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1. Child and Adolescent Health From 1990 to 2015: Findings From the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2015 Study

Author

Global Burden of Disease Child and Adolescent Health Collaboration, Kassebaum N, Kyu HH, Zoeckler L, Olsen HE, Thomas K, Pinho C, Bhutta ZA, Dandona L, Ferrari A, Ghiwot TT, Hay SI, Kinfu Y, Liang X, Lopez A, Malta DC, Mokdad AH, Naghavi M, Patton GC, Salomon J, Sartorius B, Topor-Madry R, Vollset SE, Werdecker A, Whiteford HA, Abate KH, Abbas K, Damtew SA, Ahmed MB, Akseer N, Al-Raddadi R, Alemayohu MA, Altirkawi K, Abajobir AA, Amare AT, Antonio CAT, Arnlov J, Artaman A, Asayesh H, Avokpaho EFGA, Awasthi A, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Bacha U, Betsu BD, Barac A, Bärnighausen TW, Baye E, Bedi N, Bensenor IM, Berhane A, Bernabe E, Bernal OA, Beyene AS, Biadgilign S, Bikbov B, Boyce CA, Brazinova A, Hailu GB, Carter A, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Catalá-López F, Charlson FJ, Chitheer AA, Choi JJ, Ciobanu LG, Crump J, Dandona R, Dellavalle RP, Deribew A, deVeber G, Dicker D, Ding EL, Dubey M, Endries AY, Erskine HE, Faraon EJA, Faro A, Farzadfar F, Fernandes JC, Fijabi DO, Fitzmaurice C, Fleming TD, Flor LS, Foreman KJ, Franklin RC, Fraser MS, Frostad JJ, Fullman N, Gebregergs GB, Gebru AA, Geleijnse JM, Gibney KB, Gidey Yihdego M, Ginawi IAM, Gishu MD, Gizachew TA, Glaser E, Gold AL, Goldberg E, Gona P, Goto A, Gugnani HC, Jiang G, Gupta R, Tesfay FH, Hankey GJ, Havmoeller R, Hijar M, Horino M, Hosgood HD, Hu G, Jacobsen KH, Jakovljevic MB, Jayaraman SP, Jha V, Jibat T, Johnson CO, Jonas J, Kasaeian A, Kawakami N, Keiyoro PN, Khalil I, Khang YH, Khubchandani J, Ahmad Kiadaliri AA, Kieling C, Kim D, Kissoon N, Knibbs LD, Koyanagi A, Krohn KJ, Kuate Defo B, Kucuk Bicer B, Kulikoff R, Kumar GA, Lal DK, Lam HY, Larson HJ, Larsson A, Laryea DO, Leung J, Lim SS, Lo LT, Lo WD, Looker KJ, Lotufo PA, Magdy Abd El Razek H, Malekzadeh R, Markos Shifti D, Mazidi M, Meaney PA, Meles KG, Memiah P, Mendoza W, Abera Mengistie M, Mengistu GW, Mensah GA, Miller TR, Mock C, Mohammadi A, Mohammed S, Monasta L, Mueller U, Nagata C, Naheed A, Nguyen G, Nguyen QL, Nsoesie E, Oh IH, Okoro A, Olusanya JO, Olusanya BO, Ortiz A, Paudel D, Pereira DM, Perico N, Petzold M, Phillips MR, Polanczyk GV, Pourmalek F, Qorbani M, Rafay A, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman M, Rai RK, Ram U, Rankin Z, Remuzzi G, Renzaho AMN, Roba HS, Rojas-Rueda D, Ronfani L, Sagar R, Sanabria JR, Kedir Mohammed MS, Santos IS, Satpathy M, Sawhney M, Schöttker B, Schwebel DC, Scott JG, Sepanlou SG, Shaheen A, Shaikh MA, She J, Shiri R, Shiue I, Sigfusdottir ID, Singh J, Silpakit N, Smith A, Sreeramareddy C, Stanaway JD, Stein DJ, Steiner C, Sufiyan MB, Swaminathan S, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tabb KM, Tadese F, Tavakkoli M, Taye B, Teeple S, Tegegne TK, Temam Shifa G, Terkawi AS, Thomas B, Thomson AJ, Tobe-Gai R, Tonelli M, Tran BX, Troeger C, Ukwaja KN, Uthman O, Vasankari T, Venketasubramanian N, Vlassov VV, Weiderpass E, Weintraub R, Gebrehiwot SW, Westerman R, Williams HC, Wolfe CDA, Woodbrook R, Yano Y, Yonemoto N, Yoon SJ, Younis MZ, Yu C, Zaki MES, Zegeye EA, Zuhlke LJ, Murray CJL, and Vos T

Subjects
Male, Adolescent, G300, L500, Adolescent Health, Age Factors, Child Health, Correction, Global Health, Disabled Children, Global Burden of Disease, Pregnancy Complications, Sex Factors, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, Cause of Death, Child Mortality, Humans, Wounds and Injuries, Female, Child
Abstract

