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1. The global abundance of tree palms

Author

Muscarella, R, Emilio, T, Phillips, OL, Lewis, SL, Slik, F, Baker, WJ, Couvreur, TLP, Eiserhardt, WL, Svenning, JC, Affum-Baffoe, K, Aiba, SI, de Almeida, EC, de Almeida, SS, de Oliveira, EA, Álvarez-Dávila, E, Alves, LF, Alvez-Valles, CM, Carvalho, FA, Guarin, FA, Andrade, A, Aragão, LEOC, Murakami, AA, Arroyo, L, Ashton, PS, Corredor, GAA, Baker, TR, de Camargo, PB, Barlow, J, Bastin, JF, Bengone, NN, Berenguer, E, Berry, N, Blanc, L, Böhning-Gaese, K, Bonal, D, Bongers, F, Bradford, M, Brambach, F, Brearley, FQ, Brewer, SW, Camargo, JLC, Campbell, DG, Castilho, CV, Castro, W, Catchpole, D, Cerón Martínez, CE, Chen, S, Chhang, P, Cho, P, Chutipong, W, Clark, C, Collins, M, Comiskey, JA, Medina, MNC, Costa, FRC, Culmsee, H, David-Higuita, H, Davidar, P, del Aguila-Pasquel, J, Derroire, G, Di Fiore, A, Van Do, T, Doucet, JL, Dourdain, A, Drake, DR, Ensslin, A, Erwin, T, Ewango, CEN, Ewers, RM, Fauset, S, Feldpausch, TR, Ferreira, J, Ferreira, LV, Fischer, M, Franklin, J, Fredriksson, GM, Gillespie, TW, Gilpin, M, Gonmadje, C, Gunatilleke, AUN, Hakeem, KR, Hall, JS, Hamer, KC, Harris, DJ, Harrison, RD, Hector, A, Hemp, A, Herault, B, Pizango, CGH, Coronado, ENH, Hubau, W, Hussain, MS, Ibrahim, FH, Imai, N, Joly, CA, Joseph, S, Anitha, K, Kartawinata, K, Kassi, J, and Killeen, TJ

Subjects
above-ground biomass, abundance patterns, Arecaceae, local abiotic conditions, Neotropics, pantropical biogeography, tropical rainforest, wood density, Ecology, Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, Ecological Applications
Abstract

Aim: Palms are an iconic, diverse and often abundant component of tropical ecosystems that provide many ecosystem services. Being monocots, tree palms are evolutionarily, morphologically and physiologically distinct from other trees, and these differences have important consequences for ecosystem services (e.g., carbon sequestration and storage) and in terms of responses to climate change. We quantified global patterns of tree palm relative abundance to help improve understanding of tropical forests and reduce uncertainty about these ecosystems under climate change. Location: Tropical and subtropical moist forests. Time period: Current. Major taxa studied: Palms (Arecaceae). Methods: We assembled a pantropical dataset of 2,548 forest plots (covering 1,191 ha) and quantified tree palm (i.e., ≥10 cm diameter at breast height) abundance relative to co-occurring non-palm trees. We compared the relative abundance of tree palms across biogeographical realms and tested for associations with palaeoclimate stability, current climate, edaphic conditions and metrics of forest structure. Results: On average, the relative abundance of tree palms was more than five times larger between Neotropical locations and other biogeographical realms. Tree palms were absent in most locations outside the Neotropics but present in >80% of Neotropical locations. The relative abundance of tree palms was more strongly associated with local conditions (e.g., higher mean annual precipitation, lower soil fertility, shallower water table and lower plot mean wood density) than metrics of long-term climate stability. Life-form diversity also influenced the patterns; palm assemblages outside the Neotropics comprise many non-tree (e.g., climbing) palms. Finally, we show that tree palms can influence estimates of above-ground biomass, but the magnitude and direction of the effect require additional work. Conclusions: Tree palms are not only quintessentially tropical, but they are also overwhelmingly Neotropical. Future work to understand the contributions of tree palms to biomass estimates and carbon cycling will be particularly crucial in Neotropical forests.

Published
2020

2. XFOIL Performance Validation for Medium-Scale Variable Pitch UAV Rotor Systems.

Author

Nielsen, B. V. R. and Gilpin, M.

Subjects
DRAG coefficient, ROTORS, AEROFOILS
Abstract

This study focuses on experimentally validating the performance of XFOIL, a sophisticated software airfoil analysis tool used for approximating lift and drag coefficients. XFOIL output data was incorporated into a theoretical model simulating a variable pitch rotor system operating in a hovering state. The output of the Blade Element Momentum Theory (BEMT) rotor model is compared to thrust and power output performance data collected from a constructed rotor test bench and analysed in MATLAB. Using XFOIL as input, the BEMT rotor model was observed to yield good robust results when compared to experimental data, but demonstrated sensitivity to airfoil performance characteristics, laying the groundwork for future empirical validation. In comparing BEMT model performance, it was interesting to find that thrust performance remained within tolerance in contrast to an overprediction of rotor power output resulting from XFOIL drag at high blade pitch angles. Upon further interrogation by means of variable isolation, XFOIL demonstrated instability resulting from sensitivity to variability of model constraints. Modification of rotor geometry definitions or environmental constants beyond the test environment framework showed simulated systems may not necessarily behave reliably nor enhance output performance. This highlights the critical importance and utility of experimentation for understanding theoretical model behaviour or validating simulation output performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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3. High aboveground carbon stock of African tropical montane forest

Author

Cuni-Sanchez, A, Sullivan, MJP, Platts, PJ, Lewis, SL, Marchant, R, Imani, G, Hubau, W, Abiem, I, Adhikari, H, Albrecht, T, Altman, J, Amani, C, Aneseyee, AB, Avitabile, V, Banin, L, Batumike, R, Bauters, M, Beeckman, H, Begne, S, Bennett, AC, Bitariho, R, Boeckx, P, Bogaert, J, Bräuning, A, Bulonvu, F, Burgess, F, Calders, K, Chapman, C, Chapman, H, Comiskey, J, de Haulleville, T, Decuyper, M, DeVries, B, Dolezal, J, Droissart, V, Ewango, C, Feyera, S, Gebrekirstos, A, Gereau, R, Gilpin, M, Hakizimana, D, Hall, J, Hamilton, A, Hardy, O, Hart, T, Heiskanen, J, Hemp, A, Herold, M, Hiltner, U, Horak, D, Kamdem, M, Kayijamahe, C, Kenfack, D, Kinyanjui, MJ, Klein, J, Lisingo, J, Lovett, J, Lung, M, Makana, J-R, Malhi, Y, Marshall, A, Martin, EH, Mitchard, ETA, Morel, A, Mukendi, JT, Muller, T, Nchu, F, Nyirambangutse, B, Okello, J, Peh, KS-H, Pellikka, P, Phillips, OL, Plumptre, A, Qie, L, Rovero, F, Sainge, MN, Schmitt, CB, Sedlacek, O, Ngute, ASK, Sheil, D, Sheleme, D, Simegn, TY, Simo-Droissart, M, Sonké, B, Soromessa, T, Sunderland, T, Svoboda, M, Taedoumg, H, Taplin, J, Taylor, D, Thomas, SC, Timberlake, J, Tuagben, D, Umunay, P, Uzabaho, E, Verbeeck, H, Vleminckx, J, Wallin, G, Wheeler, C, Willcock, S, Woods, JT, and Zibera, E

Abstract

Tropical forests store 40–50 per cent of terrestrial vegetation carbon 1. However, spatial variations in aboveground live tree biomass carbon (AGC) stocks remain poorly understood, in particular in tropical montane forests 2. Owing to climatic and soil changes with increasing elevation 3, AGC stocks are lower in tropical montane forests compared with lowland forests 2. Here we assemble and analyse a dataset of structurally intact old-growth forests (AfriMont) spanning 44 montane sites in 12 African countries. We find that montane sites in the AfriMont plot network have a mean AGC stock of 149.4 megagrams of carbon per hectare (95% confidence interval 137.1–164.2), which is comparable to lowland forests in the African Tropical Rainforest Observation Network 4 and about 70 per cent and 32 per cent higher than averages from plot networks in montane 2,5,6 and lowland 7 forests in the Neotropics, respectively. Notably, our results are two-thirds higher than the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change default values for these forests in Africa 8. We find that the low stem density and high abundance of large trees of African lowland forests4 is mirrored in the montane forests sampled. This carbon store is endangered: we estimate that 0.8 million hectares of old-growth African montane forest have been lost since 2000. We provide country-specific montane forest AGC stock estimates modelled from our plot network to help to guide forest conservation and reforestation interventions. Our findings highlight the need for conserving these biodiverse 9,10 and carbon-rich ecosystems.

