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Copyright of Revista de la Asociación Colombiana de Dermatología y Cirugía Dermatológica is the property of Asociacion Colombiana de Dermatologia y Cirugia Dermatologica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A great amount of knowledge on natural killer T cells (iNKTs) is now available, but a consensus about their activation mechanisms has not been reached. These cells recognize different glycolipid antigens through the CD1d molecule. Such antigens may be endogenous, derived from bacteria (foreign) and synthetic, the latter have been developed for clinical applications. There exists much interest in understanding how these different glycolipid compounds induce different types of polarization, but it has been difficult to reach a consensus due to the fact that responses depend on different factors such as: the nature of the molecule, the internalization process and the presentation of the glycolipids. Moreover, activation of iNKT cells is determined by the type and state of the antigen presenting cell, the co-stimulatory molecules, the transactivation mechanisms and the location of the glycolipid-CD1d complexes on the plasma membrane, such as the lipid rafts. This review explores the evidence about the factors that affect activation of iNKT cells in order to understand their immune-modulatory potential.

Introduction: Thyroid nodules are commonly found, and their incidence is increasing. The main objective during the evaluation of these nodules is to determine if they are benign or malignant. Materials and methods: We made a narrative review of the literature by searching Ovid, Medline and Lilacs from 1950 to 2010. Results: Most thyroid nodules are benign, but in 4% to 8% of cases they may be malignant, hence the importance of appropriate study and management. Nodules larger than 1 cm should undergo fine needle aspirate; however, the clinical features of the patient and the characteristics of the nodule on ultrasound assessment should always be taken into account. The following are risk factors associated with the presence of thyroid nodules: age over 45 years, female gender and smoking. The measurement of tumor markers in the initial study of patients with thyroid nodule is not recommended.Conclusion: Ultrasound and thyroid fine needle aspirate are the most important diagnostic methods in the evaluation of thyroid nodules, because they enable to make changes in therapeutic decisions thus decreasing the number of unnecessary thyroidectomies. Treatment and prognosis of thyroid nodules will depend on the patient´s risk factors and the cytological and pathological findings.

Se desarrolló un protocolo de propagación in vitro a partir de meristemos florales para Heliconia bihai cv. Lobster Salmón. Para el efecto se establecieron 250 yemas florales en diferentes tiempos utilizando NaClO al 1% durante 20 min. El medio de establecimiento Murashige y Skoog con mejores resultados fue BAP (2 mg/lt), AIA (1 mg/lt) y 0.1 g/lt de L-cisteína. La mayor produccion de brotes en multiplicación se obtuvo con 6 mg/lt de BAP y con un subcultivo posterior en medio con 2 mg/lt de BAP y 0.5 mg/lt de AIA, alcanzando una tasa de multiplicación de tres nuevas yemas. El enraizamiento de las plántulas in vitro se logró con 1.3 mg/lt de AIA. La aclimatación en vivero fue 92% de supervivencia. Se realizó un análisis de varianza (Anova) y un test de Tukey para las variables evaluadas las cuales mostraron diferencias estadísticas en cada fase. La propagación in vitro de heliconias a partir de yemas florales requiere mayor tiempo en la fase de establecimiento y multiplicación, no obstante permite mayores porcentajes de supervivencia y una menor contaminación, ofreciendo material de siembra de diferentes especies de esta planta de interés comercial.

Genome association studies have shown that gene-gene interactions or epistasis play a crucial role in identifying the etiology, prognosis, and treatment response of many complex diseases beyond their main effects. Skeletal dysplasias are a heterogeneous group of congenital bone and cartilage disorders with a genetic and gen-gen interaction etiology. The current classification of skeletal dysplasias distinguishes 461 diseases in 42 groups, and the incidence of all skeletal dysplasias is more than 1 in every 5000 newborns. The objective is to present the case of a patient with four variants that generates gen-gen interactions in the skeletal dysplasia. A 1-year-old male patient was diagnosed with skeletal dysplasia based on prenatal ultrasound showing micromelia and pyelocalyceal dilation. Postnatal physical examination revealed body disproportion and involvement of other organs and systems. A sequencing study and deletions/duplications analysis were performed for 358 candidate genes associated with skeletal dysplasia. The GeneMANIA interface was used to evaluate the expression network of genes associated with each other for the gen-gen interaction. Four pathogenic variants were obtained two heterozygous variants with pathogenic significance in SLC26A , one heterozygous pathogenic variant in CLCN7 and another heterozygous pathogenic variant in CEP120. The GeneMANIA interface reveals 77.64% physical interactions, 8.01% co-expression, 5.37% prediction, 3.63% co-localization, 2.87% genetic interactions, 1.88% route of action, and 0.60% shared protein domains. These results suggest that the interaction between these genes affects the activity of the inorganic anion exchanger, leading to disorganization of collagen fibers, early mineralization, and decreased assembly of fibronectin in the bone extracellular matrix. Identifying gene-gene interactions is a fundamental step in understanding proper cell function and thus understanding the pathophysiology of many complex human diseases, improving diagnosis, and the possibilities of new personalized therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales is the property of Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatria is the property of Asociacion Colombiana de Psiquiatria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)