IMPORTANCE: Comprehensive and timely monitoring of disease burden in all age groups, including children and adolescents, is essential for improving population health. OBJECTIVE: To quantify and describe levels and trends of mortality and nonfatal health outcomes among children and adolescents from 1990 to 2015 to provide a framework for policy discussion. EVIDENCE REVIEW: Cause-specific mortality and nonfatal health outcomes were analyzed for 195 countries and territories by age group, sex, and year from 1990 to 2015 using standardized approaches for data processing and statistical modeling, with subsequent analysis of the findings to describe levels and trends across geography and time among children and adolescents 19 years or younger. A composite indicator of income, education, and fertility was developed (Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) for each geographic unit and year, which evaluates the historical association between SDI and health loss. FINDINGS: Global child and adolescent mortality decreased from 14.18 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 14.09 million to 14.28 million) deaths in 1990 to 7.26 million (95% UI, 7.14 million to 7.39 million) deaths in 2015, but progress has been unevenly distributed. Countries with a lower SDI had a larger proportion of mortality burden (75%) in 2015 than was the case in 1990 (61%). Most deaths in 2015 occurred in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Global trends were driven by reductions in mortality owing to infectious, nutritional, and neonatal disorders, which in the aggregate led to a relative increase in the importance of noncommunicable diseases and injuries in explaining global disease burden. The absolute burden of disability in children and adolescents increased 4.3% (95% UI, 3.1%-5.6%) from 1990 to 2015, with much of the increase owing to population growth and improved survival for children and adolescents to older ages. Other than infectious conditions, many top causes of disability are associated with long-term sequelae of conditions present at birth (eg, neonatal disorders, congenital birth defects, and hemoglobinopathies) and complications of a variety of infections and nutritional deficiencies. Anemia, developmental intellectual disability, hearing loss, epilepsy, and vision loss are important contributors to childhood disability that can arise from multiple causes. Maternal and reproductive health remains a key cause of disease burden in adolescent females, especially in lower-SDI countries. In low-SDI countries, mortality is the primary driver of health loss for children and adolescents, whereas disability predominates in higher-SDI locations; the specific pattern of epidemiological transition varies across diseases and injuries. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Consistent international attention and investment have led to sustained improvements in causes of health loss among children and adolescents in many countries, although progress has been uneven. The persistence of infectious diseases in some countries, coupled with ongoing epidemiologic transition to injuries and noncommunicable diseases, require all countries to carefully evaluate and implement appropriate strategies to maximize the health of their children and adolescents and for the international community to carefully consider which elements of child and adolescent health should be monitored.

Published
2017

2. Child and adolescent health from 1990 to 2015: findings from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2015 study

Author

Kassebaum, N, Kyu, HH, Zoeckler, L, Olsen, HE, Thomas, K, Pinho, C, Bhutta, ZA, Dandona, L, Ferrari, A, Ghiwot, TT, Hay, SI, Kinfu, Y, Liang, X, Lopez, A, Malta, DC, Mokdad, AH, Naghavi, M, Patton, GC, Salomon, J, Sartorius, B, Topor-Madry, R, Vollset, SE, Werdecker, A, Whiteford, HA, Abate, KH, Abbas, K, Damtew, SA, Ahmed, MB, Akseer, N, Al-Raddadi, R, Alemayohu, MA, Altirkawi, K, Abajobir, AA, Amare, AT, Antonio, CAT, Arnlov, J, Artaman, A, Asayesh, H, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awasthi, A, Quintanilla, BPA, Bacha, U, Betsu, BD, Barac, A, Barnighausen, TW, Baye, E, Bedi, N, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Bernabe, E, Bernal, OA, Beyene, AS, Biadgilign, S, Bikbov, B, Boyce, CA, Brazinova, A, Hailu, GB, Carter, A, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Catala-Lopez, F, Charlson, FJ, Chitheer, AA, Choi, JYJ, Ciobanu, LG, Crump, J, Dandona, R, Dellavalle, RP, Deribew, A, DeVeber, G, Dicker, D, Ding, EL, Dubey, M, Endries, AY, Erskine, HE, Faraon, EJA, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fernandes, JC, Fijabi, DO, Fitzmaurice, C, Fleming, TD, Flor, LS, Foreman, KJ, Franklin, RC, Fraser, MS, Frostad, JJ, Fullman, N, Gebregergs, GB, Gebru, AA, Geleijnse, JM, Gibney, KB, Yihdego, MG, Ginawi, IAM, Gishu, MD, Gizachew, TA, Glaser, E, Gold, AL, Goldberg, E, Gona, P, Goto, A, Tesfay, Fisaha, Kassebaum, N, Kyu, HH, Zoeckler, L, Olsen, HE, Thomas, K, Pinho, C, Bhutta, ZA, Dandona, L, Ferrari, A, Ghiwot, TT, Hay, SI, Kinfu, Y, Liang, X, Lopez, A, Malta, DC, Mokdad, AH, Naghavi, M, Patton, GC, Salomon, J, Sartorius, B, Topor-Madry, R, Vollset, SE, Werdecker, A, Whiteford, HA, Abate, KH, Abbas, K, Damtew, SA, Ahmed, MB, Akseer, N, Al-Raddadi, R, Alemayohu, MA, Altirkawi, K, Abajobir, AA, Amare, AT, Antonio, CAT, Arnlov, J, Artaman, A, Asayesh, H, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awasthi, A, Quintanilla, BPA, Bacha, U, Betsu, BD, Barac, A, Barnighausen, TW, Baye, E, Bedi, N, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Bernabe, E, Bernal, OA, Beyene, AS, Biadgilign, S, Bikbov, B, Boyce, CA, Brazinova, A, Hailu, GB, Carter, A, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Catala-Lopez, F, Charlson, FJ, Chitheer, AA, Choi, JYJ, Ciobanu, LG, Crump, J, Dandona, R, Dellavalle, RP, Deribew, A, DeVeber, G, Dicker, D, Ding, EL, Dubey, M, Endries, AY, Erskine, HE, Faraon, EJA, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fernandes, JC, Fijabi, DO, Fitzmaurice, C, Fleming, TD, Flor, LS, Foreman, KJ, Franklin, RC, Fraser, MS, Frostad, JJ, Fullman, N, Gebregergs, GB, Gebru, AA, Geleijnse, JM, Gibney, KB, Yihdego, MG, Ginawi, IAM, Gishu, MD, Gizachew, TA, Glaser, E, Gold, AL, Goldberg, E, Gona, P, Goto, A, and Tesfay, Fisaha