Published
2021

6. High aboveground carbon stock of African tropical montane forests

Author

Cuni-Sanchez, Aida, Sullivan, Martin J P, Platts, P.J., Lewis, Simon L., Marchant, Rob, Imani, G., Hubau, Wannes, Abiem, I., Adhikari, H., Albrecht, T., Altman, J., Amani, Christian, Aneseyee, A.B., Avitabile, Valerio, Banin, L., Batumike, R., Bauters, M, Beeckman, Hans, Kouob Bégné, Serge, Bennett, Amy C., Bitariho, R., Boeckx, Pascal, Bogaert, Jan, Bräuning, A., Bulonvu, F., Burgess, Neil N.D., Calders, K., Chapman, C., Chapman, H., Comiskey, James, De Haulleville, Thales, Decuyper, Mathieu, DeVries, B., Dolezal, J., Droissart, Vincent, Ewango, Corneille, Feyera, S., Gebrekirstos, A., Gereau, Roy R.E., Gilpin, M., Hakizimana, D., Hall, Jefferson S., Hamilton, A., Hardy, Olivier J., Hart, Terese, Heiskanen, J., Hemp, A., Herold, Martin, Hiltner, U., Horak, D., Kamdem, Marie Noël Djuikouo, Kayijamahe, C., Kenfack, David, Kinyanjui, M.J., Klein, J., Lisingo Wa Lisingo, Janvier, Lovett, J., Lung, M., Makana, Jean Rémy, Malhi, Yadvinder, Marshall, Andrew A.R., Martin, E.H., Mitchard, E.T.A., Morel, A., Mukendi, J.T., Muller, T., Nchu, F., Nyirambangutse, B., Okello, Judith Auma, Peh, Kelvin S H, Pellikka, P., Phillips, Oliver L., Plumptre, Andrew A.J., Qie, L., ROVERO, Francesco, Sainge, M.N., Schmitt, Christine C.B., Sedlacek, O., Ngute, A.S.K., Sheil, Douglas, Sheleme, D., Simegn, T.Y., Simo-Droissart, Murielle, Sonke, Bonaventure, Soromessa, T., Sunderland, Terry C., Svoboda, Miroslav, Taedoumg, Hermann, Taplin, J., Taylor, David, Thomas, S.C., Timberlake, Jonathan J.R., Tuagben, Darlington, Umunay, Peter M., Uzabaho, E., Verbeeck, Hans, Vleminckx, Jason, Wallin, G., Wheeler, C., Willcock, S., Woods, John T., Zibera, E., Cuni-Sanchez, Aida, Sullivan, Martin J P, Platts, P.J., Lewis, Simon L., Marchant, Rob, Imani, G., Hubau, Wannes, Abiem, I., Adhikari, H., Albrecht, T., Altman, J., Amani, Christian, Aneseyee, A.B., Avitabile, Valerio, Banin, L., Batumike, R., Bauters, M, Beeckman, Hans, Kouob Bégné, Serge, Bennett, Amy C., Bitariho, R., Boeckx, Pascal, Bogaert, Jan, Bräuning, A., Bulonvu, F., Burgess, Neil N.D., Calders, K., Chapman, C., Chapman, H., Comiskey, James, De Haulleville, Thales, Decuyper, Mathieu, DeVries, B., Dolezal, J., Droissart, Vincent, Ewango, Corneille, Feyera, S., Gebrekirstos, A., Gereau, Roy R.E., Gilpin, M., Hakizimana, D., Hall, Jefferson S., Hamilton, A., Hardy, Olivier J., Hart, Terese, Heiskanen, J., Hemp, A., Herold, Martin, Hiltner, U., Horak, D., Kamdem, Marie Noël Djuikouo, Kayijamahe, C., Kenfack, David, Kinyanjui, M.J., Klein, J., Lisingo Wa Lisingo, Janvier, Lovett, J., Lung, M., Makana, Jean Rémy, Malhi, Yadvinder, Marshall, Andrew A.R., Martin, E.H., Mitchard, E.T.A., Morel, A., Mukendi, J.T., Muller, T., Nchu, F., Nyirambangutse, B., Okello, Judith Auma, Peh, Kelvin S H, Pellikka, P., Phillips, Oliver L., Plumptre, Andrew A.J., Qie, L., ROVERO, Francesco, Sainge, M.N., Schmitt, Christine C.B., Sedlacek, O., Ngute, A.S.K., Sheil, Douglas, Sheleme, D., Simegn, T.Y., Simo-Droissart, Murielle, Sonke, Bonaventure, Soromessa, T., Sunderland, Terry C., Svoboda, Miroslav, Taedoumg, Hermann, Taplin, J., Taylor, David, Thomas, S.C., Timberlake, Jonathan J.R., Tuagben, Darlington, Umunay, Peter M., Uzabaho, E., Verbeeck, Hans, Vleminckx, Jason, Wallin, G., Wheeler, C., Willcock, S., Woods, John T., and Zibera, E.

Abstract

Tropical forests store 40–50 per cent of terrestrial vegetation carbon1. However, spatial variations in aboveground live tree biomass carbon (AGC) stocks remain poorly understood, in particular in tropical montane forests2. Owing to climatic and soil changes with increasing elevation3, AGC stocks are lower in tropical montane forests compared with lowland forests2. Here we assemble and analyse a dataset of structurally intact old-growth forests (AfriMont) spanning 44 montane sites in 12 African countries. We find that montane sites in the AfriMont plot network have a mean AGC stock of 149.4 megagrams of carbon per hectare (95% confidence interval 137.1–164.2), which is comparable to lowland forests in the African Tropical Rainforest Observation Network4 and about 70 per cent and 32 per cent higher than averages from plot networks in montane2,5,6 and lowland7 forests in the Neotropics, respectively. Notably, our results are two-thirds higher than the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change default values for these forests in Africa8. We find that the low stem density and high abundance of large trees of African lowland forests4 is mirrored in the montane forests sampled. This carbon store is endangered: we estimate that 0.8 million hectares of old-growth African montane forest have been lost since 2000. We provide country-specific montane forest AGC stock estimates modelled from our plot network to help to guide forest conservation and reforestation interventions. Our findings highlight the need for conserving these biodiverse9,10 and carbon-rich ecosystems. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Published
2021

