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Populism har de senaste åren blivit ett ökande fenomen i västvärlden, där partier och politiska aktörer som benämns som populistiska vinner alltmer mark. Även årets riksdagsval i Sverige följde denna trend, där Sverigedemokraterna (ett parti som har beskrivits som populistiskt) blev det näst största partiet och samarbetsparti till den nya regeringen. Trots kommunikationens viktiga roll inom populism har denna aspekt av populism i det stora hela oftast blivit förbisedd inom forskningen. Det gäller också tidigare forskning om populism i Sverige, som oftast har fokuserat på populistiska aktörers innehåll och deras ideologiska positioner. Tidigare forskning om populism i Sverige har också oftast fokuserat på partiet Sverigedemokraterna och inte studerat andra partiers användning av populism. Mot bakgrund av denna lucka i forskningen samt Sverigedemokraternas framgångar och konventionella partiers beslut att samarbeta med partiet, har denna studie valt att undersöka om och i sådana fall hur tre svenska politiska aktörer (Ulf Kristersson, Magdalena Andersson, Jimmie Åkesson) använder sig av populism i sin politiska kommunikation. Syftet har varit att undersöka hur populism som politisk kommunikation används och tar sig uttryck. Konkret har uppsatsen, genom en tematisk analys, analyserat de tre partiledarnas Almedalstal valåret 2022 och med hjälp av det teoretiska ramverket undersökt vilka populistiska element som kan urskiljas i talen och hur de används i den politiska kommunikationen. Studien identifierade att alla dessa tre politiska aktörer använde sig av populism för att mobilisera väljarstöd, men att de gjorde det med hjälp av populism på olika sätt, genom tre olika identifierade teman. Ulf Kristersson använde sig av det identifierade temat den rättfärdiga vinnaren genom att använda sig av populism för att framhålla sig själv och sin sida som den rättfärdiga och kompetenta vinnaren av valet. Jimmie Åkesson använde sig av populism i de identifierade temat landets räddare för att framställa Sverige som ett land i djup kris och han och hans parti som de enda om kan rädda landet. Till sist använde sig Magdalena Andersson av det identifierande temat mobiliseringen av en nationell gemenskap, där hon till skillnad från Kristersson och Åkesson använde sig av populism för att framhålla en enande svensk identitet och kultur som väljare kan identifiera sig med. Studiens resultat mynnar ut i en diskussion om användningen av begreppet populism och om man mer ska se populism som en komponent av politiska aktörers kommunikation och inte som ett definierande drag av politiska aktörers politiska identitet. Detta med tanke på att resultatet av studien visade att alla de politiska aktörerna använde sig av populism trots deras politiska och ideologiska skillnader. In recent years, populism has become an increased phenomenon in the Western world, where parties and political actors that are called populist are increasingly gaining ground. This year's parliamentary elections in Sweden also followed this trend, where the Sweden Democrats (a party that has been described as populist) became the second largest party and a collaborating party to the new government. Despite the important role of communication in populism, this aspect of populism as a whole has often been overlooked in research. This applies to previous research on populism in Sweden, which usually focuses on the content of populist actors and their ideological positions. Previous research on populism in Sweden has also focused on the Sweden Democrats and not studied other parties' use of populism. Against this gap in the research and the Sweden Democrats successes and conventional parties' decisions to cooperate with the party, this study set out to analyze whether, and in such cases, how three Swedish political actors in the form of party leaders Magdalena Andersson, Ulf Kristersson and Jimmie Åkesson used populism in their political communication. The aim has been to examine how populism as political communication is used and expressed. Concretely, the essay has, through a thematic analysis, analyzed the Almedal speeches of the three party leaders in the election year 2022 and, with the help of the theoretical framework, examined which populist elements can be distinguished in the speeches and how they are used in political communication. The study identified that all these three political actors used populism to mobilize voter support, but that they did so using populism in different ways, through three different identified themes. Ulf Kristersson used the identified theme of the righteous winner by using populism to promote himself and his side as the righteous and competent winner of the election. Jimmie Åkesson used populism in the identified theme of the country's savior to portray Sweden as a country in deep crisis and he and his party as the only ones who can save the country. Finally, Magdalena Andersson used the identified theme of the mobilization of a national community, where, unlike Kristersson and Åkesson, she used populism to emphasize a unifying Swedish identity and culture that voters can identify with. The results of the study prompted a discussion about the use of the term populism and whether, given that the results of the study showed that all the political actors used populism despite their political and ideological differences, populism should be seen as a component of political actor’s communication and not as an identifying feature of a political actor's political identity.

