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Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:36:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-01-01 The visual evoked potential (VEP) has many applications in veterinary neurology, but the test is not routinely used in a clinical setting. The aim of this study was to describe a reliable method for recording flash visual evoked potentials (F-VEPs) in nonsedated horses. F-VEPs were recorded from both eyes in 20 healthy and calm, adult horses. Recordings were accomplished without sedation, anaesthesia, or the use of mydriatic drugs. The mean and standard deviation of the latency of the most evident positive peak was 52.76±2.37 ms (P53). The mean latencies of the preceding and following negative peaks were 38.14±4.62 (N38) and 72.35±5.33 ms (N72), respectively. There were 2 mean peak-to-peak amplitudes (N38 – P53 and P53 – N72), and they were 11.85±6.21 and 22.81±11.50 µV, respectively. F-VEP was also recorded from 3 horses (6 eyes) before and during sedation with 2 doses each of xylazine (0.4 and 1.1 mg/kg) or detomidine (0.005 and 0.014 mg/kg). It was possible to obtain a reliable F-VEP with a P53 latency in horses without sedation that was similar to the P2 peak described in previous studies, and these data can be used in the future as a normal reference for comparisons in horses with different diseases using a similar methodology. Sedation affected the results by depressing peak amplitudes and increasing latencies or by completely obscuring any response. The exact impact of sedation on VEPs must be evaluated with much caution due to the small sample size. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul Department of Neurology Psychology and Psychiatry College of Medicine - Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Botucatu Department of Veterinary Clinical Science College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science - Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu Department of Neurology Psychology and Psychiatry College of Medicine - Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Botucatu Department of Veterinary Clinical Science College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science - Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T16:52:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-07-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Despite the reported association between aural plaques and the presence of Equus caballus papillomavirus (EcPV), there are few data regarding the distribution of viral types in different geographic regions or possible correlations for different papillomaviruses and lesion characteristics. We detected the presence and frequency of EcPV (1–7) DNA in aural plaque biopsies of horses from different regions of Brazil and identified the patterns of these infections or coinfections and their possible association with lesion severity. A total of 108 aural plaque biopsies from horses in the 5 geopolitical regions of Brazil were examined. We performed PCR to detect EcPV DNA in the biopsies. At least 1 type of EcPV was detected in 97% of the samples. EcPV coinfection was observed in 59% of the samples. Compared to the other viruses, EcPV-4 was found at the highest frequency in coinfection (84%) or individually identified (32%). EcPV-2 and -7 were not detected. No significant association was found between lesion characteristics (type and distribution) and either the viral type detected or the presence of coinfection. EcPV is widely distributed in Brazil, both isolated and in coinfection; the viral type does not appear to influence the clinical characteristics of equine aural plaques. School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Institute of Biosciences Institute of Biosciences São Paulo State University (Unesp) Research Group in Veterinary Medicine – GIVET School of Veterinary Medicine Unilasallista-Corporación Universitaria Lasallista Institute of Biosciences São Paulo State University (Unesp) CNPq: 190237/2013-9 FAPESP: 2013/15995-8

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:31:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-01-01 Diarrhea is a major clinical problem affecting foals up to 3 months of age. The aim of this study was to identify enteric microorganisms involved in monoinfections and coinfections and the associated virulence factors in healthy and diarrheic foals. Diarrheic (D) (n=56) and nondiarrheic (ND) foals (n=60) up to three months of age were studied. Fecal samples were analyzed for identification of infectious agents (microbiological culturing, molecular techniques, and microscopic analyses). Escherichia coli fimH (30% versus 25%), Salmonella spp. (25% versus 7%), Strongyloides westeri (25% versus 25%), Clostridium perfringens type A (21% versus 10%), E. coli ag43 (20% versus 35%), Strongylus (11% versus 18%), and vapA-positive Rhodococcus equi (5% versus 2%) were the most frequent enteric pathogens detected in D and ND foals, respectively. The frequency of toxin A-positive C. perfringens was significantly increased in the D (p=0.033) compared with the ND animals. R. equi strains harboring virulent plasmids were also identified (VapA 85-kb type I and VapA 87-kb type I) in D and ND foals. Coinfections were observed in 46% of the D and 33% of the ND foals. Our results demonstrate the great diversity of enteric pathogens, virulence factors, and coinfections involved in enteric infections of foals. Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) Department of Genetics Evolution and Bioagents Campinas State University (Unicamp) Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine University of S�o Paulo Department of Animal Hygiene Kitasato University Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)

A horse with recurrent airway disease was presented with dyspnea, mucopurulent bilateral nasal discharge and abnormal lung sounds. Microbiological culture, ...