9. The global abundance of tree palms

Author

Muscarella, R., Emilio, T., Phillips, O.L., Lewis, S.L., Slik, F., Baker, W.J., Couvreur, T.L.P., Eiserhardt, W.L., Svenning, J.-C., Affum-Baffoe, K., Aiba, S.-I., de Almeida, E.C., de Almeida, S.S., de Oliveira, E.A., Álvarez-Dávila, E., Alves, L.F., Alvez-Valles, C.M., Carvalho, F.A., Guarin, F.A., Andrade, A., Aragão, L.E.O.C., Murakami, A.A., Arroyo, L., Ashton, P.S., Corredor, G.A.A., Baker, T.R., de Camargo, P.B., Barlow, J., Bastin, J.-F., Bengone, N.N., Berenguer, E., Berry, N., Blanc, L., Böhning-Gaese, K., Bonal, D., Bongers, F., Bradford, M., Brambach, F., Brearley, F.Q., Brewer, S.W., Camargo, J.L.C., Campbell, D.G., Castilho, C.V., Castro, W., Catchpole, D., Cerón Martínez, C.E., Chen, S., Chhang, P., Cho, P., Chutipong, W., Clark, C., Collins, M., Comiskey, J.A., Medina, M.N.C., Costa, F.R.C., Culmsee, H., David-Higuita, H., Davidar, P., del Aguila-Pasquel, J., Derroire, G., Di Fiore, A., Van Do, T., Doucet, J.-L., Dourdain, A., Drake, D.R., Ensslin, A., Erwin, T., Ewango, C.E.N., Ewers, R.M., Fauset, S., Feldpausch, T.R., Ferreira, J., Ferreira, L.V., Fischer, M., Franklin, J., Fredriksson, G.M., Gillespie, T.W., Gilpin, M., Gonmadje, C., Gunatilleke, A.U.N., Hakeem, K.R., Hall, J.S., Hamer, K.C., Harris, D.J., Harrison, R.D., Hector, A., Hemp, A., Herault, B., Pizango, C.G.H., Coronado, E.N.H., Hubau, W., Hussain, M.S., Ibrahim, F.-H., Imai, N., Joly, C.A., Joseph, S., Anitha, K., Kartawinata, K., Kassi, J., Killeen, T.J., Kitayama, K., Klitgård, B.B., Kooyman, R., Labrière, N., Larney, E., Laumonier, Y., Laurance, S.G., Laurance, W.F., Lawes, M.J., Levesley, A., Lisingo, J., Lovejoy, T., Lovett, J.C., Lu, X., Lykke, A.M., Magnusson, W.E., Mahayani, N.P.D., Malhi, Y., Mansor, A., Peña, J.L.M., Marimon-Junior, B.H., Marshall, A.R., Melgaco, K., Bautista, C.M., Mihindou, V., Millet, J., Milliken, W., Mohandass, D., Mendoza, A.L.M., Mugerwa, B., Nagamasu, H., Nagy, L., Seuaturien, N., Nascimento, M.T., Neill, D.A., Neto, L.M., Nilus, R., Vargas, M.P.N., Nurtjahya, E., de Araújo, R.N.O., Onrizal, O., Palacios, W.A., Palacios-Ramos, S., Parren, M., Paudel, E., Morandi, P.S., Pennington, R.T., Pickavance, G., Pipoly J.J., III, Pitman, N.C.A., Poedjirahajoe, E., Poorter, L., Poulsen, J.R., Rama Chandra Prasad, P., Prieto, A., Puyravaud, J.-P., Qie, L., Quesada, C.A., Ramírez-Angulo, H., Razafimahaimodison, J.C., Reitsma, J.M., Requena-Rojas, E.J., Correa, Z.R., Rodriguez, C.R., Roopsind, A., Rovero, F., Rozak, A., Lleras, A.R., Rutishauser, E., Rutten, G., Punchi-Manage, R., Salomão, R.P., Van Sam, H., Sarker, S.K., Satdichanh, M., Schietti, J., Schmitt, C.B., Marimon, B.S., Senbeta, F., Nath Sharma, L., Sheil, D., Sierra, R., Silva-Espejo, J.E., Silveira, M., Sonké, B., Steininger, M.K., Steinmetz, R., Stévart, T., Sukumar, R., Sultana, A., Sunderland, T.C.H., Suresh, H.S., Tang, J., Tanner, E., ter Steege, H., Terborgh, J.W., Theilade, I., Timberlake, J., Torres-Lezama, A., Umunay, P., Uriarte, M., Gamarra, L.V., van de Bult, M., van der Hout, P., Martinez, R.V., Vieira, I.C.G., Vieira, S.A., Vilanova, E., Cayo, J.V., Wang, O., Webb, C.O., Webb, E.L., White, L., Whitfeld, T.J.S., Wich, S., Willcock, S., Wiser, S.K., Young, K.R., Zakaria, R., Zang, R., Zartman, C.E., Zo-Bi, I.C., Balslev, H., Muscarella, R., Emilio, T., Phillips, O.L., Lewis, S.L., Slik, F., Baker, W.J., Couvreur, T.L.P., Eiserhardt, W.L., Svenning, J.-C., Affum-Baffoe, K., Aiba, S.-I., de Almeida, E.C., de Almeida, S.S., de Oliveira, E.A., Álvarez-Dávila, E., Alves, L.F., Alvez-Valles, C.M., Carvalho, F.A., Guarin, F.A., Andrade, A., Aragão, L.E.O.C., Murakami, A.A., Arroyo, L., Ashton, P.S., Corredor, G.A.A., Baker, T.R., de Camargo, P.B., Barlow, J., Bastin, J.-F., Bengone, N.N., Berenguer, E., Berry, N., Blanc, L., Böhning-Gaese, K., Bonal, D., Bongers, F., Bradford, M., Brambach, F., Brearley, F.Q., Brewer, S.W., Camargo, J.L.C., Campbell, D.G., Castilho, C.V., Castro, W., Catchpole, D., Cerón Martínez, C.E., Chen, S., Chhang, P., Cho, P., Chutipong, W., Clark, C., Collins, M., Comiskey, J.A., Medina, M.N.C., Costa, F.R.C., Culmsee, H., David-Higuita, H., Davidar, P., del Aguila-Pasquel, J., Derroire, G., Di Fiore, A., Van Do, T., Doucet, J.-L., Dourdain, A., Drake, D.R., Ensslin, A., Erwin, T., Ewango, C.E.N., Ewers, R.M., Fauset, S., Feldpausch, T.R., Ferreira, J., Ferreira, L.V., Fischer, M., Franklin, J., Fredriksson, G.M., Gillespie, T.W., Gilpin, M., Gonmadje, C., Gunatilleke, A.U.N., Hakeem, K.R., Hall, J.S., Hamer, K.C., Harris, D.J., Harrison, R.D., Hector, A., Hemp, A., Herault, B., Pizango, C.G.H., Coronado, E.N.H., Hubau, W., Hussain, M.S., Ibrahim, F.-H., Imai, N., Joly, C.A., Joseph, S., Anitha, K., Kartawinata, K., Kassi, J., Killeen, T.J., Kitayama, K., Klitgård, B.B., Kooyman, R., Labrière, N., Larney, E., Laumonier, Y., Laurance, S.G., Laurance, W.F., Lawes, M.J., Levesley, A., Lisingo, J., Lovejoy, T., Lovett, J.C., Lu, X., Lykke, A.M., Magnusson, W.E., Mahayani, N.P.D., Malhi, Y., Mansor, A., Peña, J.L.M., Marimon-Junior, B.H., Marshall, A.R., Melgaco, K., Bautista, C.M., Mihindou, V., Millet, J., Milliken, W., Mohandass, D., Mendoza, A.L.M., Mugerwa, B., Nagamasu, H., Nagy, L., Seuaturien, N., Nascimento, M.T., Neill, D.A., Neto, L.M., Nilus, R., Vargas, M.P.N., Nurtjahya, E., de Araújo, R.N.O., Onrizal, O., Palacios, W.A., Palacios-Ramos, S., Parren, M., Paudel, E., Morandi, P.S., Pennington, R.T., Pickavance, G., Pipoly J.J., III, Pitman, N.C.A., Poedjirahajoe, E., Poorter, L., Poulsen, J.R., Rama Chandra Prasad, P., Prieto, A., Puyravaud, J.-P., Qie, L., Quesada, C.A., Ramírez-Angulo, H., Razafimahaimodison, J.C., Reitsma, J.M., Requena-Rojas, E.J., Correa, Z.R., Rodriguez, C.R., Roopsind, A., Rovero, F., Rozak, A., Lleras, A.R., Rutishauser, E., Rutten, G., Punchi-Manage, R., Salomão, R.P., Van Sam, H., Sarker, S.K., Satdichanh, M., Schietti, J., Schmitt, C.B., Marimon, B.S., Senbeta, F., Nath Sharma, L., Sheil, D., Sierra, R., Silva-Espejo, J.E., Silveira, M., Sonké, B., Steininger, M.K., Steinmetz, R., Stévart, T., Sukumar, R., Sultana, A., Sunderland, T.C.H., Suresh, H.S., Tang, J., Tanner, E., ter Steege, H., Terborgh, J.W., Theilade, I., Timberlake, J., Torres-Lezama, A., Umunay, P., Uriarte, M., Gamarra, L.V., van de Bult, M., van der Hout, P., Martinez, R.V., Vieira, I.C.G., Vieira, S.A., Vilanova, E., Cayo, J.V., Wang, O., Webb, C.O., Webb, E.L., White, L., Whitfeld, T.J.S., Wich, S., Willcock, S., Wiser, S.K., Young, K.R., Zakaria, R., Zang, R., Zartman, C.E., Zo-Bi, I.C., and Balslev, H.

Abstract

Aim: Palms are an iconic, diverse and often abundant component of tropical ecosystems that provide many ecosystem services. Being monocots, tree palms are evolutionarily, morphologically and physiologically distinct from other trees, and these differences have important consequences for ecosystem services (e.g., carbon sequestration and storage) and in terms of responses to climate change. We quantified global patterns of tree palm relative abundance to help improve understanding of tropical forests and reduce uncertainty about these ecosystems under climate change. Location: Tropical and subtropical moist forests. Time period: Current. Major taxa studied: Palms (Arecaceae). Methods: We assembled a pantropical dataset of 2,548 forest plots (covering 1,191 ha) and quantified tree palm (i.e., ≥10 cm diameter at breast height) abundance relative to co-occurring non-palm trees. We compared the relative abundance of tree palms across biogeographical realms and tested for associations with palaeoclimate stability, current climate, edaphic conditions and metrics of forest structure. Results: On average, the relative abundance of tree palms was more than five times larger between Neotropical locations and other biogeographical realms. Tree palms were absent in most locations outside the Neotropics but present in >80% of Neotropical locations. The relative abundance of tree palms was more strongly associated with local conditions (e.g., higher mean annual precipitation, lower soil fertility, shallower water table and lower plot mean wood density) than metrics of long-term climate stability. Life-form diversity also influenced the patterns; palm assemblages outside the Neotropics comprise many non-tree (e.g., climbing) palms. Finally, we show that tree palms can influence estimates of above-ground biomass, but the magnitude and direction of the effect require additional work. Conclusions: Tree palms are not only quintessentially tropical, but they are also overwhelmingly Neot