Published
2017

3. Global, regional, and national deaths, prevalence, disability-adjusted life years, and years lived with disability for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author

Soriano, JB, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abera, SF, Agrawal, A, Ahmed, MB, Aichour, AN, Aichour, I, Aichour, MTE, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alkaabi, JM, Al-Maskari, F, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amberbir, A, Amoako, YA, Ansha, MG, Anto, JM, Asayesh, H, Atey, TM, Avokpaho, EFGA, Barac, A, Basu, S, Bedi, N, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Beyene, AS, Bhutta, ZA, Biryukov, S, Boneya, DJ, Brauer, M, Carpenter, DO, Casey, D, Christopher, DJ, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dharmaratne, SD, Huyen, PD, Fischer, F, Geleto, A, Ghoshal, AG, Gillum, RF, Ginawi, IAM, Gupta, V, Hay, SI, Hedayati, MT, Horita, N, Hosgood, HD, Jakovljevic, MMB, James, SL, Jonas, JB, Kasaeian, A, Khader, YS, Khalil, IA, Khan, EA, Khang, Y-H, Khubchandani, J, Knibbs, LD, Kosen, S, Koul, PA, Kumar, GA, Leshargie, CT, Liang, X, Abd El Razek, HM, Majeed, A, Malta, DC, Manhertz, T, Marquez, N, Mehari, A, Mensah, GA, Miller, TR, Mohammad, KA, Mohammed, KE, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, AH, Naghavi, M, Cuong, TN, Nguyen, G, Quyen, LN, Trang, HN, Ningrum, DNA, Vuong, MN, Obi, JI, Odeyemi, YE, Ogbo, FA, Oren, E, Mahesh, PA, Park, E-K, Patton, GC, Paulson, K, Qorbani, M, Quansah, R, Rafay, A, Rahman, MHU, Rai, RK, Rawaf, S, Reinig, N, Safiri, S, Sarmiento-Suarez, R, Sartorius, B, Savic, M, Sawhney, M, Shigematsu, M, Smith, M, Tadese, F, Thurston, GD, Topor-Madry, R, Tran, BX, Ukwaja, KN, van Boven, JFM, Vlassov, VV, Vollset, SE, Wan, X, Werdecker, A, Hanson, SW, Yano, Y, Yimam, HH, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Zaidi, Z, Zaki, MES, Murray, CJL, Vos, T, Soriano, JB, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abera, SF, Agrawal, A, Ahmed, MB, Aichour, AN, Aichour, I, Aichour, MTE, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alkaabi, JM, Al-Maskari, F, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amberbir, A, Amoako, YA, Ansha, MG, Anto, JM, Asayesh, H, Atey, TM, Avokpaho, EFGA, Barac, A, Basu, S, Bedi, N, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Beyene, AS, Bhutta, ZA, Biryukov, S, Boneya, DJ, Brauer, M, Carpenter, DO, Casey, D, Christopher, DJ, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dharmaratne, SD, Huyen, PD, Fischer, F, Geleto, A, Ghoshal, AG, Gillum, RF, Ginawi, IAM, Gupta, V, Hay, SI, Hedayati, MT, Horita, N, Hosgood, HD, Jakovljevic, MMB, James, SL, Jonas, JB, Kasaeian, A, Khader, YS, Khalil, IA, Khan, EA, Khang, Y-H, Khubchandani, J, Knibbs, LD, Kosen, S, Koul, PA, Kumar, GA, Leshargie, CT, Liang, X, Abd El Razek, HM, Majeed, A, Malta, DC, Manhertz, T, Marquez, N, Mehari, A, Mensah, GA, Miller, TR, Mohammad, KA, Mohammed, KE, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, AH, Naghavi, M, Cuong, TN, Nguyen, G, Quyen, LN, Trang, HN, Ningrum, DNA, Vuong, MN, Obi, JI, Odeyemi, YE, Ogbo, FA, Oren, E, Mahesh, PA, Park, E-K, Patton, GC, Paulson, K, Qorbani, M, Quansah, R, Rafay, A, Rahman, MHU, Rai, RK, Rawaf, S, Reinig, N, Safiri, S, Sarmiento-Suarez, R, Sartorius, B, Savic, M, Sawhney, M, Shigematsu, M, Smith, M, Tadese, F, Thurston, GD, Topor-Madry, R, Tran, BX, Ukwaja, KN, van Boven, JFM, Vlassov, VV, Vollset, SE, Wan, X, Werdecker, A, Hanson, SW, Yano, Y, Yimam, HH, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Zaidi, Z, Zaki, MES, Murray, CJL, and Vos, T

