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Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of oropharyngeal colostrum administration in the incidence of late-onset clinical and proven sepsis and in concentrations of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants. Methods We conducted a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial and assigned 113 VLBW infants to receive 0.2 mL of maternal colostrum or sterile water (placebo) via oropharyngeal route every 2 hours for 48 hours, beginning in the first 48 to 72 hours of life. Neonates of both groups were fed breast milk from the first 3 days of life until a volume of at least 100 mL · kg · day. IgA was measured in serum and urine before and after treatment. Clinical data during hospitalization were collected. Results We found no statistically significant differences between colostrum and placebo groups in the incidence of late-onset clinical sepsis (odds ratio 0.7602; CI 95% 0.3-1.6) and proven sepsis (odds ratio 0.7028; CI 95% 0.3-1.6). The measurement of IgA was similar in serum before (P value 0.87) and after treatment (P value 0.26 day 4 and 0.77 day 18). No differences were also observed in IgA in urine before (P value 0.8) and after treatment (P value 0.73 day 4 and 0.52). Conclusions This study could not confirm the hypothesis that oropharyngeal administration of maternal colostrum to VLBW could reduce the incidence of late-onset sepsis and increase the levels of IgA. We believe that this finding can be justified by the practice of feeding VLBW infants exclusively with breast milk in the first days of life and reinforces the prior knowledge of the importance of early nutrition, especially, with human milk. It also suggests that oropharyngeal administration of colostrum should be reserved for neonates who cannot be fed in first few days of life.