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Eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, immune-mediated or antigen-mediated oe-sophageal disease. Therapeutic first-line options currently available for EoE are elimina-tion diets, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and steroids. The ultimate goal of the therapy is to avoid irreversible stricturing disease. Despite the rising prevalence of EoE, there has been little therapeutic advancement until recently. Dupilumab is one of the potential disease-modifying biologics used in various stages of clinical trials. The paper describes the case of a 10-year-old boy presenting with sub-oesophageal stricture in eosinophilic oesophagitis and steroid-dependence for disease control who was successfully treated with dupilumab.

In a retrospective study conducted on a population of Japanese children with a weight ≥ 25 kg and with Kawasaki disease, no significant difference has been observed for the onset of coronary aneurysms, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) resistance, duration of the hospitalisation and adverse treatment effects among the groups treated with 2 g/kg and 1 g/kg doses of IVIg. New randomised controlled studies are desirable to check the most appropriate IVIg dose for old children, also considering the cortisone treatment in association with the IVIg treatment firstly.

There is the urgent need to study the effects of immunomodulating agents as therapy for Covid-19. An observational, cohort, prospective study with 30 days of observation was carried out to assess clinical outcomes in 88 patients hospitalized for Covid-19 pneumonia and treated with canakinumab (300 mg sc). Median time from diagnosis of Covid-19 by viral swab to administration of canakinumab was 7.5 days (range 0–30, IQR 4–11). Median PaO2/FiO2 increased from 160 (range 53–409, IQR 122–210) at baseline to 237 (range 72–533, IQR 158–331) at day 7 after treatment with canakinumab (p 9/L, respectively, p p