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma are common diseases with a heterogeneous distribution worldwide. Here, we present methods and disease and risk estimates for COPD and asthma from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) 2015 study. The GBD study provides annual updates on estimates of deaths, prevalence, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), a summary measure of fatal and non-fatal disease outcomes, for over 300 diseases and injuries, for 188 countries from 1990 to the most recent year. METHODS: We estimated numbers of deaths due to COPD and asthma using the GBD Cause of Death Ensemble modelling (CODEm) tool. First, we analysed data from vital registration and verbal autopsy for the aggregate category of all chronic respiratory diseases. Subsequently, models were run for asthma and COPD relying on covariates to predict rates in countries that have incomplete or no vital registration data. Disease estimates for COPD and asthma were based on systematic reviews of published papers, unpublished reports, surveys, and health service encounter data from the USA. We used the Global Initiative of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease spirometry-based definition as the reference for COPD and a reported diagnosis of asthma with current wheeze as the definition of asthma. We used a Bayesian meta-regression tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, to derive estimates of prevalence and incidence. We estimated population-attributable fractions for risk factors for COPD and asthma from exposure data, relative risks, and a theoretical minimum exposure level. Results were stratified by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite measure of income per capita, mean years of education over the age of 15 years, and total fertility rate. FINDINGS: In 2015, 3·2 million people (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1 million to 3·3 million) died from COPD worldwide, an increase of 11·6% (95% UI 5·3 to 19·8) compared with 1990. There was a decrease in age-stan

Published
2017

4. Burden of Diarrhea in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2013: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Author

