, D.L., additional, Rimini, F.G., additional, Garzotti, L., additional, Frigione, D., additional, Van Eester, D., additional, Groth, M., additional, Flanagan, J., additional, Kos, D., additional, Viola, B., additional, Boboc, A., additional, Shi, P., additional, Mayoral, M.-L., additional, Mailloux, J., additional, Maggi, C., additional, Huber, A., additional, Douai, D., additional, Vianello, N., additional, Lomas, P.J., additional, Lennholm, M., additional, Maslov, M., additional, Kirov, K., additional, Jacquet, P., additional, Lowry, C.G., additional, Baruzzo, M., additional, Stuart, C., additional, Mitchell, J., additional, Horvath, L., additional, and McDonald, D.C., additional
Published: 2022
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43. Integrated modelling of neon impact on JET H-mode core plasmas

Author: Marin, M., primary, Citrin, J., additional, Giroud, C., additional, Bourdelle, C., additional, Camenen, Y., additional, Garzotti, L., additional, Ho, A., additional, Sertoli, M., additional, and Contributors, JET, additional
Published: 2022
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44. Characterisation of divertor detachment onset in JET-ILW hydrogen, deuterium, tritium and deuterium–tritium low-confinement mode plasmas

Author: Groth, M, Solokha, V, Aleiferis, S, Brezinsek, S, Brix, M, Carvalho, IS, Carvalho, P, Corrigan, G, Harting, D, Horsten, N, Jepu, I, Karhunen, J, Kirov, K, Lomanowski, B, Lawson, KD, Lowry, C, Meigs, AG, Menmuir, S, Pawelec, E, Pereira, T, Shaw, A, Silburn, S, Thomas, B, Wiesen, S, Boerner, P, Borodin, D, Jachmich, S, Reiter, D, Sergienko, G, Stancar, Z, Viola, B, Beaumont, P, Bernardo, J, Coffey, I, Conway, NJ, de la Luna, E, Douai, D, Giroud, C, Hillesheim, J, Horvath, L, Huber, A, Lomas, P, Maggi, CF, Maslov, M, von Thun, C Perez, Scully, S, Vianello, N, Wischmeier, M, and JET Contributors
Abstract: ispartof: NUCLEAR MATERIALS AND ENERGY vol:34 status: published
Published: 2023

45. Neon seeding effects on two high-performance baseline plasmas on the Joint European Torus

Author: Gabriellini, S., Garzotti, L., Zotta, V.K., Bourdelle, C., Casson, F.J., Citrin, J., Frigione, D., Gatto, R., Giroud, C., Marin, M., Koechl, F., Lomas, P., Menmuir, S., Pucella, G., Rimini, F., Van Eester, D., and Contributors, JET
Abstract: We present the JETTO-QuaLiKiz-SANCO fully predictive modelling of two JET-ILW high-performance baseline plasmas, a Ne seeded shot and an equivalent unseeded one. The motivation of the work lies in the experimental observation of a slightly higher confinement and performance of the Ne seeded shot with respect to the unseeded one, despite sharing the same main plasma parameters and heating powers. Moreover, the neon seeded shot shows a lower pedestal electron density and a higher core ion temperature with respect to the unseeded one. Integrated modelling is performed in order to understand if the cause of the improved confinement has to be ascribed to the improved pedestal parameters with neon seeding or if an impurity-induced turbulence stabilization is at play. The QuaLiKiz transport model is used for predicting the electron density, electron and ion temperatures and rotation in the core up to the pedestal top, while the pedestal is empirically modelled to reproduce the experimental kinetic profiles. The thermal diffusivities of the two shots, computed by QuaLiKiz, are compared, as well as the turbulence spectra, suggesting that the reduced transport found in the neon seeded shot is due in part to the stabilization of ITG and ETG modes. Further modelling is performed in order to disentangle the neon seeding effects, which are a direct effect on the turbulence stabilization and an indirect effect on the pedestal parameters. The results suggest that the improved performance with neon is due to a combination of turbulence stabilization and improved pedestal parameters.
Published: 2023

46. Effect of the divertor configuration on the JET edge radial electric field

Author: Silva, C., primary, Solano, E.R., additional, Hillesheim, J.C., additional, Delabie, E., additional, Birkenmeier, G., additional, Gil, L., additional, Giroud, C., additional, Morales, R.B., additional, and Nina, D., additional
Published: 2022
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47. Crystal structure of S100A4 labeled with NU000846b.

Author: Giroud, C., primary, Szommer, T., additional, Coxon, C., additional, Monteiro, O., additional, Christott, T., additional, Bennett, J., additional, Aitmakhanova, K., additional, Raux, B., additional, Newman, J., additional, Elkins, J., additional, Arruda Bezerra, G., additional, Krojer, T., additional, Koekemoer, L., additional, Von Delft, F., additional, Bountr, C., additional, Brennan, P., additional, and Fedorov, O., additional
Published: 2022
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48. Numerical studies on saturated kink and sawtooth induced fast ion transport in JET ITER-like plasmas

Author: Bonofiglo, P.J., primary, Podestà, M., additional, Vallar, M., additional, Gorelenkov, N.N., additional, Kiptily, V., additional, White, R.B., additional, Giroud, C., additional, Brezinsek, S., additional, and Contributors, JET, additional