Published
2020

10. Long-term thermal sensitivity of Earth's tropical forests

Author

Sullivan, M.J.P., Lewis, S.L., Affum-Baffoe, K., Castilho, C., Costa, F., Sanchez, A.C., Ewango, C.E.N., Hubau, W., Marimon, B., Monteagudo-Mendoza, A., Qie, L., Sonké, B., Martinez, R.V., Baker, T.R., Brienen, R.J.W., Feldpausch, T.R., Galbraith, D., Gloor, M., Malhi, Y., Aiba, S.-I., Alexiades, M.N., Almeida, E.C., de Oliveira, E.A., Dávila, E.Á., Loayza, P.A., Andrade, A., Vieira, S.A., Aragão, L.E.O.C., Araujo-Murakami, A., Arets, E.J.M.M., Arroyo, L., Ashton, P., Aymard C, G., Baccaro, F.B., Banin, L.F., Baraloto, C., Camargo, P.B., Barlow, J., Barroso, J., Bastin, J.-F., Batterman, S.A., Beeckman, H., Begne, S.K., Bennett, A.C., Berenguer, E., Berry, N., Blanc, L., Boeckx, P., Bogaert, J., Bonal, D., Bongers, F., Bradford, M., Brearley, F.Q., Brncic, T., Brown, F., Burban, B., Camargo, J.L., Castro, W., Céron, C., Ribeiro, S.C., Moscoso, V.C., Chave, J., Chezeaux, E., Clark, C.J., de Souza, F.C., Collins, M., Comiskey, J.A., Valverde, F.C., Medina, M.C., da Costa, L., Dančák, M., Dargie, G.C., Davies, S., Cardozo, N.D., de Haulleville, T., de Medeiros, M.B., Del Aguila Pasquel, J., Derroire, G., Di Fiore, A., Doucet, J.-L., Dourdain, A., Droissant, V., Duque, L.F., Ekoungoulou, R., Elias, F., Erwin, T., Esquivel-Muelbert, A., Fauset, S., Ferreira, J., Llampazo, G.F., Foli, E., Ford, A., Gilpin, M., Hall, J.S., Hamer, K.C., Hamilton, A.C., Harris, D.J., Hart, T.B., Hédl, R., Herault, B., Herrera, R., Higuchi, N., Hladik, A., Coronado, E.H., Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, I., Huasco, W.H., Jeffery, K.J., Jimenez-Rojas, E., Kalamandeen, M., Djuikouo, M.N.K., Kearsley, E., Umetsu, R.K., Kho, L.K., Killeen, T., Kitayama, K., Klitgaard, B., Koch, A., Labrière, N., Laurance, W., Laurance, S., Leal, M.E., Levesley, A., Lima, A.J.N., Lisingo, J., Lopes, A.P., Lopez-Gonzalez, G., Lovejoy, T., Lovett, J.C., Lowe, R., Magnusson, W.E., Malumbres-Olarte, J., Manzatto, ÂG., Marimon B.H., Jr, Marshall, A.R., Marthews, T., de Almeida Reis, S.M., Maycock, C., Melgaço, K., Mendoza, C., Metali, F., Mihindou, V., Milliken, W., Mitchard, E.T.A., Morandi, P.S., Mossman, H.L., Nagy, L., Nascimento, H., Neill, D., Nilus, R., Vargas, P.N., Palacios, W., Camacho, N.P., Peacock, J., Pendry, C., Peñuela Mora, M.C., Pickavance, G.C., Pipoly, J., Pitman, N., Playfair, M., Poorter, L., Poulsen, J.R., Poulsen, A.D., Preziosi, R., Prieto, A., Primack, R.B., Ramírez-Angulo, H., Reitsma, J., Réjou-Méchain, M., Correa, Z.R., de Sousa, T.R., Bayona, L.R., Roopsind, A., Rudas, A., Rutishauser, E., Abu Salim, K., Salomão, R.P., Schietti, J., Sheil, D., Silva, R.C., Espejo, J.S., Valeria, C.S., Silveira, M., Simo-Droissart, M., Simon, M.F., Singh, J., Soto Shareva, Y.C., Stahl, C., Stropp, J., Sukri, R., Sunderland, T., Svátek, M., Swaine, M.D., Swamy, V., Taedoumg, H., Talbot, J., Taplin, J., Taylor, D., Ter Steege, H., Terborgh, J., Thomas, R., Thomas, S.C., Torres-Lezama, A., Umunay, P., Gamarra, L.V., van der Heijden, G., van der Hout, P., van der Meer, P., van Nieuwstadt, M., Verbeeck, H., Vernimmen, R., Vicentini, A., Vieira, I.C.G., Torre, E.V., Vleminckx, J., Vos, V., Wang, O., White, L.J.T., Willcock, S., Woods, J.T., Wortel, V., Young, K., Zagt, R., Zemagho, L., Zuidema, P.A., Zwerts, J.A., Phillips, O.L., Sullivan, M.J.P., Lewis, S.L., Affum-Baffoe, K., Castilho, C., Costa, F., Sanchez, A.C., Ewango, C.E.N., Hubau, W., Marimon, B., Monteagudo-Mendoza, A., Qie, L., Sonké, B., Martinez, R.V., Baker, T.R., Brienen, R.J.W., Feldpausch, T.R., Galbraith, D., Gloor, M., Malhi, Y., Aiba, S.-I., Alexiades, M.N., Almeida, E.C., de Oliveira, E.A., Dávila, E.Á., Loayza, P.A., Andrade, A., Vieira, S.A., Aragão, L.E.O.C., Araujo-Murakami, A., Arets, E.J.M.M., Arroyo, L., Ashton, P., Aymard C, G., Baccaro, F.B., Banin, L.F., Baraloto, C., Camargo, P.B., Barlow, J., Barroso, J., Bastin, J.-F., Batterman, S.A., Beeckman, H., Begne, S.K., Bennett, A.C., Berenguer, E., Berry, N., Blanc, L., Boeckx, P., Bogaert, J., Bonal, D., Bongers, F., Bradford, M., Brearley, F.Q., Brncic, T., Brown, F., Burban, B., Camargo, J.L., Castro, W., Céron, C., Ribeiro, S.C., Moscoso, V.C., Chave, J., Chezeaux, E., Clark, C.J., de Souza, F.C., Collins, M., Comiskey, J.A., Valverde, F.C., Medina, M.C., da Costa, L., Dančák, M., Dargie, G.C., Davies, S., Cardozo, N.D., de Haulleville, T., de Medeiros, M.B., Del Aguila Pasquel, J., Derroire, G., Di Fiore, A., Doucet, J.-L., Dourdain, A., Droissant, V., Duque, L.F., Ekoungoulou, R., Elias, F., Erwin, T., Esquivel-Muelbert, A., Fauset, S., Ferreira, J., Llampazo, G.F., Foli, E., Ford, A., Gilpin, M., Hall, J.S., Hamer, K.C., Hamilton, A.C., Harris, D.J., Hart, T.B., Hédl, R., Herault, B., Herrera, R., Higuchi, N., Hladik, A., Coronado, E.H., Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, I., Huasco, W.H., Jeffery, K.J., Jimenez-Rojas, E., Kalamandeen, M., Djuikouo, M.N.K., Kearsley, E., Umetsu, R.K., Kho, L.K., Killeen, T., Kitayama, K., Klitgaard, B., Koch, A., Labrière, N., Laurance, W., Laurance, S., Leal, M.E., Levesley, A., Lima, A.J.N., Lisingo, J., Lopes, A.P., Lopez-Gonzalez, G., Lovejoy, T., Lovett, J.C., Lowe, R., Magnusson, W.E., Malumbres-Olarte, J., Manzatto, ÂG., Marimon B.H., Jr, Marshall, A.R., Marthews, T., de Almeida Reis, S.M., Maycock, C., Melgaço, K., Mendoza, C., Metali, F., Mihindou, V., Milliken, W., Mitchard, E.T.A., Morandi, P.S., Mossman, H.L., Nagy, L., Nascimento, H., Neill, D., Nilus, R., Vargas, P.N., Palacios, W., Camacho, N.P., Peacock, J., Pendry, C., Peñuela Mora, M.C., Pickavance, G.C., Pipoly, J., Pitman, N., Playfair, M., Poorter, L., Poulsen, J.R., Poulsen, A.D., Preziosi, R., Prieto, A., Primack, R.B., Ramírez-Angulo, H., Reitsma, J., Réjou-Méchain, M., Correa, Z.R., de Sousa, T.R., Bayona, L.R., Roopsind, A., Rudas, A., Rutishauser, E., Abu Salim, K., Salomão, R.P., Schietti, J., Sheil, D., Silva, R.C., Espejo, J.S., Valeria, C.S., Silveira, M., Simo-Droissart, M., Simon, M.F., Singh, J., Soto Shareva, Y.C., Stahl, C., Stropp, J., Sukri, R., Sunderland, T., Svátek, M., Swaine, M.D., Swamy, V., Taedoumg, H., Talbot, J., Taplin, J., Taylor, D., Ter Steege, H., Terborgh, J., Thomas, R., Thomas, S.C., Torres-Lezama, A., Umunay, P., Gamarra, L.V., van der Heijden, G., van der Hout, P., van der Meer, P., van Nieuwstadt, M., Verbeeck, H., Vernimmen, R., Vicentini, A., Vieira, I.C.G., Torre, E.V., Vleminckx, J., Vos, V., Wang, O., White, L.J.T., Willcock, S., Woods, J.T., Wortel, V., Young, K., Zagt, R., Zemagho, L., Zuidema, P.A., Zwerts, J.A., and Phillips, O.L.