Khalil, I, Colombara, DV, Forouzanfar, MH, Troeger, C, Daoud, F, Moradi-Lakeh, M, El Bcheraoui, C, Rao, PC, Afshin, A, Charara, R, Abate, KH, Abd El Razek, MM, Abd-Allah, F, Abu-Elyazeed, R, Kiadaliri, AA, Akanda, AS, Akseer, N, Alam, K, Alasfoor, D, Ali, R, AlMazroa, MA, Alomari, MA, Al-Raddadi, RMS, Alsharif, U, Alsowaidi, S, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ammar, W, Antonio, CAT, Asayesh, H, Asghar, RJ, Atique, S, Awasthi, A, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Barac, A, Bedi, N, Bekele, T, Bensenor, IM, Betsu, BD, Bhutta, Z, Bin Abdulhak, AA, Butt, ZA, Danawi, H, Dubey, M, Endries, AY, Faghmous, IDA, Farid, T, Farvid, MS, Farzadfar, F, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fischer, F, Fitchett, JRA, Gibney, KB, Ginawi, IAM, Gishu, MD, Gugnani, HC, Gupta, R, Hailu, GB, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Harb, HL, Hedayati, MT, Hsairi, M, Husseini, A, Jahanmehr, N, Javanbakht, M, Jibat, T, Jonas, JB, Kasaeian, A, Khader, YS, Khan, AR, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Khoja, TAM, Kinfu, Y, Kissoon, N, Koyanagi, A, La, A, Latif, AAA, Lunevicius, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Mehari, A, Mekonnen, AB, Melaku, YA, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Misganaw, A, Mohamed, LAI, Nachega, JB, Quyen, LN, Nisar, MI, Peprah, EK, Platts-Mills, JA, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, SU, Rai, RK, Rana, SM, Ranabhat, CL, Rao, SR, Refaat, AH, Riddle, M, Roshandel, G, Ruhago, GM, Saleh, MM, Sanabria, JR, Sawhney, M, Sepanlou, SG, Setegn, T, Sliwa, K, Sreeramareddy, CT, Sykes, BL, Tavakkoli, M, Tedla, BA, Terkawi, AS, Ukwaja, K, Uthman, OA, Westerman, R, Wubshet, M, Yenesew, MA, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Zaidi, Z, Zaki, MES, Al Rabeeah, AA, Wang, H, Naghavi, M, Vos, T, Lopez, AD, Murray, CJL, Mokdad, AH, Khalil, I, Colombara, DV, Forouzanfar, MH, Troeger, C, Daoud, F, Moradi-Lakeh, M, El Bcheraoui, C, Rao, PC, Afshin, A, Charara, R, Abate, KH, Abd El Razek, MM, Abd-Allah, F, Abu-Elyazeed, R, Kiadaliri, AA, Akanda, AS, Akseer, N, Alam, K, Alasfoor, D, Ali, R, AlMazroa, MA, Alomari, MA, Al-Raddadi, RMS, Alsharif, U, Alsowaidi, S, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ammar, W, Antonio, CAT, Asayesh, H, Asghar, RJ, Atique, S, Awasthi, A, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Barac, A, Bedi, N, Bekele, T, Bensenor, IM, Betsu, BD, Bhutta, Z, Bin Abdulhak, AA, Butt, ZA, Danawi, H, Dubey, M, Endries, AY, Faghmous, IDA, Farid, T, Farvid, MS, Farzadfar, F, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fischer, F, Fitchett, JRA, Gibney, KB, Ginawi, IAM, Gishu, MD, Gugnani, HC, Gupta, R, Hailu, GB, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Harb, HL, Hedayati, MT, Hsairi, M, Husseini, A, Jahanmehr, N, Javanbakht, M, Jibat, T, Jonas, JB, Kasaeian, A, Khader, YS, Khan, AR, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Khoja, TAM, Kinfu, Y, Kissoon, N, Koyanagi, A, La, A, Latif, AAA, Lunevicius, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Mehari, A, Mekonnen, AB, Melaku, YA, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Misganaw, A, Mohamed, LAI, Nachega, JB, Quyen, LN, Nisar, MI, Peprah, EK, Platts-Mills, JA, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, SU, Rai, RK, Rana, SM, Ranabhat, CL, Rao, SR, Refaat, AH, Riddle, M, Roshandel, G, Ruhago, GM, Saleh, MM, Sanabria, JR, Sawhney, M, Sepanlou, SG, Setegn, T, Sliwa, K, Sreeramareddy, CT, Sykes, BL, Tavakkoli, M, Tedla, BA, Terkawi, AS, Ukwaja, K, Uthman, OA, Westerman, R, Wubshet, M, Yenesew, MA, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Zaidi, Z, Zaki, MES, Al Rabeeah, AA, Wang, H, Naghavi, M, Vos, T, Lopez, AD, Murray, CJL, and Mokdad, AH

Abstract

Diarrheal diseases (DD) are leading causes of disease burden, death, and disability, especially in children in low-income settings. DD can also impact a child's potential livelihood through stunted physical growth, cognitive impairment, and other sequelae. As part of the Global Burden of Disease Study, we estimated DD burden, and the burden attributable to specific risk factors and particular etiologies, in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) between 1990 and 2013. For both sexes and all ages, we calculated disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), which are the sum of years of life lost and years lived with disability. We estimate that over 125,000 deaths (3.6% of total deaths) were due to DD in the EMR in 2013, with a greater burden of DD in low- and middle-income countries. Diarrhea deaths per 100,000 children under 5 years of age ranged from one (95% uncertainty interval [UI] = 0-1) in Bahrain and Oman to 471 (95% UI = 245-763) in Somalia. The pattern for diarrhea DALYs among those under 5 years of age closely followed that for diarrheal deaths. DALYs per 100,000 ranged from 739 (95% UI = 520-989) in Syria to 40,869 (95% UI = 21,540-65,823) in Somalia. Our results highlighted a highly inequitable burden of DD in EMR, mainly driven by the lack of access to proper resources such as water and sanitation. Our findings will guide preventive and treatment interventions which are based on evidence and which follow the ultimate goal of reducing the DD burden.

Published
2016

5. Clinical importance of cytokine (IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10) and vitamin D levels among patients with Type-1 diabetes.

Author

Syed Khaja AS, Binsaleh NK, Beg MMA, Ashfaq F, Khan MI, Almutairi MG, Qanash H, Saleem M, and Ginawi IAM

Subjects
Humans, Male, Female, Adult, Middle Aged, Case-Control Studies, Cytokines blood, Blood Glucose metabolism, Young Adult, Clinical Relevance, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 blood, Vitamin D blood, Interleukin-6 blood, Interleukin-10 blood, Interleukin-8 blood
Abstract