Published: 2022
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49. Disruption prediction with artificial intelligence techniques in tokamak plasmas

Author: Vega, J., Murari, A., Dormido-Canto, S., Rattá, G. A., Gelfusa, M., Mailloux, J., Abid, N., Abraham, K., Abreu, P., Adabonyan, O., Adrich, P., Afanasev, V., Afzal, M., Ahlgren, T., Aho-Mantila, L., Aiba, N., Airila, M., Akhtar, M., Albanese, R., Alderson-Martin, M., Alegre, D., Aleiferis, S., Aleksa, A., Alekseev, A. G., Alessi, E., Aleynikov, P., Algualcil, J., Ali, M., Allinson, M., Alper, B., Alves, E., Ambrosino, G., Ambrosino, R., Amosov, V., Andersson Sundén, E., Andrew, P., Angelini, B. M., Angioni, C., Antoniou, I., Appel, L. C., Appelbee, C., Aria, S., Ariola, M., Artaserse, G., Arter, W., Artigues, V., Asakura, N., Ash, A., Ashikawa, N., Aslanyan, V., Astrain, M., Asztalos, O., Auld, D., Auriemma, F., Austin, Y., Avotina, L., Aymerich, E., Baciero, A., Bairaktaris, F., Balbin, J., Balbinot, L., Balboa, I., Balden, M., Balshaw, C., Balshaw, N., Bandaru, V. K., Banks, J., Baranov, Yu. F., Barcellona, C., Barnard, A., Barnard, M., Barnsley, R., Barth, A., Baruzzo, M., Barwell, S., Bassan, M., Batista, A., Batistoni, P., Baumane, L., Bauvir, B., Baylor, L., Beaumont, P. S., Beckett, D., Begolli, A., Beidler, M., Bekris, N., Beldishevski, M., Belli, E., Belli, F., Belonohy, É., Ben Yaala, M., Benayas, J., Bentley, J., Bergsaker, H., Bernardo, J., Bernert, M., Berry, M., Bertalot, L., Betar, H., Beurskens, M., Bickerton, S., Bieg, B., Bielecki, J., Bierwage, A., Biewer, T., Bilato, R., Bílková, P., Birkenmeier, G., Bishop, H., Bizarro, J. P. S., Blackburn, J., Blanchard, P., Blatchford, P., Bobkov, V., Boboc, A., Bohm, P., Bohm, T., Bolshakova, I., Bolzonella, T., Bonanomi, N., Bonfiglio, D., Bonnin, X., Bonofiglo, P., Boocock, S., Booth, A., Booth, J., Borba, D., Borodin, D., Borodkina, I., Boulbe, C., Bourdelle, C., Bowden, M., Boyd, K., Božičević Mihalić, I., Bradnam, S. C., Braic, V., Brandt, L., Bravanec, R., Breizman, B., Brett, A., Brezinsek, S., Brix, M., Bromley, K., Brown, B., Brunetti, D., Buckingham, R., Buckley, M., Budny, R., Buermans, J., Bufferand, H., Buratti, P., Burgess, A., Buscarino, A., Busse, A., Butcher, D., de la Cal, E., Calabro, G., Calacci, L., Calado, R., Camenen, Y., Canal, G., Cannas, B., Cappelli, M., Carcangiu, S., Card, P., Cardinali, A., Carman, P., Carnevale, D., Carr, M., Carralero, D., Carraro, L., Carvalho, I. S., Carvalho, P., Casiraghi, I., Casson, F. J., Castaldo, C., Catalan, J. P., Catarino, N., Causa, F., Cavedon, M., Cecconello, M., Challis, C. D., Chamberlain, B., Chang, C. S., Chankin, A., Chapman, B., Chernyshova, M., Chiariello, A., Chmielewski, P., Chomiczewska, A., Chone, L., Ciraolo, G., Ciric, D., Citrin, J., Ciupinski, T., Clark, M., Clarkson, R., Clements, C., Cleverly, M., Coad, J. P., Coates, P., Cobalt, A., Coccorese, V., Coelho, R., Coenen, J. W., Coffey, I. H., Colangeli, A., Colas, L., Collins, C., Collins, J., Collins, S., Conka, D., Conroy, S., Conway, B., Conway, N. J., Coombs, D., Cooper, P., Cooper, S., Corradino, C., Corrigan, G., Coster, D., Cox, P., Craciunescu, T., Cramp, S., Crapper, C., Craven, D., Craven, R., Crialesi Esposito, M., Croci, G., Croft, D., Croitoru, A., Crombé, K., Cronin, T., Cruz, N., Crystal, C., Cseh, G., Cufar, A., Cullen, A., Curuia, M., Czarski, T., Dabirikhah, H., Dal Molin, A., Dale, E., Dalgliesh, P., Dalley, S., Dankowski, J., David, P., Davies, A., Davies, S., Davis, G., Dawson, K., Dawson, S., Day, I. E., De Bock, M., De Temmerman, G., De Tommasi, G., Deakin, K., Deane, J., Dejarnac, R., Del Sarto, D., Delabie, E., Del-Castillo-Negrete, D., Dempsey, A., Dendy, R. O., Devynck, P., Di Siena, A., Di Troia, C., Dickson, T., Dinca, P., Dittmar, T., Dobrashian, J., Doerner, R. P., Donné, A. J. H., Dorling, S., Douai, D., Dowson, S., Doyle, R., Dreval, M., Drewelow, P., Drews, P., Drummond, G., Duckworth, Ph., Dudding, H., Dumont, R., Dumortier, P., Dunai, D., Dunatov, T., Dunne, M., Duran, I., Durodié, F., Dux, R., Dvornova, A., Eastham, R., Edwards, J., Eich, Th., Eichorn, A., Eidietis, N., Eksaeva, A., El Haroun, H., Ellwood, G., Elsmore, C., Embreus, O., Emery, S., Ericsson, G., Eriksson, B., Eriksson, F., Eriksson, J., Eriksson, L. G., Ertmer, S., Esquembri, S., Esquisabel, A. L., Estrada, T., Evans, G., Evans, S., Fable, E., Fagan, D., Faitsch, M., Falessi, M., Fanni, A., Farahani, A., Farquhar, I., Fasoli, A., Faugeras, B., Fazinié, S., Felici, F., Felton, R., Fernandes, A., Fernandes, H., Ferrand, J., Ferreira, D. R., Ferreira, J., Ferro, G., Fessey, J., Ficker, O., Field, A. R., Figueiredo, A., Figueiredo, J., Fil, A., Fil, N., Finburg, P., Fiorucci, D., Fischer, U., Fishpool, G., Fittill, L., Fitzgerald, M., Flammini, D., Flanagan, J., Flinders, K., Foley, S., Fonnesu, N., Fontana, M., Fontdecaba, J. M., Forbes, S., Formisano, A., Fornal, T., Fortuna, L., Fortuna-Zalesna, E., Fortune, M., Fowler, C., Fransson, E., Frassinetti, L., Freisinger, M., Fresa, R., Fridstrom, R., Frigione, D., Fülop, T., Furseman, M., Fusco, V., Futatani, S., Gadariya, D., Gál, K., Galassi, D., Gafézka, K., Galeani, S., Gallart, D., Galvao, R., Gao, Y., Garcia, J., García-Muñoz, M., Gardener, M., Garzotti, L., Gaspar, J., Gatto, R., Gaudio, P., Gear, D., Gebhart, T., Gee, S., George, R., Gerasimov, S. N., Gervasini, G., Gethins, M., Ghani, Z., Gherendi, M., Ghezzi, F., Giacalone, J. C., Giacomelli, L., Giacometti, G., Gibson, C., Gibson, K. J., Gil, L., Gillgren, A., Gin, D., Giovannozzi, E., Giroud, C., Glen, R., Gloggler, S., Goff, J., Gohil, P., Goloborodko, V., Gomes, R., Gonçalves, B., Goniche, M., Goodyear, A., Gore, S., Gorini, G., Gorler, T., Gotts, N., Goulding, R., Gow, E., Graham, B., Graves, J. P., Greuner, H., Grierson, B., Griffiths, J., Griph, S., Grist, D., Gromelski, W., Groth, M., Grove, R., Gruca, M., Guard, D., Gupta, N., Gurl, C., Gusarov, A., Hackett, L., Hacquin, S., Hager, R., Hagg, L., Hakola, A., Halitovs, M., Hall, S., Hall, S. A., Hallworth-Cook, S., Ham, C. J., Hamaguchi, D., Hamed, M., Hamlyn-Harris, C., Hammond, K., Harford, E., Harrison, J. R., Harting, D., Hatano, Y., Hatch, D. R., Haupt, T., Hawes, J., Hawkes, N. C., Hawkins, J., Hayashi, T., Hazael, S., Hazel, S., Heesterman, P., Heidbrink, B., Helou, W., Hemming, O., Henderson, S. S., Henriques, R. B., Hepple, D., Herfindal, J., Hermon, G., Hill, J., Hillesheim, J. C., Hizanidis, K., Hjalmarsson, A., Ho, A., Hobirk, J., Hoenen, O., Hogben, C., Hollingsworth, A., Hollis, S., Hollmann, E., Holzl, M., Homan, B., Hook, M., Hopley, D., Horá:ek, J., Horsley, D., Horsten, N., Horton, A., Horton, L. D., Horvath, L., Hotchin, S., Howell, R., Hu, Z., Huber, A., Huber, V., Huddleston, T., Huijsmans, G. T. A., Huynh, P., Hynes, A., Iliasova, M., Lmrie, D., Lmrísek, M., Lngleby, J., Innocente, P., Insulander Björk, K., Isernia, N., lvanova-Stanik, I., Lvings, E., Jablonski, S., Jachmich, S., Jackson, T., Jacquet, P., Järleblad, H., Jaulmes, F., Jenaro Rodriguez, J., Jepu, I., Joffrin, E., Johnson, R., Johnson, T., Johnston, J., Jones, C., Jones, G., Jones, L., Jones, N., Jones, T., Joyce, A., Juarez, R., Juvonen, M., Kalnina, P., Kaltiaisenaho, T., Kaniewski, J., Kantor, A., Kappatou, A., Karhunen, J., Karkinsky, D., Kashchuk, Yu, Kaufman, M., Kaveney, G., Kazakov, Y. E. O., Kazantzidis, V., Keeling, D. L., Kelly, R., Kempenaars, M., Kennedy, C., Kennedy, D., Kent, J., Khan, K., Khilkevich, E., Kiefer, C., Kilpeläinen, J., Kim, C., Hyun-Tae, Kim, Kim, S. H., King, D. B., King, R., Kinna, D., Kiptily, V. G., Kirjasuo, A., Kirov, K. K., Kirschner, A., Kiviniemi, T., Kizane, G., Klas, M., Klepper, C., Klix, A., Kneale, G., Knight, M., Knight, P., Knights, R., Knipe, S., Knolker, M., Knott, S., Kocan, M., Kochl, F., Kodeli, I., Kolesnichenko, Y., Kominis, Y., Kong, M., Korovin, V., Kos, B., Kos, D., Koslowski, H. R., Kotschenreuther, M., Koubiti, M., Kowalska-Strzęciwilk, E., Koziol, K., Krasilnikov, A., Krasilnikov, V., Kresina, M., Krieger, K., Krishnan, N., Krivska, A., Kruezi, U., Ksiézek, I., Kukushkin, A. B., Kumpulainen, H., Kurki-Suonio, T., Kurotaki, H., Kwak, S., Kwon, O. J., Laguardia, L., Lagzdina, E., Lahtinen, A., Laing, A., Lam, N., Lambertz, H. T., Lane, B., Lane, C., Lascas Neto, E., Łaszyríska, E., Lawson, K. D., Lazaros, A., Lazzaro, E., Learoyd, G., Chanyoung, Lee, Lee, S. E., Leerink, S., Leeson, T., Lefebvre, X., Leggate, H. J., Lehmann, J., Lehnen, M., Leichtle, D., Leipold, F., Lengar, I., Lennholm, M., Leon Gutierrez, E., Lepiavko, B., Leppanen, J., Lerche, E., Lescinskis, A., Lewis, J., Leysen, W., Li, L., Li, Y., Likonen, J., Linsmeier, Ch., Lipschultz, B., Litaudon, X., Litherland-Smith, E., Liu, F., Loarer, T., Loarte, A., Lobel, R., Lomanowski, B., Lomas, P. J., López, J. M., Lorenzini, R., Loreti, S., Losada, U., Loschiavo, V. P., Loughlin, M., Louka, Z., Lovell, J., Lowe, T., Lowry, C., Lubbad, S., Luce, T., Lucock, R., Lukin, A., Luna, C., de la Luna, E., Lungaroni, M., Lungu, C. P., Lunt, T., Lutsenko, V., Lyons, B., Lyssoivan, A., Machielsen, M., Macusova, E., Mäenpää, R., Maggi, C. F., Maggiora, R., Magness, M., Mahesan, S., Maier, H., Maingi, R., Malinowski, K., Manas, P., Mantica, P., Mantsinen, M. J., Manyer, J., Manzanares, A., Maquet, Ph., Marceca, G., Marcenko, N., Marchetto, C., Marchuk, O., Mariani, A., Mariano, G., Marin, M., Marinelli, M., Markovič, T., Marocco, D., Marot, L., Marsden, S., Marsh, J., Marshall, R., Martellucci, L., Martin, A., Martin, A. J., Martone, R., Maruyama, S., Maslov, M., Masuzaki, S., Matejcik, S., Mattei, M., Matthews, G. F., Matveev, D., Matveeva, E., Mauriya, A., Maviglia, F., Mayer, M., Mayoral, M-L., Mazzi, S., Mazzotta, C., Mcadams, R., Mccarthy, P. J., Mcclements, K. G., Mcclenaghan, J., Mccullen, P., Mcdonald, D. C., Mcguckin, D., Mchugh, D., Mclntyre, G., Mckean, R., Mckehon, J., Mcmillan, B., Mcnamee, L., Mcshee, A., Meakins, A., Medley, S., Meekes, C. J., Meghani, K., Meigs, A. G., Meisl, G., Meitner, S., Menmuir, S., Mergia, K., Merriman, S., Mertens, Ph., Meshchaninov, S., Messiaen, A., Michling, R., Middleton, P., Middleton-Gear, D., Mietelski, J., Milanesio, D., Milani, E., Militello, F., Militello