Aim To prospectively evaluate interferences between viruses of the upper respiratory tract in asymptomatic preschool children. Methods Nasal-pharyngeal swabs from 233 preschool aged children were prospectively collected over four consecutive time periods, during one school year. The samples were tested using a RT-PCR DNA/RNA microarray system for nine respiratory viruses. Results Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was a predictor of the presence of influenza virus (INFL) (OR: 9.12, CI: 1.52–54.75, p = 0.016), and similarly, INFL predicted the presence of RSV (OR: 4.01, CI: 1.14–14.16, p = 0.030). Also, rhinovirus (RV) was a predictor of adenovirus (ADV) presence (OR: 3.66, CI: 1.10–12.14, p = 0.034), and similarly, ADV predicted the presence of RV (OR: 4.05, CI: 1.02–16.05, p = 0.046). No other significant associations between viruses were observed. Conclusion Our results indicate that respiratory viruses found in carrier stage in asymptomatic children may interact with other viruses and even facilitate their settling in the upper respiratory tract. The pathophysiological role of these interactions is not yet clear.

Aim: To prospectively evaluate interferences between viruses of the upper respiratory tract in asymptomatic preschool children. Methods: Nasal-pharyngeal swabs from 233 preschool aged children were prospectively collected over four consecutive time periods, during one school year. The samples were tested using a RT-PCR DNA/RNA microarray system for nine respiratory viruses. Results: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was a predictor of the presence of influenza virus (INFL) (OR: 9.12, CI: 1.52–54.75, p = 0.016), and similarly, INFL predicted the presence of RSV (OR: 4.01, CI: 1.14–14.16, p = 0.030). Also, rhinovirus (RV) was a predictor of adenovirus (ADV) presence (OR: 3.66, CI: 1.10–12.14, p = 0.034), and similarly, ADV predicted the presence of RV (OR: 4.05, CI: 1.02–16.05, p = 0.046). No other significant associations between viruses were observed. Conclusion: Our results indicate that respiratory viruses found in carrier stage in asymptomatic children may interact with other viruses and even facilitate their settling in the upper respiratory tract. The pathophysiological role of these interactions is not yet clear. © 2018 SEICAP

Many people with severe Myalgic Encephalopathy/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) commonly receive no care from healthcare professionals, while some have become distanced from all statutory medical services. Paradoxically, it is often the most seriously ill and needy who are the most neglected by those responsible for their healthcare. Reasons for this include tensions around the complexity of making an accurate diagnosis in the absence of a biomarker, the bitter debate about the effectiveness of the few available treatments, and the very real stigma associated with the diagnosis. Illness severity often precludes attendance at healthcare facilities, and if an individual is well enough to be able to attend an appointment, the presentation will not be typical; by definition, patients who are severely affected are home-bound and often confined to bed. We argue that a holistic model, such as ‘‘Compassion in Practice’’, can help with planning appointments and caring for people severely affected by ME/CFS. We show how this can be used to frame meaningful interactions between the healthcare practitioners (HCPs) and the homebound patient.

Aims: Evaluation of general health level of residents of Milosisl and through respiratory functional testing, bone density measurement in correlation with occupational and environmental exposure. Case: Study protocol consisted of only one visit during which nativity, demographic characteristics, risk factors, occupational exposure, comorbidities and current medication were recorded and FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, SatO2% and T-score were measured. The participants were over 35 years of age. For the description of the qualitative variables, absolute (number of observations) and relative frequencies (percentages) were used. Results: 181 residents fulfilled the inclusion criteria of the study. 5,5% of the participants suffered from COPD, while 22.1% of the study population was exposed to perlite or other mineral dust. According to our analysis it is shown that COPD and occupational exposure to mineral dust are not correlated. Osteoporosis and osteopenia were recorded in 10.5% of the cases. Other co-morbidities recorded were hypothyroidism and eye disorders. Conclusion: The prevalence of the patients with COPD (5,5%) is lower than the rates established in previous studies for the general population. The majority of the study population (77.9%) was not exposed to perlite, bentonite, caoline or asbestos. The exposure degree of the population probably plays a crucial role in the impact of mineral dust on its general health level.

Background In Greece recently, higher-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) replaced the 7-valent (PCV7); the 10-valent (PCV10) became available in May 2009 and the 13-valent (PCV13) in June 2010. Methods We investigated the nasopharyngeal colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae in day-care center attendees in Athens and the prefecture of Viotia. Between December 2010 and June 2011, nasopharyngeal cultures were obtained 4 times, at enrollment and then every 6 to 8 weeks. Results Among the 233 children, 225 (96.6%) had been vaccinated with ≥1 dose of PCV7. One tenth of the PCV7 vaccinated attendees had also received ≥1 dose of PCV13 or PCV10. During the 4 samplings, 358 isolates were recovered from a total of 874 samples. Of the 233 children, 183 (78.5%) were found to carry S. pneumoniae at least once. The overall serotype distribution among carriers was similar regardless of the time lapsed since the last PCV7 dose. A high frequency of 19A (17.1%) coincided with a low frequency of 19F (1.4%). Non-PCV13 serotypes accounted for 73.1% of the isolates; 23B, 15B/C, 16F, 21, 11A, 15A, 6C, 10A, 22F and 23A were the most common. Among attendees aged 24–59 months (median age 42 months), prolonged carriage of a non-PCV13 serotype was relatively common, mainly for 21 and 16F. One out of 4 cases of colonization with the prevalent non-PCV13 serotypes was followed by persistent carriage for 5 to 14 weeks. Conclusions During this period of transition to the higher-valent PCVs in the day-care center setting, non-PCV13 serotypes dominated and exhibited prolonged colonization. The frequency and the duration of prolonged carriage tends to be increased, if sampling frequency increases and the carriage time before and after positive cultures is taken into consideration. Further studies regarding the fitness of the colonizing non-PCV13 serotypes will likely to be seen in the future.