Type-1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by impaired insulin release by islet β cells. It has been shown that proinflammatory cytokines released during the disease can exacerbate the condition, while anti-inflammatory cytokines offer protection. This study analyzed the clinical role of interleukin (IL)-6, -8, -10, and vitamin D levels in T1D patients compared to healthy controls. The levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and vitamin D in the participants' serum samples were analyzed using ELISA. The findings showed that T1D patients had significantly increased levels (p < 0.0001) of fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, cholesterol, and very low-density lipoprotein and decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein and vitamin D (p < 0.0001) compared to healthy controls. Moreover, the levels of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were also significantly greater (p < 0.0001) in T1D patients. The study also determined the significance of these cytokines among T1D patients and healthy controls using ROC curves. Furthermore, we found that smokers had significantly higher levels of IL-6 (p = 0.01) and IL-8 (p = 0.003) than non-smokers. These results showed that elevated levels of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10, decreased vitamin D levels, and smoking among T1D participants could contribute to the worsening of T1D disease and could serve as predictive indicators., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Published
2024
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6. Patterns of thyroid tumors in Northern Saudi Arabia with a specific focus on CK19, CD56, and Galectin-3 tumor markers.

Author

Ahmed HG, El Hag ABM, Alanazi KK, Alkwai HM, Abdrhman AMA, Hassan AOA, Ginawi IAM, Elasbali AM, and Sherfi H

Subjects
Male, Humans, Female, Galectin 3, Biomarkers, Tumor, Retrospective Studies, Saudi Arabia epidemiology, Keratin-19, Diagnosis, Differential, Carcinoma, Papillary pathology, Thyroid Neoplasms diagnosis, Thyroid Neoplasms epidemiology, Thyroid Neoplasms pathology, Carcinoma, Goiter diagnosis
Abstract

Objective: The goal of this study was to look at the patterns of thyroid tumors and how thyroid cancer markers showed up in immunohistochemistry in Northern Saudi Arabia., Patients and Methods: This study investigated retrospectively 190 patients who attended with thyroid complaints. About 140 thyroid biopsies were diagnosed in the Department of Pathology at King Salman Hospital, Ha'il, from November 2019 to November 2020., Results: Out of the 190 patients who attended with thyroid complaints, 140/190 (73.7%) were detected with thyroid lesions (58 malignant and 82 benign). Benign lesions included goiter 49/82 (60%), follicular adenoma 17/82 (21%), Hashimoto's thyroiditis 13/82 (16%), and toxic goiter 3/82 (3%). 5/6 (83.3%) of males with benign lesions had goiters. CK19 was positive in 68.5% of the cases; 71.8% were papillary, 66.7% were follicular, and 100% were undifferentiated carcinomas. Out of the 26/54 (48%) CD56-positive cases, 18/39 (46%) were papillary, 7/12 (58.3%) were follicular, and 3/3 (100%) were undifferentiated carcinomas. Out of the 35/54 (64.8%) Galectin-3-positive cases, 69.2% were papillary, 7/12 (58.3%) were follicular, and 3/3 (100%) were undifferentiated carcinomas., Conclusions: Thyroid cancer is prevalent in northern Saudi Arabia, with the predominant type being papillary thyroid carcinoma. Most patients are female and younger. The combined use of CK19, CD56, and Galectin-3 tumor markers assists in the accurate differential diagnosis of thyroid neoplasms.

Published
2023
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7. Child and Adolescent Health From 1990 to 2015: Findings From the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2015 Study.