Asp, A., Milnes, J., Milocco, A., Miloshevsky, G., Minghao, C., Minucci, S., Miron, I., Miyamoto, M., Mlynář, J., Moiseenko, V., Monaghan, P., Monakhov, I., Moody, T., Moon, S., Mooney, R., Moradi, S., Morales, J., Morales, R. B., Mordijck, S., Moreira, L., Morgan, L., Moro, F., Morris, J., Morrison, K-M., Moser, L., Moulton, D., Mrowetz, T., Mundy, T., Muraglia, M., Muraro, A., Muthusonai, N., N’Konga, B., Yong-Su, Na, Nabais, F., Naden, M., Naish, J., Naish, R., Napoli, F., Nardon, E., Naulin, V., Nave, M. F. F., Nedzelskiy, I., Nemtsev, G., Nesenevich, V., Nestoras, I., Neu, R., Neverov, V. S., Ng, S., Nicassio, M., Nielsen, A. H., Nina, D., Nishijima, D., Noble, C., Nobs, C. R., Nocente, M., Nodwell, D., Nordlund, K., Nordman, H., Normanton, R., Noterdaeme, J. M., Nowak, S., Nunn, E., Nystrom, H., Oberparleiter, M., Obryk, B., O’Callaghan, J., Odupitan, T., Oliver, H. J. C., Olney, R., O’Mullane, M., Ongena, J., Organ, E., Orsitto, F., Orszagh, J., Osborne, T., Otin, R., Otsuka, T., Owen, A., Oya, Y., Oyaizu, M., Paccagnella, R., Pace, N., Packer, L. W., Paige, S., Pajuste, E., Palade, D., Pamela, S. J. P., Panadero, N., Panontin, E., Papadopoulos, A., Papp, G., Papp, P., Parail, V. V., Pardanaud, C., Parisi, J., Parra Diaz, F., Parsloe, A., Parsons, M., Parsons, N., Passeri, M., Patel, A., Pau, A., Pautasso, G., Pavlichenko, R., Pavone, A., Pawelec, E., Paz Soldan, C., Peacock, A., Pearce, M., Peluso, E., Penot, C., Pepperell, K., Pereira, R., Pereira, T., Perelli Cippo, E., Pereslavtsev, P., Perez von Thun, C., Pericoli, V., Perry, D., Peterka, M., Petersson, P., Petravich, G., Petrella, N., Peyman, M., Pillon, M., Pinches, S., Pintsuk, G., Pires de Sá, W., Pires dos Reis, A., Piron, C., Piron, L., Pironti, A., Pitts, R., van de Plassche, K. L., Platt, N., Plyusnin, V., Podesta, M., Pokol, G., Poli, F. M., Pompilian, O. G., Popovichev, S., Poradziński, M., Porfiri, M. T., Porkolab, M., Porosnicu, C., Porton, M., Poulipoulis, G., Predebon, I., Prestopino, G., Price, C., Price, D., Price, M., Primetzhofer, D., Prior, P., Provatas, G., Pucella, G., Puglia, P., Purahoo, K., Pusztai, I., Putignano, O., Pütterich, T., Quercia, A., Rachlew, E., Radulescu, G., Radulovic, V., Rainford, M., Raj, P., Ralph, G., Ramogida, G., Rasmussen, D., Rasmussen, J. J., Rattá, G., Ratynskaia, S., Rebai, M., Réfy, D., Reichle, R., Reinke, M., Reiser, D., Reux, C., Reynolds, S., Richiusa, M. L., Richyal, S., Rigamonti, D., Rimini, F. G., Risner, J., Riva, M., Rivero-Rodriguez, J., Roach, C. M., Robins, R., Robinson, S., Robson, D., Rodionov, R., Rodrigues, P., Rodriguez Ramos, M., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Romanelli, F., Romanelli, M., Romanelli, S., Romazanov, J., Rossi, R., Rowe, S., Rowlands, D., Rubel, M., Rubinacci, G., Rubino, G., Ruchko, L., Ruiz, M., Ruiz Ruiz, J., Ruset, C., Rzadkiewicz, J., Saarelma, S., Safi, E., Sahlberg, A., Salewski, M., Salmi, A., Salmon, R., Salzedas, F., Sanders, I., Sandiford, D., Santos, B., Santucci, A., Sarkimaki, K., Sarwar, R., Sarychev, I., Sauter, O., Sauwan, P., Scapin, N., Schluck, F., Schmid, K., Schmuck, S., Schneider, M., Schneider, P. A., Schworer, D., Scott, G., Scott, M., Scraggs, D., Scully, S., Segato, M., Jaemin, Seo, Sergienko, G., Sertoli, M., Sharapov, S. E., Shaw, A., Sheikh, H., Sheikh, U., Shepherd, A., Shevelev, A., Shigin, P., Shinohara, K., Shiraiwa, S., Shiraki, D., Short, M., Sias, G., Silburn, S. A., Silva, A., Silva, C., Silva, J., Silvagni, D., Simfukwe, D., Simpson, J., Sinclair, D., Sipilä, S. K., Sips, A. C. C., Sirén, P., Sirinelli, A., Sjöstrand, H., Skinner, N., Slater, J., Smith, N., Smith, P., Snell, J., Snoep, G., Snoj, L., Snyder, P., Soare, S., Solano, E. R., Solokha, V., Somers, A., Sommariva, C., Soni, K., Sorokovoy, E., Sos, M., Sousa, J., Sozzi, C., Spagnolo, S., Spelzini, T., Spineanu, F., Spong, D., Sprada, D., Sridhar, S., Srinivasan, C., Stables, G., Staebler, G., Stamatelatos, I., Stancar, Z., Staniec, P., Stankūnas, G., Stead, M., Stefanikova, E., Stephen, A., Stephens, J., Stevenson, P., Stojanov, M., Strand, P., Strauss, H. R., Strikwerda, S., Ström, P., Stuart, C. I., Studholme, W., Subramani, M., Suchkov, E., Sumida, S., Sun, H. J., Susts, T. E., Svensson, J., Svoboda, J., Sweeney, R., Sytnykov, D., Szabolics, T., Szepesi, G., Tabia, B., Tadić, T., Tál, B., Tala, T., Tallargio, A., Tamain, P., Tan, H., Tanaka, K., Tang, W., Tardocchi, M., Taylor, D., Teimane, A. S., Telesca, G., Teplova, N., Teplukhina, A., Terentyev, D., Terra, A., Terranova, D., Terranova, N., Testa, D., Tholerus, E., Thomas, J., Thoren, E., Thorman, A., Tierens, W., Tinguely, R. A., Tipton, A., Todd, H., Tokitani, M., Tolias, P., Tomes, M., Tookey, A., Torikai, Y., von Toussaint, U., Tsavalas, P., Tskhakaya, D., Turner, I., Turner, M., Turner, M. M., Turnyanskiy, M., Tvalashvili, G., Tyrrell, S., Tyshchenko, M., Uccello, A., Udintsev, V., Urbanczyk, G., Vadgama, A., Valcarcel, D., Valisa, M., Vallejos Olivares, P., Vallhagen, O., Valovič, M., Van Eester, D., Varje, J., Vartanian, S., Vasilopoulou, T., Vayakis, G., Vecsei, M., Ventre, S., Verdoolaege, G., Verona, C., Verona Rinati, G., Veshchev, E., Vianello, N., Viezzer, E., Vignitchouk, L., Vila, R., Villari, R., Villone, F., Vincenzi, P., Vinyar, I., Viola, B., Virtanen, A. J., Vitins, A., Vizvary, Z., Vlad, G., Vlad, M., Vondráček, P., de