Abstract

The sensitivity of tropical forest carbon to climate is a key uncertainty in predicting global climate change. Although short-term drying and warming are known to affect forests, it is unknown if such effects translate into long-term responses. Here, we analyze 590 permanent plots measured across the tropics to derive the equilibrium climate controls on forest carbon. Maximum temperature is the most important predictor of aboveground biomass (-9.1 megagrams of carbon per hectare per degree Celsius), primarily by reducing woody productivity, and has a greater impact per °C in the hottest forests (>32.2°C). Our results nevertheless reveal greater thermal resilience than observations of short-term variation imply. To realize the long-term climate adaptation potential of tropical forests requires both protecting them and stabilizing Earth's climate.

Published
2020

13. In vivo stable bisarylmercury bispidine as a tool for Hg‐197(m) applications

Author

Gilpin, M., Walther, M., Pietzsch, J., and Pietzsch, H.-J.

Subjects
Theragnostics, Radiometal, Ligand, Chelator, Mercury-197, Bispidine, Cancer
Abstract

Intro Reactor‐produced Hg‐197 saw previous medical use in radiolabelled chlormerodrin for SPECT imaging[1] in the 1960s and 70s but was discontinued because of the up-and‐coming Tc‐99m generator system's widespread use, the uncertain in vivo stability of Hg‐197 labelled compounds and the low molar activity of the Hg‐197 itself (500 GBq/μmol),[3] allowing access, at innocuous mercury concentrations, to the theranostically useful decay modes and half‐life of the radiometal's metastable nuclear isomer (γ for SPECT imaging and conversion and auger electrons for tumour therapy. Hg‐197g T1/2 = 64.1 h, Hg‐197m T1/2 = 23.8 h). Objective The development of an in vivo stable mercury compound able to conjugate to a cancer‐targeting carrier. Radiopharmaceutical applications obviously require high in vivo stability but the fast metabolism of most mercury compounds in solution is a prevalent issue.[4] However, Hg‐C organometallics show good water‐stability and bypass the issue of Hg‐S bonds suffering from competition by common thiol‐containing biomolecules, e.g., cysteine. Therefore, this project is specifically focussed on the strongest of this kind: the mercury‐phenyl bond.[5] Previous study has shown that the syntheses of monodentate ligands for κ1‐L2Hg species suffer from significant cleavage. [6] For this reason, our research is centred on the synthesis of a bidentate chelator design, due to the entropic advantage, the improved formation kinetics and the stability imparted by steric shielding. Current Results Separation from the gold target leaves the produced Hg‐197(m) in an acidic aqueous solution as the chloride salt. Consequently, transmetallation, via boronic acid or stannyl derivatives, was chosen as a feasible route for forming the mercury‐carbon bonds. Following several chelator attempts, all showing low selectivity for the 1:1‐compound, a better fitting structure was found using the bispidine backbone (being known in co‐ordination chemistry for a variety of metals, good bio‐stability and its bridge linking‐functionalisation).[7] After improvement of the reaction conditions, radiolabelling experiments showed good evidence of specific binding with the bispidine derivative 9‐butyl‐1,5‐diphenyl‐3,7‐bis(2‐(trimethylstannyl)benzyl)‐3,7‐diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan‐9‐ol “L1(SnMe3)2,” as analysed by thiol‐impregnated radio‐TLC and supported by radio‐HPLC, whilst ESI‐MS of the stable mercury compound provided evidence that the desired 1:1 product had been formed. The in vitro stability tests conducted on the radiolabelled compound showed exciting results, with negligible degradation after 5 days (thereafter the activity was below analytical levels) in solutions with excess glutathione and 2,2′,2″‐nitrilotris (ethane‐1‐thiol). The only noticeable (ca. 5% degradation after 48 h), but expected reaction, was with sodium sulphide. Biodistribution experiments in healthy male Wistar rats showed no build‐up in the kidneys, with excretion occurring through the liver, indicating no de‐metallation. Summary The bisarylmercury bispidine (L1Hg) shows good stability in vitro as well as in vivo and is a promising candidate as a biocompatible mercury binding compound. Further research is continuing into full characterisation, conjugation to peptides and proteins, subsequent in vivo studies and for derivatives based on the structural design. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Regina Herrlich, Ulrike Gesche, Thomas Wünsche. Hg‐197(m) measurements were carried out at the CANAM infrastructure of the NPI CAS Rez supported through MEYS project no. LM2011019. REFERENCES 1. Sodee DB. Comparison of 99mTc‐pertechnetate and 197Hgchlormerodrin for brain scanning. J Nucl Med 1968;9(12):645. 2. Ribeiro Guevara S, Zizek S, Repinc U, Perez CS, Jacimovic R, Horvat M. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007;387:2185–2197. 3. Walther M, Preusche S, Bartel S, Wunderlich G, Freudenberg R, Steinbach J, Pietzsch H‐J. Appl Radiat Isot 2015;97:177‐181. 4. Henke KR, Robertson D, Krepps MK, Atwood DA. Wat Res 2000;34:3005‐3013. 5. Dean JA. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 15th ed. McGraw‐Hill, Inc: 1998.606 p. 6. Wilhelm M, Saak W, Strasdeit H. Z Naturforsch 2000;55b:35‐38. 7. Comba P, Haaf C, Wadepohl H. Inorg Chem 2009;48:6604‐6614.

Published
2019

14. Production of putative virulence factors by Renibacterium salmoninarum grown in cell culture

Author

McIntosh, D., Flano, E., Grayson, T. H., Gilpin, M. L., Austin, B., and Villena, A. J.

Subjects
Cell culture -- Research, Antigens -- Research, Virulence (Microbiology) -- Research, Biological sciences
Abstract

A research on the parthogenicity of Renibacterium salmoninarum utilizing a fish cell culture was conducted to determine the synthesis of intracellular antigens. The virulence of the mechanisms of the R. salmoninarum was also considered. Recombinant DNA technology associated with the poor growth of the organism was the primary methodology used in the study. Findings showed that R. salmoninarum was capable of permeating into and triggering the production of Epithelioma papillosum cyprini cells. (EPC) Furthermore, EPC cells were found to display virulence in the pathogenesis of BKD.

Published
1997

15. The persistence of carbon in the African forest understory

Author

Hubau, Wannes, De Mil, Tom, Van Den Bulcke, Jan, Phillips, Oliver O.L., Angoboy Ilondea, B., Van Acker, J., Sullivan, M.J.P., Nsenga, L., Toirambe, B., Couralet, C., Banin, L.F., Begne, S.K., Baker, Timothy T.R., Bourland, Nils, Chezeaux, E., Clark, C.J., Collins, M., Comiskey, J.A., Cuni-Sanchez, A., Deklerck, Victor, Dierickx, S., Doucet, Jean-Louis, Ewango, C.E.N., Feldpausch, T.R., Gilpin, M., Gonmadje, Christelle Flore, Hall, J.S., Harris, D.J., Hardy, Olivier J., Kamdem, M.-N.D., Kasongo Yakusu, Emmanuel, Lopez-Gonzalez, G, Makana, J.-R., Malhi, Yadvinder, Mbayu, F.M., Moore, S., Mukinzi, J., Pickavance, G., Poulsen, J.R., Reitsma, Jan, Rousseau, M., Sonke, Bonaventure, Sunderland, T., Taedoumg, Hermann, Talbot, J., Tshibamba Mukendi, John, Umunay, P.M., Vleminckx, Jason, White, L.J.T., Zemagho, Lise L.A., Lewis, Simon S.L., Beeckman, Hans, Hubau, Wannes, De Mil, Tom, Van Den Bulcke, Jan, Phillips, Oliver O.L., Angoboy Ilondea, B., Van Acker, J., Sullivan, M.J.P., Nsenga, L., Toirambe, B., Couralet, C., Banin, L.F., Begne, S.K., Baker, Timothy T.R., Bourland, Nils, Chezeaux, E., Clark, C.J., Collins, M., Comiskey, J.A., Cuni-Sanchez, A., Deklerck, Victor, Dierickx, S., Doucet, Jean-Louis, Ewango, C.E.N., Feldpausch, T.R., Gilpin, M., Gonmadje, Christelle Flore, Hall, J.S., Harris, D.J., Hardy, Olivier J., Kamdem, M.-N.D., Kasongo Yakusu, Emmanuel, Lopez-Gonzalez, G, Makana, J.-R., Malhi, Yadvinder, Mbayu, F.M., Moore, S., Mukinzi, J., Pickavance, G., Poulsen, J.R., Reitsma, Jan, Rousseau, M., Sonke, Bonaventure, Sunderland, T., Taedoumg, Hermann, Talbot, J., Tshibamba Mukendi, John, Umunay, P.M., Vleminckx, Jason, White, L.J.T., Zemagho, Lise L.A., Lewis, Simon S.L., and Beeckman, Hans

Abstract

Quantifying carbon dynamics in forests is critical for understanding their role in long-term climate regulation 1–4 .Yet little is known about tree longevity in tropical forests 3,5–8 ,a factor that is vital for estimating carbon persistence 3,4 .Here we calculate mean carbon age (the period that carbon is fixed in trees 7 ) in different strata of African tropical forests using (1) growth-ring records with a unique timestamp accurately demarcating 66 years of growth in one site and (2) measurements of diameter increments from the African Tropical Rainforest Observation Network (23 sites). We find that in spite of their much smaller size, in understory trees mean carbon age (74 years) is greater than in sub-canopy (54 years) and canopy (57 years) trees and similar to carbon age in emergent trees (66 years). The remarkable carbon longevity in the understory results from slow and aperiodic growth as an adaptation to limited resource availability 9–11 .Our analysis also reveals that while the understory represents a small share (11%) of the carbon stock 12,13 ,it contributes disproportionally to the forest carbon sink (20%). We conclude that accounting for the diversity of carbon age and carbon sequestration among different forest strata is critical for effective conservation management 14–16 and for accurate modelling of carbon cycling 4 .© 2019, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited., SCOPUS: le.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Published
2019

16. Notes

Author

Hunt, Thomas C. and Gilpin, M. E.