Summary Reasons for performing the study Toxin detection and screening could contribute to knowledge of the transmission patterns, risk factors and epidemiology of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens. Objective To isolate C. difficile and C. perfringens and to detect A/B toxins in faecal samples from diarrhoeic and nondiarrhoeic foals. Study design Cross-sectional observational study. Methods A total of 153 samples from foals were collected: 139 samples from farms and 14 samples from diarrhoeic foals admitted to a veterinary hospital. The A/B toxins were detected by cytotoxicity assay. All suspected colonies of C. perfringens were subjected to polymerase chain reaction for detection of the major toxin genes (α, β, e and ι) and for detection of β2-, NetB- and enterotoxin-encoding genes. Furthermore, C. difficile and C. perfringens isolates were evaluated for in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility. Results Seven of 153 (4.6%) samples, all from diarrhoeic foals, were positive for C. difficile A/B toxin. Of these, 5 of 14 (35.7%) were from hospitalised foals, and only 2 of 63 (3.2%) diarrhoeic foal samples were from farms (P = 0.002). Clostridium perfringens was isolated from 31 (20.3%) foals, of which 21 of 76 (27.6%) were diarrhoeic and 10 of 76 (13.2%) were nondiarrhoeic, demonstrating a difference between these 2 groups (P = 0.045). Only 4 strains were positive for the β2-encoding gene (cpb2). All C. difficile and C. perfringens isolates were susceptible to metronidazole and vancomycin. Conclusions The present report highlights the need for laboratory diagnostics to differentiate C. difficile-associated infection in foals from other causes of diarrhoea to facilitate adequate antimicrobial therapy. Potential relevance More studies are needed to clarify the role of C. perfringens as a primary agent of diarrhoea in foals.

Background Aural plaques can be found on the inner surfaces of one or both ears of horses. Despite their low malignancy, these lesions can sometimes cause discomfort and sensitivity in horses, and a loss in commercial value due to their aesthetic effect. There has been a study describing the epidemiological features and the clinical prevalence of equine aural plaques in Brazil. Hypothesis/Objectives To determine the clinical prevalence and selected associated factors of aural plaques. Animals In the study, 891 horses were assessed for aural plaques. The sample group had a median age of 5 years and comprised both sexes and various breeds from different regions of Brazil. Methods Horses were evaluated by a general observation of the body and a detailed observation of both ears. Data on the management system, characteristics of the lesions, the presence of ticks and ear grooming were collected for 109 clinically affected horses. An assessment of the frequency distribution of the disease and its characteristics was performed. Association tests were conducted to establish the relationships between the variables studied. Results In 85% (40 of 47) of farms assessed, at least one horse presented with aural plaques. In 14.8% (132 of 891) of the horses, lesions characteristic of aural plaque were detected. Significant associations between the prevalence of “coalescing” lesions and a “semi-intensive” management system and ear grooming were detected. Conclusions The findings confirm the extensive distribution of this disease in Brazil and its association with several management factors.

Univ Estadual Paulista Clin Sci, UNESP, Sch Vet Med & Anim Sci, FMVZ, BR-18618970 Sao Paulo, Brazil

A placa aural é uma dermatopatia associada à quatro Equus caballus papillomavirus (EcPVs). Até o momento, o DNA de EcPVs não foi identificado em amostras de placa aural fixadas em formalina e embebidas em parafina (FFPE). O objetivo deste estudo foi otimizar um método para a detecção dos quatro tipos de EcPVs em 21 amostras FFPE usando a PCR. O DNA dos EcPVs foram detectados em 11 amostras (52.4%). O DNA do EcPV4 foi detectado em 38.1% (8/21) e do EcPV3 em 4.8% (1/21) das amostras. Coinfecção foi identificada em duas amostras (9.5%); EcPV4 e 5 foram detectados simultaneamente em uma amostra, enquanto o DNA dos EcPV4 e 6 foi detectado em outra. A especificidade do DNA dos papilomavírus equinos foi avaliada por sequenciamento gênico direto, que confirmou a especificidade dos produtos. A metodologia de PCR proposta possibilita o diagnóstico dos EcPV3, 4, 5 e 6 em amostras FFPE de placa aural equina.

Background Aural plaques are a dermatopathy associated with Equus caballus papillomavirus (EcPV). This disease affects horses of all ages, genders and breeds, and causes sensitivity of the ears. Hypothesis/Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of 5% imiquimod cream for the treatment of aural plaques and to compare the PCR detection of EcPV 3, 4, 5 and 6 before and after treatment. Animals Eight horses diagnosed with aural plaques (14 ears) were used. Three mares with unilateral aural plaques were used as untreated controls. Methods Imiquimod cream was applied every 48 h until complete resolution of the aural plaques was observed. Animals were evaluated clinically for 180 days after the end of treatment. PCR for detecting EcPV 3, 4, 5 and 6 was performed using aural plaque biopsies collected before and at 90 days after the end of treatment. Results Clinical resolution was observed in 93% of the treated ears. Imiquimod treatment promoted the clearance of EcPV in 71.4% of the treated ears. Clinical remission of the aural plaques and changes in EcPV DNA positivity between the first and second biopsies were not observed in the control group. In 75% of horses, sedation was required in order to carry out pretreatment cleaning. Conclusions The results of this study support the hypothesis that 5% imiquimod cream may be used as an effective treatment for aural plaques in horses.