Vries, P., Wakeling, B., Walkden, N. R., Walker, M., Walker, R., Walsh, M., Wang, E., Wang, N., Warder, S., Warren, R., Waterhouse, J., Watts, C., Wauters, T., Weckmann, A., Wedderburn Maxwell, H., Weiland, M., Weisen, H., Weiszflog, M., Welch, P., Wendler, N., West, A., Wheatley, M., Wheeler, S., Whitehead, A., Whittaker, D., Widdowson, A., Wiesen, S., Wilkinson, J., Williams, J. C., Willoughby, D., Wilson, I., Wilson, J., Wilson, T., Wischmeier, M., Wise, P., Withenshaw, G., Withycombe, A., Witts, D., Wojcik-Gargula, A., Wolfrum, E., Wood, R., Woodley, C., Woodley, R., Woods, B., Wright, J., Wright, J. C., Xu, T., Yadikin, D., Yajima, M., Yakovenko, Y., Yang, Y., Yanling, W., Yanovskiy, V., Young, I., Young, R., Zabolockis, R. J., Zacks, J., Zagorski, R., Zaitsev, F. S., Zakharov, L., Zarins, A., Zarzoso Fernandez, D., Zastrow, K. -D., Zayachuk, Y., Zerbini, M., Zhang, W., Zhou, Y., Zlobinski, M., Zocco, A., Zohar, A., Zoita, V., Zoletnik, S., Zotta, V. K., Zoulias, I., Zwingmann &amp, Zychor, I., Vega, J, Murari, A, Dormido-Canto, S, Ratta, Ga, Gelfusa, M, Chiariello, A, JET Contributors, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Culham Science Centre, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Uppsala University, European Commission, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Universidade Lisboa, Fusion and Plasma Physics, University of Milan - Bicocca, University of Helsinki, General Atomics, ITER, University of Toyama, CEA, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Technical University of Madrid, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, Royal Military Academy, Seoul National University, Chalmers University of Technology, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, EIRES Eng. for Sustainable Energy Systems, Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic Stability of Fusion Plasmas, Vega, J., Murari, A., Dormido-Canto, S., Ratta, G. A., Gelfusa, M., Mailloux, J., Abid, N., Abraham, K., Abreu, P., Adabonyan, O., Adrich, P., Afanasev, V., Afzal, M., Ahlgren, T., Aho-Mantila, L., Aiba, N., Airila, M., Akhtar, M., Albanese, R., Alderson-Martin, M., Alegre, D., Aleiferis, S., Aleksa, A., Alekseev, A. G., Alessi, E., Aleynikov, P., Algualcil, J., Ali, M., Allinson, M., Alper, B., Alves, E., Ambrosino, G., Ambrosino, R., Amosov, V., Sunden, E. A., Andrew, P., Angelini, B. M., Angioni, C., Antoniou, I., Appel, L. C., Appelbee, C., Aria, S., Ariola, M., Artaserse, G., Arter, W., Artigues, V., Asakura, N., Ash, A., Ashikawa, N., Aslanyan, V., Astrain, M., Asztalos, O., Auld, D., Auriemma, F., Austin, Y., Avotina, L., Aymerich, E., Baciero, A., Bairaktaris, F., Balbin, J., Balbinot, L., Balboa, I., Balden, M., Balshaw, C., Balshaw, N., Bandaru, V. K., Banks, J., Baranov, Y. F., Barcellona, C., Barnard, A., Barnard, M., Barnsley, R., Barth, A., Baruzzo, M., Barwell, S., Bassan, M., Batista, A., Batistoni, P., Baumane, L., Bauvir, B., Baylor, L., Beaumont, P. S., Beckett, D., Begolli, A., Beidler, M., Bekris, N., Beldishevski, M., Belli, E., Belli, F., Belonohy, E., Yaala, M. B., Benayas, J., Bentley, J., Bergsaker, H., Bernardo, J., Bernert, M., Berry, M., Bertalot, L., Betar, H., Beurskens, M., Bickerton, S., Bieg, B., Bielecki, J., Bierwage, A., Biewer, T., Bilato, R., Bilkova, P., Birkenmeier, G., Bishop, H., Bizarro, J. P. S., Blackburn, J., Blanchard, P., Blatchford, P., Bobkov, V., Boboc, A., Bohm, P., Bohm, T., Bolshakova, I., Bolzonella, T., Bonanomi, N., Bonfiglio, D., Bonnin, X., Bonofiglo, P., Boocock, S., Booth, A., Booth, J., Borba, D., Borodin, D., Borodkina, I., Boulbe, C., Bourdelle, C., Bowden, M., Boyd, K., Bozicevic Mihalic, I., Bradnam, S. C., Braic, V., Brandt, L., Bravanec, R., Breizman, B., Brett, A., Brezinsek, S., Brix, M., Bromley, K., Brown, B., Brunetti, D., Buckingham, R., Buckley, M., Budny, R., Buermans, J., Bufferand, H., Buratti, P., Burgess, A., Buscarino, A., Busse, A., Butcher, D., de la Cal, E., Calabro, G., Calacci, L., Calado, R., Camenen, Y., Canal, G., Cannas, B., Cappelli, M., Carcangiu, S., Card, P., Cardinali, A., Carman, P., Carnevale, D., Carr, M., Carralero, D., Carraro, L., Carvalho, I. S., Carvalho, P., Casiraghi, I., Casson, F. J., Castaldo, C., Catalan, J. P., Catarino, N., Causa, F., Cavedon, M., Cecconello, M., Challis, C. D., Chamberlain, B., Chang, C. S., Chankin, A., Chapman, B., Chernyshova, M., Chiariello, A., Chmielewski, P., Chomiczewska, A., Chone, L., Ciraolo, G., Ciric, D., Citrin, J., Ciupinski, T., Clark, M., Clarkson, R., Clements, C., Cleverly, M., Coad, J. P., Coates, P., Cobalt, A., Coccorese, V., Coelho, R., Coenen, J. W., Coffey, I. H., Colangeli, A., Colas, L., Collins, C., Collins, J., Collins, S., Conka, D., Conroy, S., Conway, B., Conway, N. J., Coombs, D., Cooper, P., Cooper, S., Corradino, C., Corrigan, G., Coster, D., Cox, P., Craciunescu, T., Cramp, S., Crapper, C., Craven, D., Craven, R., Esposito, M. C., Croci, G., Croft, D., Croitoru, A., Crombe, K., Cronin, T., Cruz, N., Crystal, C., Cseh, G., Cufar, A., Cullen, A., Curuia, M., Czarski, T., Dabirikhah, H., Dal