Published
1988

17. Diversity and carbon storage across the tropical forest biome

Author

Sullivan, MJP, Talbot, J, Lewis, SL, Phillips, OL, Qie, L, Begne, SK, Chave, J, Cuni-Sanchez, A, Hubau, W, Lopez-Gonzalez, G, Miles, L, Monteagudo-Mendoza, A, Sonké, B, Sunderland, T, Ter Steege, H, White, LJT, Affum-Baffoe, K, Aiba, SI, De Almeida, EC, De Oliveira, EA, Alvarez-Loayza, P, Dávila, EÁ, Andrade, A, Aragão, LEOC, Ashton, P, Aymard, GA, Baker, TR, Balinga, M, Banin, LF, Baraloto, C, Bastin, JF, Berry, N, Bogaert, J, Bonal, D, Bongers, F, Brienen, R, Camargo, JLC, Cerón, C, Moscoso, VC, Chezeaux, E, Clark, CJ, Pacheco, ÁC, Comiskey, JA, Valverde, FC, Coronado, ENH, Dargie, G, Davies, SJ, De Canniere, C, Djuikouo, MN, Doucet, JL, Erwin, TL, Espejo, JS, Ewango, CEN, Fauset, S, Feldpausch, TR, Herrera, R, Gilpin, M, Gloor, E, Hall, JS, Harris, DJ, Hart, TB, Kartawinata, K, Kho, LK, Kitayama, K, Laurance, SGW, Laurance, WF, Leal, ME, Lovejoy, T, Lovett, JC, Lukasu, FM, Makana, JR, Malhi, Y, Maracahipes, L, Marimon, BS, Junior, BHM, Marshall, AR, Morandi, PS, Mukendi, JT, Mukinzi, J, Nilus, R, Vargas, PN, Camacho, NCP, Pardo, G, Peña-Claros, M, Pétronelli, P, Pickavance, GC, Poulsen, AD, Poulsen, JR, Primack, RB, Priyadi, H, Quesada, CA, Reitsma, J, Réjou-Méchain, M, Restrepo, Z, Rutishauser, E, Salim, KA, Salomão, RP, Samsoedin, I, Sheil, D, Sierra, R, Sullivan, MJP, Talbot, J, Lewis, SL, Phillips, OL, Qie, L, Begne, SK, Chave, J, Cuni-Sanchez, A, Hubau, W, Lopez-Gonzalez, G, Miles, L, Monteagudo-Mendoza, A, Sonké, B, Sunderland, T, Ter Steege, H, White, LJT, Affum-Baffoe, K, Aiba, SI, De Almeida, EC, De Oliveira, EA, Alvarez-Loayza, P, Dávila, EÁ, Andrade, A, Aragão, LEOC, Ashton, P, Aymard, GA, Baker, TR, Balinga, M, Banin, LF, Baraloto, C, Bastin, JF, Berry, N, Bogaert, J, Bonal, D, Bongers, F, Brienen, R, Camargo, JLC, Cerón, C, Moscoso, VC, Chezeaux, E, Clark, CJ, Pacheco, ÁC, Comiskey, JA, Valverde, FC, Coronado, ENH, Dargie, G, Davies, SJ, De Canniere, C, Djuikouo, MN, Doucet, JL, Erwin, TL, Espejo, JS, Ewango, CEN, Fauset, S, Feldpausch, TR, Herrera, R, Gilpin, M, Gloor, E, Hall, JS, Harris, DJ, Hart, TB, Kartawinata, K, Kho, LK, Kitayama, K, Laurance, SGW, Laurance, WF, Leal, ME, Lovejoy, T, Lovett, JC, Lukasu, FM, Makana, JR, Malhi, Y, Maracahipes, L, Marimon, BS, Junior, BHM, Marshall, AR, Morandi, PS, Mukendi, JT, Mukinzi, J, Nilus, R, Vargas, PN, Camacho, NCP, Pardo, G, Peña-Claros, M, Pétronelli, P, Pickavance, GC, Poulsen, AD, Poulsen, JR, Primack, RB, Priyadi, H, Quesada, CA, Reitsma, J, Réjou-Méchain, M, Restrepo, Z, Rutishauser, E, Salim, KA, Salomão, RP, Samsoedin, I, Sheil, D, and Sierra, R

Abstract

© The Author(s) 2017. Tropical forests are global centres of biodiversity and carbon storage. Many tropical countries aspire to protect forest to fulfil biodiversity and climate mitigation policy targets, but the conservation strategies needed to achieve these two functions depend critically on the tropical forest tree diversity-carbon storage relationship. Assessing this relationship is challenging due to the scarcity of inventories where carbon stocks in aboveground biomass and species identifications have been simultaneously and robustly quantified. Here, we compile a unique pan-Tropical dataset of 360 plots located in structurally intact old-growth closed-canopy forest, surveyed using standardised methods, allowing a multi-scale evaluation of diversity-carbon relationships in tropical forests. Diversity-carbon relationships among all plots at 1 ha scale across the tropics are absent, and within continents are either weak (Asia) or absent (Amazonia, Africa). A weak positive relationship is detectable within 1 ha plots, indicating that diversity effects in tropical forests may be scale dependent. The absence of clear diversity-carbon relationships at scales relevant to conservation planning means that carbon-centred conservation strategies will inevitably miss many high diversity ecosystems. As tropical forests can have any combination of tree diversity and carbon stocks both require explicit consideration when optimising policies to manage tropical carbon and biodiversity.

Published
2017

18. An efficient algorithm for the additive kinship matrix

Author

Backus, V and Gilpin, M.

Subjects
Algorithms -- Research, Kinship -- Research, Genetic research, Pedigree analysis, Algorithm, Biological sciences
Abstract

An efficient method known as the 'compressed kinship matrix' method is used for the calculation of kinship coefficients for very large pedigrees. Java is used as the object-oriented language for the calculation of the co-efficient.

Published
2002

19. Edaphic, structural and physiological contrasts across Amazon Basin forest-savanna ecotones suggest a role for potassium as a key modulator of tropical woody vegetation structure and function

Author

Lloyd, J., Domingues, T.F., Schrodt, F., Ishida, F.Y., Feldpausch, T.R., Saiz, G., Quesada, C.A., Schwarz, M., Torello-Raventos, M., Gilpin, M., Marimon, B.S., Marimon-Junior, B.H., Ratter, J.A., Grace, J., Nardoto, G.B., Veenendaal, E., Arroyo, L., Villarroel, D., Killeen, T.J., Steininger, M., Phillips, O.L., Lloyd, J., Domingues, T.F., Schrodt, F., Ishida, F.Y., Feldpausch, T.R., Saiz, G., Quesada, C.A., Schwarz, M., Torello-Raventos, M., Gilpin, M., Marimon, B.S., Marimon-Junior, B.H., Ratter, J.A., Grace, J., Nardoto, G.B., Veenendaal, E., Arroyo, L., Villarroel, D., Killeen, T.J., Steininger, M., and Phillips, O.L.

Abstract

Sampling along a precipitation gradient in tropical South America extending from ca. 0.8 to 2.0 m ag-1, savanna soils had consistently lower exchangeable cation concentrations and higher C/N ratios than nearby forest plots. These soil differences were also reflected in canopy averaged leaf traits with savanna trees typically having higher leaf mass per unit area but lower mass-based nitrogen (Nm) and potassium (Km). Both Nm and Km also increased with declining mean annual precipitation (PA), but most area-based leaf traits such as leaf photosynthetic capacity showed no systematic variation with PA or vegetation type. Despite this invariance, when taken in conjunction with other measures such as mean canopy height, area-based soil exchangeable potassium content, [K]sa , proved to be an excellent predictor of several photosynthetic properties (including 13C isotope discrimination). Moreover, when considered in a multivariate context with PA and soil plant available water storage capacity (θP) as covariates, [K]sa also proved to be an excellent predictor of stand-level canopy area, providing drastically improved fits as compared to models considering just PA and/or θP. Neither calcium, nor magnesium, nor soil pH could substitute for potassium when tested as alternative model predictors (ΔAIC > 10). Nor for any model could simple soil texture metrics such as sand or clay content substitute for either [K]sa or θP. Taken in conjunction with recent work in Africa and the forests of the Amazon Basin, this suggests-in combination with some newly conceptualised interacting effects of PA and θP also presented here-a critical role for potassium as a modulator of tropical vegetation structure and function.

