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The objective of this report is to provide information on Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infections in animals and in humans. Included is information on the susceptibility of different species as well as information on etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and control of this disease. The term One Health has been adopted to describe the unified human medical and veterinary interdisciplinary/multidisciplinary collaborative approach to zoonoses and will be critical for future endeavors in the control of the global TB epidemic. This unified paradigm is ideally suited for control of bovine TB and many other international public health and clinical health issues. Sharing resources and increasing interaction between public health and veterinary medical scientists can raise awareness of 'shared risk' of bovine TB between humans and animals and, in resource-limited situations, can maximize use of existing infrastructure and reduce unnecessary duplication of effort in disease control programs.

Positive antibody reactions to brucella were observed in the sera of four llamas receiving Brucella abortus Strain 19 subcutaneously at 2-3 weeks post-exposure (PE) using five of eight conventional brucella serologic tests and an ISU-ELISA. Positive brucella antibody reactions were detected in sera of four llamas exposed by intraocular instillation (IOI) of 1.02x10(8) (high dose) B. abortus Strain 2308 at 16-35 days PE using seven of eight serologic tests or an ISU-ELISA. Brucella antibody was also detected in sera of four llamas exposed by IOI of 9x10(5) (low dose) B. abortus using each of four agglutination tests, Complement Fixation test, PCFIA, the rivanol test and the ISU-ELISA at 16-35 days PE. Positive reactions were observed using the Card test, BAPA, SPT, STT, the rivanol test, the PCFIA, and the ISU-ELISA on sera collected on days 42-70 PE, except on one llama, given the low dose; that llama was negative on the PCFIA on day 42. Positive or suspicious reactions were not detected in sera of controls, receiving saline subcutaneously, using the routine tests, with the exception of the CFT. The B. abortus Strain 2308 was isolated from tissues of seven of eight llamas exposed to virulent B. abortus Strain 2308.

Brucella abortus infection has not been documented in llamas. This report describes the abortion of the only pregnant animal in a group of 12. The llama was infected by inoculating 1 x 10(8) viable B. abortus organisms into the conjunctival sac. Forty-three days postinfection, the llama aborted a fetus of approximately 8 months gestational age. Brucella organisms were isolated from the placenta and all fetal specimens examined. These organisms were also isolated from the dam's mammary gland and numerous lymph nodes when the llama was necropsied 42 days later. Microscopically, there was a moderate, multifocal, lymphocytic and histiocytic, subacute placentitis with marked loss of trophoblastic epithelial cells. The superficial chorioallantoic stroma contained abundant necrotic and mineralized debris as well as numerous swollen capillaries protruding multifocally from the denuded surface. Immunohistochemistry revealed that these capillaries, as well as sloughed and intact trophoblasts, were expanded by large numbers of Brucella organisms. Brucellar antigen was also detected in occasional macrophages in the fetal kidney and lung. Ultrastructurally, bacteria labeled by an antibody-based colloidal gold procedure were located within degenerate capillaries, within necrotic leukocytes, and extracellularly in the placental stroma.

To determine the safety of Brucella abortus strain RB51 (SRB51) vaccine in American bison (Bison bison), 31 animals from a herd with brucellosis were used. In October 1996, 10 adult bison males and seven calves were vaccinated with the standard calfhood cattle dose of 1.8 x 10(10) colony forming units (CFU) of SRB51 subcutaneously while the adult females received the standard adult cattle dose of 1 x 10(9) CFU. Western immunoblot indicated the presence of SRB51 antibodies following vaccination. To evaluate prolonged bacterial colonization of tissues, the adult males, calves, and three adult females were divided into two groups which were slaughtered at either 13 or 16 wk post-vaccination. At necropsy, tissue samples were obtained for B. abortus culture from the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and reproductive tract of each animal. While B. abortus field strain was cultured from one adult bull, no SRB51 was isolated from any of the animals. Seven pregnant females were monitored until parturition for signs of abortions and fetal lesions. Six cows delivered healthy calves and one delivered a dead full-term calf that was brucellae negative. Based on these results, administration of SRB51 to bison did not cause prolonged bacterial colonization of tissues in calves, adult males, or adult females. Furthermore, SRB51 did not induce abortions following vaccination in the second month of gestation.

Reproductive procedures for cattle were adapted to American bison (Bison bison) to evaluate the potential preservation of germ plasm from bison infected with Brucella abortus without transmission of the pathogen to the recipient or offspring. Two of four experimentally inoculated bison bulls excreted B. abortus in the semen. Four healthy calves were produced from non-infected, un-vaccinated bison cows by natural breeding with a bison bull excreting B. abortus in the semen. There was no seroconversion of the cows or their calves. Two culture negative bison calves were produced by superovulation of infected bison donor cows followed by artificial insemination and embryo transfer without transmitting B. abortus to recipient cows or calves. These limited data indicate that embryo manipulatory procedures and natural breeding in bison may facilitate preservation of valuable germ plasm from infected bison while reducing the risk of transmission of B. abortus to recipients and progeny.

Objective: To determine the ability of Brucella abortus strain RB51 to induce placentitis and abortion in bison after SC vaccination., Animals: 10 pregnant bison cows, 3 to 10 years old and at 3 to 8 months' gestation., Procedure: Pregnant bison cows on a Montana ranch were vaccinated SC with 10(9) colony-forming units of B abortus strain RB51. Two cows, identified prior to the study, were euthanatized and examined 5 weeks after vaccination to obtain optimal histologic samples of placenta. Other cows were euthanatized and examined after abortion. After euthanasia, tissue specimens were collected for histologic and immunohistochemical evaluation. Tissue and fluid specimens for bacteriologic culture were also collected during necropsy., Results: Of 8 cows, 2 aborted at 68 and 107 days after vaccination. Aborting cows had endometritis. Strain RB51 was isolated from reproductive tissues and supramammary lymph nodes. Fetal lesions were not seen; however, fetal bronchial lymph nodes and amniotic fluid contained strain RB51. Cows examined 5 weeks after vaccination had placentitis and endometritis, with numerous bacteria within trophoblastic epithelial cells that were immunoreactive for strain RB51 antigen. Strain RB51 was isolated from placentomes and numerous lymph nodes. Fetal lesions were not seen 5 weeks after vaccination; however, strain RB51 was isolated from numerous lymph nodes and lung, allantoic fluid, and rectal swab specimens., Conclusions: The vaccine candidate B abortus RB51 has tropism for the bison placenta, and can cause placentitis, which induces abortion in pregnant bison. The vaccine dose used was similar to that being tested in cattle, but may not be appropriate for pregnant bison.

A radial immunodiffusion (RID) test employing a polysaccharide antigen (poly B) was compared with tests currently used in the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. Over 1,000 sera from vaccinated and infected cattle, all of which had been examined bacteriologically, were used to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the RID, card, Rivanol, and complement fixation tests. The RID test identified 90% of the cattle that were shedding Brucella in their milk. Although the complement fixation test was more sensitive, it was less specific than the RID test in cattle vaccinated as adults with Brucella abortus strain 19. A sensitive screening test, such as the card test, in combination with the RID test could be used in diagnostic laboratories, or even in the field, with little additional expense or technical expertise. An additional advantage is that the RID could be applied to sera from adult cattle as early as 2 months after vaccination, when postvaccinal agglutinins and complement-fixing antibodies may still be present. The indirect hemolytic test was used with some of the sera and was found to be a very sensitive test which could be useful in areas of low incidence but would not be practical for large-scale testing in adult-vaccinated herds.