Molin, A., Dale, E., Dalgliesh, P., Dalley, S., Dankowski, J., David, P., Davies, A., Davies, S., Davis, G., Dawson, K., Dawson, S., Day, I. E., De Bock, M., De Temmerman, G., De Tommasi, G., Deakin, K., Deane, J., Dejarnac, R., Del Sarto, D., Delabie, E., Del-Castillo-Negrete, D., Dempsey, A., Dendy, R. O., Devynck, P., Di Siena, A., Di Troia, C., Dickson, T., Dinca, P., Dittmar, T., Dobrashian, J., Doerner, R. P., Donne, A. J. H., Dorling, S., Douai, D., Dowson, S., Doyle, R., Dreval, M., Drewelow, P., Drews, P., Drummond, G., Duckworth, P., Dudding, H., Dumont, R., Dumortier, P., Dunai, D., Dunatov, T., Dunne, M., Duran, I., Durodie, F., Dux, R., Dvornova, A., Eastham, R., Edwards, J., Eich, T., Eichorn, A., Eidietis, N., Eksaeva, A., El Haroun, H., Ellwood, G., Elsmore, C., Embreus, O., Emery, S., Ericsson, G., Eriksson, B., Eriksson, F., Eriksson, J., Eriksson, L. G., Ertmer, S., Esquembri, S., Esquisabel, A. L., Estrada, T., Evans, G., Evans, S., Fable, E., Fagan, D., Faitsch, M., Falessi, M., Fanni, A., Farahani, A., Farquhar, I., Fasoli, A., Faugeras, B., Fazinie, S., Felici, F., Felton, R., Fernandes, A., Fernandes, H., Ferrand, J., Ferreira, D. R., Ferreira, J., Ferro, G., Fessey, J., Ficker, O., Field, A. R., Figueiredo, A., Figueiredo, J., Fil, A., Fil, N., Finburg, P., Fiorucci, D., Fischer, U., Fishpool, G., Fittill, L., Fitzgerald, M., Flammini, D., Flanagan, J., Flinders, K., Foley, S., Fonnesu, N., Fontana, M., Fontdecaba, J. M., Forbes, S., Formisano, A., Fornal, T., Fortuna, L., Fortuna-Zalesna, E., Fortune, M., Fowler, C., Fransson, E., Frassinetti, L., Freisinger, M., Fresa, R., Fridstrom, R., Frigione, D., Fulop, T., Furseman, M., Fusco, V., Futatani, S., Gadariya, D., Gal, K., Galassi, D., Gafezka, K., Galeani, S., Gallart, D., Galvao, R., Gao, Y., Garcia, J., Garcia-Munoz, M., Gardener, M., Garzotti, L., Gaspar, J., Gatto, R., Gaudio, P., Gear, D., Gebhart, T., Gee, S., George, R., Gerasimov, S. N., Gervasini, G., Gethins, M., Ghani, Z., Gherendi, M., Ghezzi, F., Giacalone, J. C., Giacomelli, L., Giacometti, G., Gibson, C., Gibson, K. J., Gil, L., Gillgren, A., Gin, D., Giovannozzi, E., Giroud, C., Glen, R., Gloggler, S., Goff, J., Gohil, P., Goloborodko, V., Gomes, R., Goncalves, B., Goniche, M., Goodyear, A., Gore, S., Gorini, G., Gorler, T., Gotts, N., Goulding, R., Gow, E., Graham, B., Graves, J. P., Greuner, H., Grierson, B., Griffiths, J., Griph, S., Grist, D., Gromelski, W., Groth, M., Grove, R., Gruca, M., Guard, D., Gupta, N., Gurl, C., Gusarov, A., Hackett, L., Hacquin, S., Hager, R., Hagg, L., Hakola, A., Halitovs, M., Hall, S., Hall, S. A., Hallworth-Cook, S., Ham, C. J., Hamaguchi, D., Hamed, M., Hamlyn-Harris, C., Hammond, K., Harford, E., Harrison, J. R., Harting, D., Hatano, Y., Hatch, D. R., Haupt, T., Hawes, J., Hawkes, N. C., Hawkins, J., Hayashi, T., Hazael, S., Hazel, S., Heesterman, P., Heidbrink, B., Helou, W., Hemming, O., Henderson, S. S., Henriques, R. B., Hepple, D., Herfindal, J., Hermon, G., Hill, J., Hillesheim, J. C., Hizanidis, K., Hjalmarsson, A., Ho, A., Hobirk, J., Hoenen, O., Hogben, C., Hollingsworth, A., Hollis, S., Hollmann, E., Holzl, M., Homan, B., Hook, M., Hopley, D., Hora:ek, J., Horsley, D., Horsten, N., Horton, A., Horton, L. D., Horvath, L., Hotchin, S., Howell, R., Hu, Z., Huber, A., Huber, V., Huddleston, T., Huijsmans, G. T. A., Huynh, P., Hynes, A., Iliasova, M., Lmrie, D., Lmrisek, M., Lngleby, J., Innocente, P., Bjork, K. I., Isernia, N., lvanova-Stanik, I., Lvings, E., Jablonski, S., Jachmich, S., Jackson, T., Jacquet, P., Jarleblad, H., Jaulmes, F., Rodriguez, J. J., Jepu, I., Joffrin, E., Johnson, R., Johnson, T., Johnston, J., Jones, C., Jones, G., Jones, L., Jones, N., Jones, T., Joyce, A., Juarez, R., Juvonen, M., Kalnina, P., Kaltiaisenaho, T., Kaniewski, J., Kantor, A., Kappatou, A., Karhunen, J., Karkinsky, D., Kashchuk, Y., Kaufman, M., Kaveney, G., Kazakov, Y. E. O., Kazantzidis, V., Keeling, D. L., Kelly, R., Kempenaars, M., Kennedy, C., Kennedy, D., Kent, J., Khan, K., Khilkevich, E., Kiefer, C., Kilpelainen, J., Kim, C., Kim, H. -T., Kim, S. H., King, D. B., King, R., Kinna, D., Kiptily, V. G., Kirjasuo, A., Kirov, K. K., Kirschner, A., Kiviniemi, T., Kizane, G., Klas, M., Klepper, C., Klix, A., Kneale, G., Knight, M., Knight, P., Knights, R., Knipe, S., Knolker, M., Knott, S., Kocan, M., Kochl, F., Kodeli, I., Kolesnichenko, Y., Kominis, Y., Kong, M., Korovin, V., Kos, B., Kos, D., Koslowski, H. R., Kotschenreuther, M., Koubiti, M., Kowalska-Strzeciwilk, E., Koziol, K., Krasilnikov, A., Krasilnikov, V., Kresina, M., Krieger, K., Krishnan, N., Krivska, A., Kruezi, U., Ksiezek, I., Kukushkin, A. B., Kumpulainen, H., Kurki-Suonio, T., Kurotaki, H., Kwak, S., Kwon, O. J., Laguardia, L., Lagzdina, E., Lahtinen, A., Laing, A., Lam, N., Lambertz, H. T., Lane, B., Lane, C., Neto, E. L., Laszyriska, E., Lawson, K. D., Lazaros, A., Lazzaro, E., Learoyd, G., Lee, C., Lee, S. E., Leerink, S., Leeson, T., Lefebvre, X., Leggate, H. J., Lehmann, J., Lehnen, M., Leichtle, D., Leipold, F., Lengar, I., Lennholm, M., Gutierrez, E. L., Lepiavko, B., Leppanen, J., Lerche, E., Lescinskis, A., Lewis, J., Leysen, W., Li, L., Li, Y., Likonen, J., Linsmeier, C., Lipschultz, B., Litaudon, X., Litherland-Smith, E., Liu, F., Loarer, T., Loarte, A., Lobel, R., Lomanowski, B., Lomas, P. J., Lopez, J. M., Lorenzini, R., Loreti, S., Losada, U., Loschiavo, V. P., Loughlin, M., Louka, Z., Lovell, J., Lowe, T., Lowry, C., Lubbad, S., Luce, T., Lucock, R., Lukin, A., Luna, C., de la Luna, E., Lungaroni, M., Lungu, C. P., Lunt, T., Lutsenko, V., Lyons, B., Lyssoivan, A., Machielsen, M., Macusova, E., Maenpaa, R., Maggi, C. F., Maggiora, R., Magness, M., Mahesan, S., Maier, H., Maingi, R., Malinowski, K., Manas, P., Mantica, P., Mantsinen, M. 