Background: In Greece recently, higher-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) replaced the 7-valent (PCV7); the 10-valent (PCV10) became available in May 2009 and the 13-valent (PCV13) in June 2010. Methods: We investigated the nasopharyngeal colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae in day-care center attendees in Athens and the prefecture of Viotia. Between December 2010 and June 2011, nasopharyngeal cultures were obtained 4 times, at enrollment and then every 6 to 8 weeks. Results: Among the 233 children, 225 (96.6%) had been vaccinated with ≥1 dose of PCV7. One tenth of the PCV7 vaccinated attendees had also received ≥1 dose of PCV13 or PCV10. During the 4 samplings, 358 isolates were recovered from a total of 874 samples. Of the 233 children, 183 (78.5%) were found to carry S. pneumoniae at least once. The overall serotype distribution among carriers was similar regardless of the time lapsed since the last PCV7 dose. A high frequency of 19A (17.1%) coincided with a low frequency of 19F (1.4%). Non-PCV13 serotypes accounted for 73.1% of the isolates; 23B, 15B/C, 16F, 21, 11A, 15A, 6C, 10A, 22F and 23A were the most common. Among attendees aged 24-59 months (median age 42 months), prolonged carriage of a non-PCV13 serotype was relatively common, mainly for 21 and 16F. One out of 4 cases of colonization with the prevalent non-PCV13 serotypes was followed by persistent carriage for 5 to 14 weeks. Conclusions: During this period of transition to the higher-valent PCVs in the day-care center setting, non-PCV13 serotypes dominated and exhibited prolonged colonization. The frequency and the duration of prolonged carriage tends to be increased, if sampling frequency increases and the carriage time before and after positive cultures is taken into consideration. Further studies regarding the fitness of the colonizing non-PCV13 serotypes will likely to be seen in the future. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.

Serum concentrations of lipoprotein mass by flotation rate were measured in 12 long-distance runners and 64 sedentary men by analytic ultracentrifugation. The runners had significantly lower serum mass concentrations of the smaller, denser low-density lipoprotein particles of flotation rates Sf 0-7 (including the LDL-II, LDL-III, and LDL-IV subspecies), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles of Sf 20-400, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles of flotation rates F1.20 0-1.5 (predominantly the HDL3 subspecies), and higher serum mass concentrations of HDL particles with flotation rates between F1.20 2.0-9.0 (including HDL2a and HDL2b and less dense particles belonging to HDL3) than did sedentary men. Lipoprotein lipase activity was higher, and hepatic lipase activity was lower in runners than in the sedentary men. Thus, the effects of endurance exercise training to lower LDL may be specific to the smaller, denser LDL particle region. Similarities in the lipoprotein mass profiles of the runners and the low-risk profiles of sedentary, middle-aged women suggest the effects of common metabolic factors possibly leading to reduced risk of coronary artery disease.

The effect of ethionine on the conversion of stearic acid to oleic acid was studied. Rats were fed essential fatty acid (EFA) deficient diet for three weeks, after which time half the animals were fed 0.25% DL-ethionine for nine additional days. Seventeen hours prior to killing, they were fed a slurry of the diet containing 18-14C-stearic acid. Liver triglycerides and phospholipids were extracted and separated and their fatty acid composition and the distribution of radioactivity between stearic and oleic acid was determined. In the tissues studied, oleic acid was maintained at control levels in ethionine-fed rats, but eicosatrienoic acid was significantly depressed. Distribution of radioactivity and specific activity of oleic acid in the triglycerides and phospholipids were significantly reduced by the analogue. In vitro studies of desaturation and chain elongation reactions, with liver microsomes, using 18-14C-stearic and 1-14C-linoleic acids as substrates, showed that ethionine depressed the synthesis of oleic acid from stearic and γ-linolenic from linoleic acid. Elongation of linoleic adie to a 20∶2 fatty acid was unaffected by ethionine. Therefore, the results showed that ethionine inhibited desaturation of stearic to oleic acid in vivo and in vitro and probably also impaired the desaturation of oleic to octadeca-6, 9-dienoic acid. Maintenance of control levels of oleic acid in the tissues of ethionine-fed, EFA deficient rats suggested the presence of synthetic pathways for oleic acid other than via desaturation of stearic acid.