Author

Kassebaum N, Kyu HH, Zoeckler L, Olsen HE, Thomas K, Pinho C, Bhutta ZA, Dandona L, Ferrari A, Ghiwot TT, Hay SI, Kinfu Y, Liang X, Lopez A, Malta DC, Mokdad AH, Naghavi M, Patton GC, Salomon J, Sartorius B, Topor-Madry R, Vollset SE, Werdecker A, Whiteford HA, Abate KH, Abbas K, Damtew SA, Ahmed MB, Akseer N, Al-Raddadi R, Alemayohu MA, Altirkawi K, Abajobir AA, Amare AT, Antonio CAT, Arnlov J, Artaman A, Asayesh H, Avokpaho EFGA, Awasthi A, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Bacha U, Betsu BD, Barac A, Bärnighausen TW, Baye E, Bedi N, Bensenor IM, Berhane A, Bernabe E, Bernal OA, Beyene AS, Biadgilign S, Bikbov B, Boyce CA, Brazinova A, Hailu GB, Carter A, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Catalá-López F, Charlson FJ, Chitheer AA, Choi JJ, Ciobanu LG, Crump J, Dandona R, Dellavalle RP, Deribew A, deVeber G, Dicker D, Ding EL, Dubey M, Endries AY, Erskine HE, Faraon EJA, Faro A, Farzadfar F, Fernandes JC, Fijabi DO, Fitzmaurice C, Fleming TD, Flor LS, Foreman KJ, Franklin RC, Fraser MS, Frostad JJ, Fullman N, Gebregergs GB, Gebru AA, Geleijnse JM, Gibney KB, Gidey Yihdego M, Ginawi IAM, Gishu MD, Gizachew TA, Glaser E, Gold AL, Goldberg E, Gona P, Goto A, Gugnani HC, Jiang G, Gupta R, Tesfay FH, Hankey GJ, Havmoeller R, Hijar M, Horino M, Hosgood HD, Hu G, Jacobsen KH, Jakovljevic MB, Jayaraman SP, Jha V, Jibat T, Johnson CO, Jonas J, Kasaeian A, Kawakami N, Keiyoro PN, Khalil I, Khang YH, Khubchandani J, Ahmad Kiadaliri AA, Kieling C, Kim D, Kissoon N, Knibbs LD, Koyanagi A, Krohn KJ, Kuate Defo B, Kucuk Bicer B, Kulikoff R, Kumar GA, Lal DK, Lam HY, Larson HJ, Larsson A, Laryea DO, Leung J, Lim SS, Lo LT, Lo WD, Looker KJ, Lotufo PA, Magdy Abd El Razek H, Malekzadeh R, Markos Shifti D, Mazidi M, Meaney PA, Meles KG, Memiah P, Mendoza W, Abera Mengistie M, Mengistu GW, Mensah GA, Miller TR, Mock C, Mohammadi A, Mohammed S, Monasta L, Mueller U, Nagata C, Naheed A, Nguyen G, Nguyen QL, Nsoesie E, Oh IH, Okoro A, Olusanya JO, Olusanya BO, Ortiz A, Paudel D, Pereira DM, Perico N, Petzold M, Phillips MR, Polanczyk GV, Pourmalek F, Qorbani M, Rafay A, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman M, Rai RK, Ram U, Rankin Z, Remuzzi G, Renzaho AMN, Roba HS, Rojas-Rueda D, Ronfani L, Sagar R, Sanabria JR, Kedir Mohammed MS, Santos IS, Satpathy M, Sawhney M, Schöttker B, Schwebel DC, Scott JG, Sepanlou SG, Shaheen A, Shaikh MA, She J, Shiri R, Shiue I, Sigfusdottir ID, Singh J, Silpakit N, Smith A, Sreeramareddy C, Stanaway JD, Stein DJ, Steiner C, Sufiyan MB, Swaminathan S, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tabb KM, Tadese F, Tavakkoli M, Taye B, Teeple S, Tegegne TK, Temam Shifa G, Terkawi AS, Thomas B, Thomson AJ, Tobe-Gai R, Tonelli M, Tran BX, Troeger C, Ukwaja KN, Uthman O, Vasankari T, Venketasubramanian N, Vlassov VV, Weiderpass E, Weintraub R, Gebrehiwot SW, Westerman R, Williams HC, Wolfe CDA, Woodbrook R, Yano Y, Yonemoto N, Yoon SJ, Younis MZ, Yu C, Zaki MES, Zegeye EA, Zuhlke LJ, Murray CJL, and Vos T

Subjects
Adolescent, Adolescent Health statistics & numerical data, Age Factors, Cause of Death, Child, Child Health statistics & numerical data, Child Mortality trends, Disabled Children statistics & numerical data, Female, Global Burden of Disease statistics & numerical data, Global Health statistics & numerical data, Global Health trends, Humans, Male, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications epidemiology, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Wounds and Injuries etiology, Adolescent Health trends, Child Health trends, Global Burden of Disease trends, Wounds and Injuries epidemiology
Abstract

Importance: Comprehensive and timely monitoring of disease burden in all age groups, including children and adolescents, is essential for improving population health., Objective: To quantify and describe levels and trends of mortality and nonfatal health outcomes among children and adolescents from 1990 to 2015 to provide a framework for policy discussion., Evidence Review: Cause-specific mortality and nonfatal health outcomes were analyzed for 195 countries and territories by age group, sex, and year from 1990 to 2015 using standardized approaches for data processing and statistical modeling, with subsequent analysis of the findings to describe levels and trends across geography and time among children and adolescents 19 years or younger. A composite indicator of income, education, and fertility was developed (Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) for each geographic unit and year, which evaluates the historical association between SDI and health loss., Findings: Global child and adolescent mortality decreased from 14.18 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 14.09 million to 14.28 million) deaths in 1990 to 7.26 million (95% UI, 7.14 million to 7.39 million) deaths in 2015, but progress has been unevenly distributed. Countries with a lower SDI had a larger proportion of mortality burden (75%) in 2015 than was the case in 1990 (61%). Most deaths in 2015 occurred in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Global trends were driven by reductions in mortality owing to infectious, nutritional, and neonatal disorders, which in the aggregate led to a relative increase in the importance of noncommunicable diseases and injuries in explaining global disease burden. The absolute burden of disability in children and adolescents increased 4.3% (95% UI, 3.1%-5.6%) from 1990 to 2015, with much of the increase owing to population growth and improved survival for children and adolescents to older ages. Other than infectious conditions, many top causes of disability are associated with long-term sequelae of conditions present at birth (eg, neonatal disorders, congenital birth defects, and hemoglobinopathies) and complications of a variety of infections and nutritional deficiencies. Anemia, developmental intellectual disability, hearing loss, epilepsy, and vision loss are important contributors to childhood disability that can arise from multiple causes. Maternal and reproductive health remains a key cause of disease burden in adolescent females, especially in lower-SDI countries. In low-SDI countries, mortality is the primary driver of health loss for children and adolescents, whereas disability predominates in higher-SDI locations; the specific pattern of epidemiological transition varies across diseases and injuries., Conclusions and Relevance: Consistent international attention and investment have led to sustained improvements in causes of health loss among children and adolescents in many countries, although progress has been uneven. The persistence of infectious diseases in some countries, coupled with ongoing epidemiologic transition to injuries and noncommunicable diseases, require all countries to carefully evaluate and implement appropriate strategies to maximize the health of their children and adolescents and for the international community to carefully consider which elements of child and adolescent health should be monitored.