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C., Olney, R., O'Mullane, M., Ongena, J., Organ, E., Orsitto, F., Orszagh, J., Osborne, T., Otin, R., Otsuka, T., Owen, A., Oya, Y., Oyaizu, M., Paccagnella, R., Pace, N., Packer, L. W., Paige, S., Pajuste, E., Palade, D., Pamela, S. J. P., Panadero, N., Panontin, E., Papadopoulos, A., Papp, G., Papp, P., Parail, V. V., Pardanaud, C., Parisi, J., Diaz, F. P., Parsloe, A., Parsons, M., Parsons, N., Passeri, M., Patel, A., Pau, A., Pautasso, G., Pavlichenko, R., Pavone, A., Pawelec, E., Soldan, C. P., Peacock, A., Pearce, M., Peluso, E., Penot, C., Pepperell, K., Pereira, R., Pereira, T., Cippo, E. P., Pereslavtsev, P., Perez von Thun, C., Pericoli, V., Perry, D., Peterka, M., Petersson, P., Petravich, G., Petrella, N., Peyman, M., Pillon, M., Pinches, S., Pintsuk, G., Pires de Sa, W., Pires dos Reis, A., Piron, C., Piron, L., Pironti, A., Pitts, R., van de Plassche, K. L., Platt, N., Plyusnin, V., Podesta, M., Pokol, G., Poli, F. M., Pompilian, O. G., Popovichev, S., Poradzinski, M., Porfiri, M. T., Porkolab, M., Porosnicu, C., Porton, M., Poulipoulis, G., Predebon, I., Prestopino, G., Price, C., Price, D., Price, M., Primetzhofer, D., Prior, P., Provatas, G., Pucella, G., Puglia, P., Purahoo, K., Pusztai, I., Putignano, O., Putterich, T., Quercia, A., Rachlew, E., Radulescu, G., Radulovic, V., Rainford, M., Raj, P., Ralph, G., Ramogida, G., Rasmussen, D., Rasmussen, J. J., Ratta, G., Ratynskaia, S., Rebai, M., Refy, D., Reichle, R., Reinke, M., Reiser, D., Reux, C., Reynolds, S., Richiusa, M. L., Richyal, S., Rigamonti, D., Rimini, F. G., Risner, J., Riva, M., Rivero-Rodriguez, J., Roach, C. M., Robins, R., Robinson, S., Robson, D., Rodionov, R., Rodrigues, P., Ramos, M. R., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Romanelli, F., Romanelli, M., Romanelli, S., Romazanov, J., Rossi, R., Rowe, S., Rowlands, D., Rubel, M., Rubinacci, G., Rubino, G., Ruchko, L., Ruiz, M., Ruiz, J. R., Ruset, C., Rzadkiewicz, J., Saarelma, S., Safi, E., Sahlberg, A., Salewski, M., Salmi, A., Salmon, R., Salzedas, F., Sanders, I., Sandiford, D., Santos, B., Santucci, A., Sarkimaki, K., Sarwar, R., Sarychev, I., Sauter, O., Sauwan, P., Scapin, N., Schluck, F., Schmid, K., Schmuck, S., Schneider, M., Schneider, P. A., Schworer, D., Scott, G., Scott, M., Scraggs, D., Scully, S., Segato, M., Seo, J., Sergienko, G., Sertoli, M., Sharapov, S. E., Shaw, A., Sheikh, H., Sheikh, U., Shepherd, A., Shevelev, A., Shigin, P., Shinohara, K., Shiraiwa, S., Shiraki, D., Short, M., Sias, G., Silburn, S. A., Silva, A., Silva, C., Silva, J., Silvagni, D., Simfukwe, D., Simpson, J., Sinclair, D., Sipila, S. K., Sips, A. C. C., Siren, P., Sirinelli, A., Sjostrand, H., Skinner, N., Slater, J., Smith, N., Smith, P., Snell, J., Snoep, G., Snoj, L., Snyder, P., Soare, S., Solano, E. R., Solokha, V., Somers, A., Sommariva, C., Soni, K., Sorokovoy, E., Sos, M., Sousa, J., Sozzi, C., Spagnolo, S., Spelzini, T., Spineanu, F., Spong, D., Sprada, D., Sridhar, S., Srinivasan, C., Stables, G., Staebler, G., Stamatelatos, I., Stancar, Z., Staniec, P., Stankunas, G., Stead, M., Stefanikova, E., Stephen, A., Stephens, J., Stevenson, P., Stojanov, M., Strand, P., Strauss, H. R., Strikwerda, S., Strom, P., Stuart, C. I., Studholme, W., Subramani, M., Suchkov, E., Sumida, S., Sun, H. J., Susts, T. E., Svensson, J., Svoboda, J., Sweeney, R., Sytnykov, D., Szabolics, T., Szepesi, G., Tabia, B., Tadic, T., Tal, B., Tala, T., Tallargio, A., Tamain, P., Tan, H., Tanaka, K., Tang, W., Tardocchi, M., Taylor, D., Teimane, A. S., Telesca, G., Teplova, N., Teplukhina, A., Terentyev, D., Terra, A., Terranova, D., Terranova, N., Testa, D., Tholerus, E., Thomas, J., Thoren, E., Thorman, A., Tierens, W., Tinguely, R. 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W., Weiland, M., Weisen, H., Weiszflog, M., Welch, P., Wendler, N., West, A., Wheatley, M., Wheeler, S., Whitehead, A., Whittaker, D., Widdowson, A., Wiesen, S., Wilkinson, J., Williams, J. C., Willoughby, D., Wilson, I., Wilson, J., Wilson, T., Wischmeier, M., Wise, P., Withenshaw, G., Withycombe, A., Witts, D., Wojcik-Gargula, A., Wolfrum, E., Wood, R., Woodley, C., Woodley, R., Woods, B., Wright, J., Wright, J. C., Xu, T., Yadikin, D., Yajima, M., Yakovenko, Y., Yang, Y., Yanling, W., Yanovskiy, V., Young, I., Young, R., Zabolockis, R. J., Zacks, J., Zagorski, R., Zaitsev, F. S., Zakharov, L., Zarins, A., Fernandez, D. Z., Zastrow, K. -D., Zayachuk, Y., Zerbini, M., Zhang, W., Zhou, Y., Zlobinski, M., Zocco, A., Zohar, A., Zoita, V., Zoletnik, S., Zotta, V. K., Zoulias, I., Zwingmann, W., and Zychor, I.