Male rats fed a 9% casein-purified diet for 14 days were compared with a similar group of rats whose diet contained 0.25% DL-ethionine. At the end of the feeding period, the animals were tube fed their respective diets plus 1-14C-linoleic acid, and control and experimental rats randomly chosen were then killed 18 h and 30 h thereafter. Composition and radioactivity were determined in carcass and liver lipids. Total amounts of carcass and liver lipids did not differ among the groups, nor were there any differences in the distribution or specific activity of the carcass linoleate. Liver triglyceride of rats fed ethionine, while being no higher in concentration than that of control animals, did, however, have a higher proportion of radioactivity and more linoleic acid with a higher specific activity than did the controls. The differences were greatest at the 18-h post-feeding period. Ethionine also increased the proportion of linoleic acid and decreased that of arachidonic acid in the liver phospholipids as compared with controls. Analysis of the phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylcholines showed that by the 18-h post-feeding period, the proportions of radioactivity and specific activity of arachidonic acid in both phospholipid fractions were reduced far below control values, whereas the specific activity of linoleic acid was high and similar for all groups. However, by 30 h after administration of the labeled linoleic acid, specific activities, but not the distribution of the label, had returned to normal ranges. From the results it was concluded that the liver phospholipid fatty acid patterns seen in rats fed ethionine were a consequence of an impairment by the analogue in the normal utilization and conversion of linoleic acid to arachidonic acid.

Analysis of human plasma by gradient gel electrophoresis (GGE) revealed multiple distinct bands in the size range between very low density (VLDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL). GGE of intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL) from normal subjects consistently showed two major bands with particle diameters in the range of 275 to 300 A. The larger, usually predominant subspecies was designated IDL-1, and the smaller, IDL-2. GGE also demonstrated two sizes of subpopulations in the VLDL density range in all subjects. A discontinuous nonequilibrium density gradient ultracentrifugation technique was devised to isolate a series of fractions containing progressively smaller lipoproteins. Successive fractions showed progressive enrichment in cholesteryl-esters, depletion of triglyceride, slower migration on agarose, and depletion of apo E and the C apolipoproteins relative to apo B. The IDL-1 and IDL-2 subspecies appeared to represent two distributions of lipoproteins overlapping in size (particle diameter 280-300 A and 268-284 A, respectively) and buoyant density (d = 1.008-1.022 g/ml and d = 1.013-1.028 g/ml, respectively). Plasma from two patients with dysbetalipoproteinemia showed predominant increases in fractions normally containing small VLDL and IDL-1, while patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia had increases primarily in levels of larger VLDL. Heterogeneity of lipoprotein precursors could account for the discrete subspecies of LDL observed in human plasma.

To see how the metabolism of specific phosphatidyl choline fractions might be affected when only a limited source of methyl groups was available, rats were fed for 7 days a low methionine, choline-deficient diet or one supplemented with either choline or methionine. Prior to killing, they were injected with -14C-methyl methionine and liver and plasma phosphatidyl choline isolated and separated by argentation chromatography into 3 major unsaturated fractions. Fatty acid composition and radioactivity of the fractions were determined. Deficient rats had reduced total liver phosphatidyl choline when compared with the supplemented groups, but the proportions of 20:4 and 22:6 fatty acids in the total phosphatidyl choline were unchanged. Plasma phosphatidyl choline also was reduced sharply by the deficiency, as was its proportion of 20:4 fatty acid. Specific activities of the liver 22:6, 20:4, and 18:2 phosphatidyl choline fractions showed that deficient rats had less radioactivity in their 20:4 and 18:2 phosphatidyl choline than did the supplemented animals. Plasma phosphatidyl choline fractions presented a similar pattern. Feeding methionine or choline nearly doubled radioactive methyl group incorporation into the 20:4 phosphatidyl choline fraction of liver and plasma, while incorporation into the 22:6 phosphatidyl choline was reduced or unchanged. The results suggested that, in the rat, limited availability of methyl groups altered the metabolism of liver and plasma phosphatidyl choline fractions. Methionine, as a source of labile methyl groups, appears necessary for the normal synthesis of certain unsaturated phosphatidyl choline fractions (particularly 20:4 phosphatidyl choline). Transmethylation of phosphatidyl ethanolamine molecular species to the corresponding phosphatidyl choline species may be an important reaction in normal lipid metabolism and transport. Relative affinities for incorporation of the labeled methyl groups into the phosphatidyl choline fractions of either deficient or supplemented rats were: 22:6 less than 20:4 less than 18:2.