Published
2017
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8. Burden of Diarrhea in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2013: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.

Author

Khalil I, Colombara DV, Forouzanfar MH, Troeger C, Daoud F, Moradi-Lakeh M, Bcheraoui CE, Rao PC, Afshin A, Charara R, Abate KH, Razek MMAE, Abd-Allah F, Abu-Elyazeed R, Kiadaliri AA, Akanda AS, Akseer N, Alam K, Alasfoor D, Ali R, AlMazroa MA, Alomari MA, Al-Raddadi RMS, Alsharif U, Alsowaidi S, Altirkawi KA, Alvis-Guzman N, Ammar W, Antonio CAT, Asayesh H, Asghar RJ, Atique S, Awasthi A, Bacha U, Badawi A, Barac A, Bedi N, Bekele T, Bensenor IM, Betsu BD, Bhutta Z, Abdulhak AAB, Butt ZA, Danawi H, Dubey M, Endries AY, Faghmous IDA, Farid T, Farvid MS, Farzadfar F, Fereshtehnejad SM, Fischer F, Fitchett JRA, Gibney KB, Ginawi IAM, Gishu MD, Gugnani HC, Gupta R, Hailu GB, Hamadeh RR, Hamidi S, Harb HL, Hedayati MT, Hsairi M, Husseini A, Jahanmehr N, Javanbakht M, Jibat T, Jonas JB, Kasaeian A, Khader YS, Khan AR, Khan EA, Khan G, Khoja TAM, Kinfu Y, Kissoon N, Koyanagi A, Lal A, Latif AAA, Lunevicius R, Razek HMAE, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Mehari A, Mekonnen AB, Melaku YA, Memish ZA, Mendoza W, Misganaw A, Mohamed LAI, Nachega JB, Nguyen QL, Nisar MI, Peprah EK, Platts-Mills JA, Pourmalek F, Qorbani M, Rafay A, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman SU, Rai RK, Rana SM, Ranabhat CL, Rao SR, Refaat AH, Riddle M, Roshandel G, Ruhago GM, Saleh MM, Sanabria JR, Sawhney M, Sepanlou SG, Setegn T, Sliwa K, Sreeramareddy CT, Sykes BL, Tavakkoli M, Tedla BA, Terkawi AS, Ukwaja K, Uthman OA, Westerman R, Wubshet M, Yenesew MA, Yonemoto N, Younis MZ, Zaidi Z, Zaki MES, Rabeeah AAA, Wang H, Naghavi M, Vos T, Lopez AD, Murray CJL, and Mokdad AH

Subjects
Child, Child, Preschool, Cost of Illness, Diarrhea economics, Disabled Persons, Female, Humans, Male, Mediterranean Region epidemiology, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Risk Factors, Diarrhea epidemiology, Diarrhea mortality, Global Burden of Disease
Abstract

Diarrheal diseases (DD) are leading causes of disease burden, death, and disability, especially in children in low-income settings. DD can also impact a child's potential livelihood through stunted physical growth, cognitive impairment, and other sequelae. As part of the Global Burden of Disease Study, we estimated DD burden, and the burden attributable to specific risk factors and particular etiologies, in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) between 1990 and 2013. For both sexes and all ages, we calculated disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), which are the sum of years of life lost and years lived with disability. We estimate that over 125,000 deaths (3.6% of total deaths) were due to DD in the EMR in 2013, with a greater burden of DD in low- and middle-income countries. Diarrhea deaths per 100,000 children under 5 years of age ranged from one (95% uncertainty interval [UI] = 0-1) in Bahrain and Oman to 471 (95% UI = 245-763) in Somalia. The pattern for diarrhea DALYs among those under 5 years of age closely followed that for diarrheal deaths. DALYs per 100,000 ranged from 739 (95% UI = 520-989) in Syria to 40,869 (95% UI = 21,540-65,823) in Somalia. Our results highlighted a highly inequitable burden of DD in EMR, mainly driven by the lack of access to proper resources such as water and sanitation. Our findings will guide preventive and treatment interventions which are based on evidence and which follow the ultimate goal of reducing the DD burden., (© The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.)

Published
2016
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