Subjects: JET, Settore ING-IND/18 - Fisica dei Reattori Nucleari, General Physics and Astronomy, artificial intellingence, tokamaks, magnetically confined plasma, disruption predictions, tokamak plasmas, nuclear fusion
Abstract: openaire: EC/H2020/633053/EU//EUROfusion Funding Information: This work was partially funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under projects nos. PID2019-108377RB-C31 and PID2019-108377RB-C32. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium, funded by the European Union via the Euratom Research and Training Programme (grant agreement no. 101052200 — EUROfusion). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the authors only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Commission. Neither the European Union nor the European Commission can be held responsible for them. Publisher Copyright: © 2022, Springer Nature Limited. In nuclear fusion reactors, plasmas are heated to very high temperatures of more than 100 million kelvin and, in so-called tokamaks, they are confined by magnetic fields in the shape of a torus. Light nuclei, such as deuterium and tritium, undergo a fusion reaction that releases energy, making fusion a promising option for a sustainable and clean energy source. Tokamak plasmas, however, are prone to disruptions as a result of a sudden collapse of the system terminating the fusion reactions. As disruptions lead to an abrupt loss of confinement, they can cause irreversible damage to present-day fusion devices and are expected to have a more devastating effect in future devices. Disruptions expected in the next-generation tokamak, ITER, for example, could cause electromagnetic forces larger than the weight of an Airbus A380. Furthermore, the thermal loads in such an event could exceed the melting threshold of the most resistant state-of-the-art materials by more than an order of magnitude. To prevent disruptionsor at least mitigate their detrimental effects, empirical models obtained with artificial intelligence methods, of which an overview is given here, are commonly employed to predict their occurrence—and ideally give enough time to introduce counteracting measures.
Published: 2022

50. Physics and applications of three-ion ICRF scenarios for fusion research

Author: Kazakov, Y, Ongena, J, Wright, J, Wukitch, S, Bobkov, V, Garcia, J, Kiptily, V, Mantsinen, M, Nocente, M, Schneider, M, Weisen, H, Baranov, Y, Baruzzo, M, Bilato, R, Chomiczewska, A, Coelho, R, Craciunescu, T, Crombe, K, Dreval, M, Dumont, R, Dumortier, P, Durodie, F, Eriksson, J, Fitzgerald, M, Galdon-Quiroga, J, Gallart, D, Garcia-Munoz, M, Giacomelli, L, Giroud, C, Gonzalez-Martin, J, Hakola, A, Jacquet, P, Johnson, T, Kappatou, A, Keeling, D, King, D, Kirov, K, Lamalle, P, Lennholm, M, Lerche, E, Maslov, M, Mazzi, S, Menmuir, S, Monakhov, I, Nabais, F, Nave, M, Ochoukov, R, Polevoi, A, Pinches, S, Plank, U, Rigamonti, D, Salewski, M, Schneider, P, Sharapov, S, Stancar, Z, Thorman, A, Valcarcel, D, Van Eester, D, Van Schoor, M, Varje, J, Weiland, M, Wendler, N, Kazakov Y. O., Ongena J., Wright J. C., Wukitch S. J., Bobkov V., Garcia J., Kiptily V. G., Mantsinen M. J., Nocente M., Schneider M., Weisen H., Baranov Y., Baruzzo M., Bilato R., Chomiczewska A., Coelho R., Craciunescu T., Crombe K., Dreval M., Dumont R., Dumortier P., Durodie F., Eriksson J., Fitzgerald M., Galdon-Quiroga J., Gallart D., Garcia-Munoz M., Giacomelli L., Giroud C., Gonzalez-Martin J., Hakola A., Jacquet P., Johnson T., Kappatou A., Keeling D., King D., Kirov K. K., Lamalle P., Lennholm M., Lerche E., Maslov M., Mazzi S., Menmuir S., Monakhov I., Nabais F., Nave M. F. F., Ochoukov R., Polevoi A. R., Pinches S. D., Plank U., Rigamonti D., Salewski M., Schneider P. A., Sharapov S. E., Stancar Z., Thorman A., Valcarcel D., Van Eester D., Van Schoor M., Varje J., Weiland M., Wendler N., Kazakov, Y, Ongena, J, Wright, J, Wukitch, S, Bobkov, V, Garcia, J, Kiptily, V, Mantsinen, M, Nocente, M, Schneider, M, Weisen, H, Baranov, Y, Baruzzo, M, Bilato, R, Chomiczewska, A, Coelho, R, Craciunescu, T, Crombe, K, Dreval, M, Dumont, R, Dumortier, P, Durodie, F, Eriksson, J, Fitzgerald, M, Galdon-Quiroga, J, Gallart, D, Garcia-Munoz, M, Giacomelli, L, Giroud, C, Gonzalez-Martin, J, Hakola, A, Jacquet, P, Johnson, T, Kappatou, A, Keeling, D, King, D, Kirov, K, Lamalle, P, Lennholm, M, Lerche, E, Maslov, M, Mazzi, S, Menmuir, S, Monakhov, I, Nabais, F, Nave, M, Ochoukov, R, Polevoi, A, Pinches, S, Plank, U, Rigamonti, D, Salewski, M, Schneider, P, Sharapov, S, Stancar, Z, Thorman, A, Valcarcel, D, Van Eester, D, Van Schoor, M, Varje, J, Weiland, M, Wendler, N, Kazakov Y. O., Ongena J., Wright J. C., Wukitch S. J., Bobkov V., Garcia J., Kiptily V. G., Mantsinen M. J., Nocente M., Schneider M., Weisen H., Baranov Y., Baruzzo M., Bilato R., Chomiczewska A., Coelho R., Craciunescu T., Crombe K., Dreval M., Dumont R., Dumortier P., Durodie F., Eriksson J., Fitzgerald M., Galdon-Quiroga J., Gallart D., Garcia-Munoz M., Giacomelli L., Giroud C., Gonzalez-Martin J., Hakola A., Jacquet P., Johnson T., Kappatou A., Keeling D., King D., Kirov K. K., Lamalle P., Lennholm M., Lerche E., Maslov M., Mazzi S., Menmuir S., Monakhov I., Nabais F., Nave M. F. F., Ochoukov R., Polevoi A. R., Pinches S. D., Plank U., Rigamonti D., Salewski M., Schneider P. A., Sharapov S. E., Stancar Z., Thorman A., Valcarcel D., Van Eester D., Van Schoor M., Varje J., Weiland M., and Wendler N.
Abstract: This paper summarizes the physical principles behind the novel three-ion scenarios using radio frequency waves in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF). We discuss how to transform mode conversion electron heating into a new flexible ICRF technique for ion cyclotron heating and fast-ion generation in multi-ion species plasmas. The theoretical section provides practical recipes for selecting the plasma composition to realize three-ion ICRF scenarios, including two equivalent possibilities for the choice of resonant absorbers that have been identified. The theoretical findings have been convincingly confirmed by the proof-of-principle experiments in mixed H-D plasmas on the Alcator C-Mod and JET tokamaks, using thermal He-3 and fast D ions from neutral beam injection as resonant absorbers. Since 2018, significant progress has been made on the ASDEX Upgrade and JET tokamaks in H-He-4 and H-D plasmas, guided by the ITER needs. Furthermore, the scenario was also successfully applied in JET D-He-3 plasmas as a technique to generate fusion-born alpha particles and study effects of fast ions on plasma confinement under ITER-relevant plasma heating conditions. Tuned for the central deposition of ICRF power in a small region in the plasma core of large devices such as JET, three-ion ICRF scenarios are efficient in generating large populations of passing fast ions and modifying the q-profile. Recent experimental and modeling developments have expanded the use of three-ion scenarios from dedicated ICRF studies to a flexible tool with a broad range of different applications in fusion research.
Published: 2021

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