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Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) carries high mortality and disability rates, which are substantially driven by complications. Early brain injury and vasospasm can happen after SAH and are crucial events to prevent and treat to improve prognosis. In recent decades, immunological mechanisms have been implicated in SAH complications, with both innate and adaptive immunity involved in mechanisms of damage after SAH. The purpose of this review is to summarize the immunological profile of vasospasm, highlighting the potential implementation of biomarkers for its prediction and management. Overall, the kinetics of central nervous system (CNS) immune invasion and soluble factors’ production critically differs between patients developing vasospasm compared to those not experiencing this complication. In particular, in people developing vasospasm, a neutrophil increase develops in the first minutes to days and pairs with a mild depletion of CD45+ lymphocytes. Cytokine production is boosted early on after SAH, and a steep increase in interleukin-6, metalloproteinase-9 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) anticipates the development of vasospasm after SAH. We also highlight the role of microglia and the potential influence of genetic polymorphism in the development of vasospasm and SAH-related complications.

Background Cortical oscillatory activities play a role in regulating several brain functions in humans. However, whether motor resonant oscillations (i.e. β and γ) modulate long-term depression (LTD)-like plasticity of the primary motor cortex (M1) is still unclear. Objective To address this issue, we combined transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), a technique able to entrain cortical oscillations, with continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS), a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) protocol commonly used to induce LTD-like plasticity in M1. Methods Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited by single-pulse TMS, short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF) were evaluated before and 5, 15 and 30 min after cTBS alone or cTBS delivered during β-tACS (cTBS-β) or γ-tACS (cTBS-γ). Moreover, we tested the effects of β-tACS (alone) on short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) and γ-tACS on SICI in order to verify whether tACS-related interneuronal modulation contributes to the effects of tACS-cTBS co-stimulation. Results cTBS-γ turned the expected after-effects of cTBS from inhibition to facilitation. By contrast, responses to cTBS-β were similar to those induced by cTBS alone. β- and γ-tACS did not change MEPs evoked by single-pulse TMS. β-tACS reduced SAI and γ-tACS reduced SICI. However, the degree of γ-tACS-induced modulation of SICI did not correlate with the effects of cTBS-γ. Conclusion γ-tACS reverses cTBS-induced plasticity of the human M1. γ-oscillations may therefore regulate LTD-like plasticity mechanisms.

Este artigo traz os problemas colocados para a pesquisa ao propor fazer um mapa audiovisual das configurações subjetivas em processo nas comunidades rurais de Massaroca, Juazeiro, Bahia, finalizando-o em um documentário. Foi feito um estudo bibliográfico e fílmico, particularmente sobre documentário nacional, de modo a adquirir as ferramentas conceituais e instrumentais próprias à linguagem audiovisual. Esse estudo e o trabalho de filmagem, montagem e edição problematizaram o modo de produção do documentário em questões que foram sistematizadas em três pontos: os processos de subjetivação na produção fílmica; o filme enquanto realidade ou ficção; o documentário como uma outra perspectiva metodológica. O documentário no qual a pesquisa estará se apresentando trará em imagens e sons fragmentos dos territórios existenciais das comunidades estudadas, nos quais a tensão existente entre o excesso e a escassez de água é processada, parcialmente, em linguagem; práticas produtivas, econômicas, políticas e éticas; manifestações culturais; religiosidade; afetividade; modos de cognição e percepção, etc. This article brings the problems discussed in the research, which aim at the creation of an audiovisual map of the subjective configurations that are taking place in the rural communities of Massaroca - a district of the city of Juazeiro, Bahia - and produce a documentary with this material. Bibliographic and cinematographic studies mainly about the Brazilian documentaries have been done in order to acquire conceptual and practical tools related to the audiovisual language. This study and the filming works and edition analyzed the documentary production method in three main points: the subjective processes in the cinematographic production; the film as reality or fiction; the documentary as another methodological perspective.

Este artigo traz os problemas colocados para a pesquisa ao propor fazer um mapa audiovisual das configurações subjetivas em processo nas comunidades rurais de Massaroca, Juazeiro, Bahia, finalizando-o em um documentário. Foi feito um estudo bibliográfico e fílmico, particularmente sobre documentário nacional, de modo a adquirir as ferramentas conceituais e instrumentais próprias à linguagem audiovisual. Esse estudo e o trabalho de filmagem, montagem e edição problematizaram o modo de produção do documentário em questões que foram sistematizadas em três pontos: os processos de subjetivação na produção fílmica; o filme enquanto realidade ou ficção; o documentário como uma outra perspectiva metodológica. O documentário no qual a pesquisa estará se apresentando trará em imagens e sons fragmentos dos territórios existenciais das comunidades estudadas, nos quais a tensão existente entre o excesso e a escassez de água é processada, parcialmente, em linguagem; práticas produtivas, econômicas, políticas e éticas; manifestações culturais; religiosidade; afetividade; modos de cognição e percepção, etc.This article brings the problems discussed in the research, which aim at the creation of an audiovisual map of the subjective configurations that are taking place in the rural communities of Massaroca - a district of the city of Juazeiro, Bahia - and produce a documentary with this material. Bibliographic and cinematographic studies mainly about the Brazilian documentaries have been done in order to acquire conceptual and practical tools related to the audiovisual language. This study and the filming works and edition analyzed the documentary production method in three main points: the subjective processes in the cinematographic production; the film as reality or fiction; the documentary as another methodological perspective.