Published
2015

20. Structural, physiognomic and above-ground biomass variation in savanna-forest transition zones on three continents - how different are co-occurring savanna and forest formations?

Author

Veenendaal, E.M., Torello-Raventos, M., Feldpausch, T.R., Domingues, T.F., Gerard, F., Schrodt, F., Saiz, G., Quesada, C.A., Djagbletey, G., Ford, A., Kemp, J., Marimon, B.S., Marimon-Junior, B.H., Lenza, E., Ratter, J.A., Maracahipes, L., Sasaki, D., Sonke, B., Zapfack, L., Villarroel, D., Schwarz, M., Ishida, F. Yoko, Gilpin, M., Nardoto, G.B., Affum-Baffoe, K., Arroyo, L., Bloomfield, K., Ceca, G., Compaore, H., Davies, K., Diallo, A., Fyllas, N.M., Gignoux, J., Hien, F., Johnson, M., Mougin, E., Hiernaux, P., Killeen, T., Metcalfe, D., Miranda, H.S., Steininger, M., Sykora, K., Bird, M.I., Grace, J., Lewis, S., Phillips, O.L., Lloyd, J., Veenendaal, E.M., Torello-Raventos, M., Feldpausch, T.R., Domingues, T.F., Gerard, F., Schrodt, F., Saiz, G., Quesada, C.A., Djagbletey, G., Ford, A., Kemp, J., Marimon, B.S., Marimon-Junior, B.H., Lenza, E., Ratter, J.A., Maracahipes, L., Sasaki, D., Sonke, B., Zapfack, L., Villarroel, D., Schwarz, M., Ishida, F. Yoko, Gilpin, M., Nardoto, G.B., Affum-Baffoe, K., Arroyo, L., Bloomfield, K., Ceca, G., Compaore, H., Davies, K., Diallo, A., Fyllas, N.M., Gignoux, J., Hien, F., Johnson, M., Mougin, E., Hiernaux, P., Killeen, T., Metcalfe, D., Miranda, H.S., Steininger, M., Sykora, K., Bird, M.I., Grace, J., Lewis, S., Phillips, O.L., and Lloyd, J.

Abstract

Through interpretations of remote-sensing data and/or theoretical propositions, the idea that forest and savanna represent “alternative stable states” is gaining increasing acceptance. Filling an observational gap, we present detailed stratified floristic and structural analyses for forest and savanna stands located mostly within zones of transition (where both vegetation types occur in close proximity) in Africa, South America and Australia. Woody plant leaf area index variation was related to tree canopy cover in a similar way for both savanna and forest with substantial overlap between the two vegetation types. As total woody plant canopy cover increased, so did the relative contribution of middle and lower strata of woody vegetation. Herbaceous layer cover declined as woody cover increased. This pattern of understorey grasses and herbs progressively replaced by shrubs as the canopy closes over was found for both savannah and forests and on all continents. Thus, once subordinate woody canopy layers are taken into account, a less marked transition in woody plant cover across the savanna–forest species discontinuum is observed compared to that inferred when trees of a basal diameter > 0:1m are considered in isolation. This is especially the case for shrub-dominated savannas and in taller savannas approaching canopy closure. An increased contribution of forest species to the total subordinate cover is also observed as savanna stand canopy closure occurs. Despite similarities in canopy-cover haracteristics, woody vegetation in Africa and Australia attained greater heights and stored a greater amount of above-ground biomass than in South America. Up to three times as much aboveground biomass is stored in forests compared to savannas under equivalent climatic conditions. Savanna–forest transition zones were also found to typically occur at higher precipitation regimes for South America than for Africa. Nevertheless,consistent across all three continents coexistence was

Published
2015

23. Edaphic, structural and physiological contrasts across Amazon Basin forest–savanna ecotones suggest a role for potassium as a key modulator of tropical woody vegetation structure and function

Author

Lloyd, J., primary, Domingues, T. F., additional, Schrodt, F., additional, Ishida, F. Y., additional, Feldpausch, T. R., additional, Saiz, G., additional, Quesada, C. A., additional, Schwarz, M., additional, Torello-Raventos, M., additional, Gilpin, M., additional, Marimon, B. S., additional, Marimon-Junior, B. H., additional, Ratter, J. A., additional, Grace, J., additional, Nardoto, G. B., additional, Veenendaal, E., additional, Arroyo, L., additional, Villarroel, D., additional, Killeen, T. J., additional, Steininger, M., additional, and Phillips, O. L., additional

Published
2015
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24. Supplementary material to "Edaphic, structural and physiological contrasts across Amazon Basin forest-savanna ecotones suggest a role for potassium as a key modulator of tropical woody vegetation structure and function"

Author

Lloyd, J., primary, Domingues, T. F., additional, Schrodt, F., additional, Ishida, F. Y., additional, Feldpausch, T. R., additional, Saiz, G., additional, Quesada, C. A., additional, Schwarz, M., additional, Torello-Raventos, M., additional, Gilpin, M., additional, Marimon, B. S., additional, Marimon-Junior, B. H., additional, Ratter, J. A., additional, Grace, J., additional, Nardoto, G. B., additional, Veenendaal, E., additional, Arroyo, L., additional, Villarroel, D., additional, Killeen, T. J., additional, Steininger, M., additional, and Phillips, O. L., additional

Published
2015
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25. Structural, physiognomic and above-ground biomass variation in savanna–forest transition zones on three continents – how different are co-occurring savanna and forest formations?

Author

Veenendaal, E. M., primary, Torello-Raventos, M., additional, Feldpausch, T. R., additional, Domingues, T. F., additional, Gerard, F., additional, Schrodt, F., additional, Saiz, G., additional, Quesada, C. A., additional, Djagbletey, G., additional, Ford, A., additional, Kemp, J., additional, Marimon, B. S., additional, Marimon-Junior, B. H., additional, Lenza, E., additional, Ratter, J. A., additional, Maracahipes, L., additional, Sasaki, D., additional, Sonké, B., additional, Zapfack, L., additional, Villarroel, D., additional, Schwarz, M., additional, Yoko Ishida, F., additional, Gilpin, M., additional, Nardoto, G. B., additional, Affum-Baffoe, K., additional, Arroyo, L., additional, Bloomfield, K., additional, Ceca, G., additional, Compaore, H., additional, Davies, K., additional, Diallo, A., additional, Fyllas, N. M., additional, Gignoux, J., additional, Hien, F., additional, Johnson, M., additional, Mougin, E., additional, Hiernaux, P., additional, Killeen, T., additional, Metcalfe, D., additional, Miranda, H. S., additional, Steininger, M., additional, Sykora, K., additional, Bird, M. I., additional, Grace, J., additional, Lewis, S., additional, Phillips, O. L., additional, and Lloyd, J., additional

Published
2015
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26. Sediment transfer and accumulation in two contrasting saltmarsh/mudflat systems: the Seine estuary (France) and the Medway estuary (UK)

Author

Cundy, A.B, Lafite, R., Taylor, J.A, Hopkinson, L., Deloffre, Julien, Charman, R., Gilpin, M., Spencer, K., Carey, P.J., Heppell, C.M., Ouddane, B., De Wever, S., Avelin, Herve, Morphodynamique Continentale et Côtière (M2C), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of the environment, University of Brighton, Coastal and estuarine research group, University of Sussex, University of Greenwich, Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Marine - UPRESA 8013 (ELICO), Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies, Université des sciences et technologies, and Equipe Chimie Analytique et Marine Laboratoire Géosystèmes

Subjects
[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics], [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2007

27. Supplementary material to "Structural, physiognomic and aboveground biomass variation in savanna-forest transition zones on three continents. How different are co-occurring savanna and forest formations?"

Author

Veenendaal, E. M., primary, Torello-Raventos, M., additional, Feldpausch, T. R., additional, Domingues, T. F., additional, Gerard, F., additional, Schrodt, F., additional, Saiz, G., additional, Quesada, C. A., additional, Djagbletey, G., additional, Ford, A., additional, Kemp, J., additional, Marimon, B. S., additional, Marimon-Junior, B. H., additional, Lenza, E., additional, Ratter, J. A., additional, Maracahipes, L., additional, Sasaki, D., additional, Sonké, B., additional, Zapfack, L., additional, Villarroel, D., additional, Schwarz, M., additional, Yoko Ishida, F., additional, Gilpin, M., additional, Nardoto, G. B., additional, Affum-Baffoe, K., additional, Arroyo, L., additional, Bloomfield, K., additional, Ceca, G., additional, Compaore, H., additional, Davies, K., additional, Diallo, A., additional, Fyllas, N. M., additional, Gignoux, J., additional, Hien, F., additional, Johnson, M., additional, Mougin, E., additional, Hiernaux, P., additional, Killeen, T., additional, Metcalfe, D., additional, Miranda, H. S., additional, Steininger, M., additional, Sykora, K., additional, Bird, M. I., additional, Grace, J., additional, Lewis, S., additional, Phillips, O. L., additional, and Lloyd, J., additional

Published
2014
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28. Structural, physiognomic and aboveground biomass variation in savanna-forest transition zones on three continents. How different are co-occurring savanna and forest formations?

Author

Veenendaal, E. M., primary, Torello-Raventos, M., additional, Feldpausch, T. R., additional, Domingues, T. F., additional, Gerard, F., additional, Schrodt, F., additional, Saiz, G., additional, Quesada, C. A., additional, Djagbletey, G., additional, Ford, A., additional, Kemp, J., additional, Marimon, B. S., additional, Marimon-Junior, B. H., additional, Lenza, E., additional, Ratter, J. A., additional, Maracahipes, L., additional, Sasaki, D., additional, Sonké, B., additional, Zapfack, L., additional, Villarroel, D., additional, Schwarz, M., additional, Yoko Ishida, F., additional, Gilpin, M., additional, Nardoto, G. B., additional, Affum-Baffoe, K., additional, Arroyo, L., additional, Bloomfield, K., additional, Ceca, G., additional, Compaore, H., additional, Davies, K., additional, Diallo, A., additional, Fyllas, N. M., additional, Gignoux, J., additional, Hien, F., additional, Johnson, M., additional, Mougin, E., additional, Hiernaux, P., additional, Killeen, T., additional, Metcalfe, D., additional, Miranda, H. S., additional, Steininger, M., additional, Sykora, K., additional, Bird, M. I., additional, Grace, J., additional, Lewis, S., additional, Phillips, O. L., additional, and Lloyd, J., additional

Published
2014
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29. Phase-Change Thermal Energy Storage and Conversion: Development and Analysis for Solar Thermal Propulsion

Author

AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB EDWARDS AFB CA AEROSPACE SYSTEMS DIRECTORATE, Gilpin, M R, Scharfe, D B, Young, M P, AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB EDWARDS AFB CA AEROSPACE SYSTEMS DIRECTORATE, Gilpin, M R, Scharfe, D B, and Young, M P

Abstract

Solar thermal propulsion offers a unique combination of high thrust and high specific impulse that can provide competitive advantages relative to traditional satellite propulsion systems. Enhancing the functionality of this technology will require a robust thermal energy storage method that can be combined with thermophotovoltaic thermal-electric conversion. This combination creates a high performance dual mode power and propulsion system that can eliminate the traditional photovoltaic-battery combination on existing satellites. A thermal energy storage system based on the phase change of molten elemental materials is proposed as the enabling technology. Molten boron is identified as the optimal phase change material (PCM), but presents significant engineering challenges. Thus, molten silicon is proposed as a near term, moderate performance storage option. A systems level comparison against existing technologies shows that both materials present a performance benefit with current technological benchmarks, and with optimistic future assumptions, it appears that a more than 40 % _V improvement over chemical system is possible from boron based STP while maintaining high satellite maneuverability. An ongoing experimental effort is focused on producing a proof of concept thermal energy storage system. Materials testing has determined the stability of boron nitride in the presence of molten silicon in the short term, and solar furnace testing has resulted in silicon melting for the first time. Testing of the solar furnace using copper as a surrogate PCM has revealed experimental concerns with PCM heat transfer rates and has resulted in a design for a new full scale solar furnace. This furnace will operate at scales that are relevant to spacecraft development., The original document contains color images.

Published
2012

30. High Energy Advanced Thermal Storage for Spacecraft Solar Thermal Power and Propulsion Systems

Author

AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB EDWARDS AFB CA PROPULSION DIR/SPACE AND MISSILE PROPULSION DIV/AEROPHYSICS BRANCH, Scharfe, David B, Young, M P, Gilpin, M R, Webb, R, AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB EDWARDS AFB CA PROPULSION DIR/SPACE AND MISSILE PROPULSION DIV/AEROPHYSICS BRANCH, Scharfe, David B, Young, M P, Gilpin, M R, and Webb, R

Abstract

Previous reviews have identified solar thermal propulsion (STP) as a promising candidate for high performance microsatellite missions, due to its high delta-v capability with a quick response time, relatively high thrust and efficiency, and low mass fraction for high capability. However, there are drawbacks to solar thermal propulsion, outlined in this presentation. Augmented STP is proposed and described.

Published
2011

31. The Effect of Ignition Techniques on a Capillary Discharge Based Pulsed Plasma Thruster

Author

ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND CONSULTING INC (ERC INC) EDWARDS AFB CA, Pancotti, A. P., Gilpin, M. R., Young, M., ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND CONSULTING INC (ERC INC) EDWARDS AFB CA, Pancotti, A. P., Gilpin, M. R., and Young, M.

Abstract

In order to better understand the operating characteristics of a capillary discharge based electrothermal pulsed plasma source, a variety of ignition techniques were investigated to determine performance effects and viability in a real system. Discharge current profiles along with thrust and specific impulse measurements were obtained to take a detailed look at ignition caused by an exploding wire, the Paschen breakdown of gas, and a surface flashover caused by the addition of a third electrode. Experimental testing showed that there are only slight performance differences between the three techniques, however, the surface flashover ignition method is currently the best option for adapting the capillary discharge to space applications due to reliable and repeatable operation. Capillary discharge plasma sources utilizing the surface flashover ignition method showed propulsion efficiencies of 8-18% within an Isp range between 350 and 650 s with no nozzle expansion or material optimization. While these numbers do not match performance predictions in work by Burton, it is believed that material optimization and the addition of an expansion nozzle will exceed all previous experimental efficiencies. Additionally, the development of the surface flashover ignition system has provided important insight into the response of capillary discharges to ignition conditions and techniques., For presentation at the AIAA Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit (45th) held in Denver, CO on 2-5 August 2009.

Published
2009

32. Development of a European resource on the origins of pathogens of aquaculture: The Europa Project

Author

Snow, M., Barja, J., Colquhoun, D., Cunningham, C., Devold, M., Dopazo, C., Einer-Jensen, Katja, Evenden, A., Enzmann, P., Gilpin, M., Gray, T., Nylund, A., Paley, R., Stone, D., Thiery, R., Snow, M., Barja, J., Colquhoun, D., Cunningham, C., Devold, M., Dopazo, C., Einer-Jensen, Katja, Evenden, A., Enzmann, P., Gilpin, M., Gray, T., Nylund, A., Paley, R., Stone, D., and Thiery, R.

Abstract

This workshop described the EUROPA project, an EU-funded program aimed at creating a web-based database of molecular sequence data-sets related to significant pathogens of aquaculture. The project aims to focus the efforts of fish health researchers into generating large, evolving and readily available data-sets suited to the purpose of molecular epidemiology. This workshop reviewed the progress of this project, demonstrated the scope of the database developed to date, and sought input regarding the future development of this resource.

Published
2004

35. Prospects for Gene lntrogression from Hordeum bulbosum L. into Barley (H. vulgare L.)

Author

Pickering, R. A., Hill, A. M., Timmerman-Vaughan, G. M., Forbes, E. M., Cromey, M. G., Gilpin, M. J., Michel, M., and Scholz, M.

Subjects
hordeum vulgare L, Plant Sciences, hordeum bulbosum, food and beverages, gene introgression, barley, Agriculture
Abstract

Hybridizations between Hordeum vulgare L. (cultivated barley) and H. bulbosum L. have been performed over many years with two aims. First, the production of doubled haploid barley cultivars (Kasha and Kao 1970); second, the transfer of desirable traits such as resistance to fungal and viral pathogens from the wild species into barley. Apart from the report of an occasional recombinant (Xu and Kasha 1992; Pickering et al 1994), successful gene introgression has been hampered by several barriers. In this report we will describe recent progress in overcoming these barriers.

Published
1994

39. Crystal Structure of the Metallo beta-Lactamase from Bacteroides fragilis (CfiA) in Complex with the Tricyclic Inhibitor SB-236050.

Author

Payne, D.J., primary, Hueso-Rodrguez, J.A., additional, Boyd, H., additional, Concha, N.O., additional, Janson, C.A., additional, Gilpin, M., additional, Bateson, J.H., additional, Cheever, C., additional, Niconovich, N.L., additional, Pearson, S., additional, Rittenhouse, S., additional, Tew, D., additional, Dez, E., additional, Prez, P., additional, de la Fuente, J., additional, Rees, M., additional, and Rivera-Sagredo, A., additional

Published
2003
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