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ObjectiveTo investigate the psychometric properties of the physical activity (PA) measure of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI).MethodsWomen diagnosed with breast cancer and enrolled in the Women's Healthy Eating and Living Study (average age 55 years) wore an accelerometer for 1 week and completed the 7-day Physical Activity Recall (PAR) and brief WHI measure.ResultsBoth self-reports correlated 0.73 with the accelerometer and had 100% sensitivity for meeting the current PA guideline, but specificity was significantly higher for the PAR.ConclusionsThe WHI measure had comparable validity, sensitivity, and measurement bias compared to the widely accepted PAR.

BackgroundThe criterion-related validity and measurement bias of the long form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was compared to the 7-Day Physical Activity Recall (PAR).MethodsParticipants were women who have been diagnosed with breast cancer and enrolled in the ongoing Women's Healthy Eating and Living Study. Women (N = 159, average age 57 years) wore an accelerometer for one week and then completed the IPAQ or the PAR.ResultsThe validity correlation of the PAR was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than the IPAQ (0.73 vs. 0.33, respectively). The PAR and IPAQ overestimated total physical activity by 13% vs. 247%, respectively. The PAR had better sensitivity (p = 0.14) and specificity (p < .01) than the IPAQ (100% vs. 71% and 84% vs. 59%, respectively) in predicting attainment of the ACSM physical activity guideline.ConclusionThe PAR was superior to the IPAQ in terms of validity, measurement bias, and screening statistics.

Aim To compare predictors of smoking initiation in two longitudinal studies in California conducted during periods when adolescent smoking prevalence was increasing (1993-96) and decreasing (1996-99). Design, setting and participants Cohorts of 12-15 -year-old never smokers were identified from the cross-sectional 1993 and 1996 California Tobacco Surveys (large population-based telephone surveys) and followed-up 3 years later (1993-96, n = 1764; 1996-99, n = 2119). Measures We compared cohort transition rates to any smoking by follow-up in risk groups defined by known predictors of smoking initiation at baseline. risk groups were defined using a mulBesides examining predictors individually, tivariate analysis. Findings Overall, transition to any smoking by follow-up occurred in 38.3 +/- 4.00% (% +/- 95% confidence interval) of never smokers in the 1993-96 cohort and 31.1 +/- 2.6%, in the 1996-99 cohort. For most predictors, the transition rate for adolescents with the characteristic was the same or only slightly lower in the 1996-99 cohort compared to the 1993-96 cohort, but the transition rate in those without the characteristic was generally much lower, thus increasing the power of the predictor. The multivariate analysis confirmed that compared to the 1993-96 cohort, transition occurred much less often in the 1996-99 cohort for adolescents at low rather than at medium or high risk of future smoking. Conclusions The turnaround in California adolescent smoking in the mid-1990s, when smoking began to decline, appears to come primarily from adolescents already at low risk of future smoking (as defined by a variety of predictors), who transitioned to smoking at much lower rates than previously.

Background: It is not clear whether the decline in African American adolescent smoking in the 1980s reflected a delay in age of onset of regular smoking initiation rather than success in preventing initiation completely. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify whether the marked reductions in African American adolescent smoking in the 1980s were offset by increased initiation in young adults. Methods: We combined data from the Tobacco Use Supplements of the 1992-1993, 1995-1996, and 1998-1999 Current Population Surveys (n = 512,258), and reconstructed year of smoking initiation and calculated age-specific incidence of initiation from 1970 to 1992. We then compared detailed age-specific rates of initiation for two 5-year periods selected to be before and after the documented large declines in African American adolescent smoking. Results: In the time period after marked declines in African American adolescent smoking (1987-1991), the incidence of initiation of regular smoking decreased for African Americans ages 14 to 16 and increased for ages 18 to 20. Such a delay was not as evident among non-Hispanic Whites. The delay that was slight in regular smoking initiation among African Americans relative to non-Hispanic Whites in 1975-79 had increased substantially by 1987-91. Conclusions: Reductions in African American adolescent smoking in the 1980s were offset by increased initiation among young adults ages 18 to 20 during this time period and suggest that the window for uptake of regular smoking shifted to older ages for African Americans more so than non-Hispanic Whites. Efforts to combat smoking should remain aggressive into young adulthood, when the tobacco industry's efforts to gain new smokers intensify.

Tobacco marketing contributes to adolescent smoking initiation, and the Master Settlement Agreement (MSA), therefore, included relevant restrictions. We analyzed data from large population surveys of Californians, conducted in 1992 (11,905 adults, ages 18 years and older), 1993 (5,531 adolescents, ages 12 to 17 years), and 1996 (6,252 adolescents, 18,616 adults) before the MSA, and in 1999 (6,090 adolescents, 14,729 adults) and 2002 (5,857 adolescents, 20,525 adults) following its implementation. Camel lost favorite-advertisement popularity after 1996, and between 1999 and 2002, there were large increases in the percentages declining to name a favorite advertisement. Ownership of tobacco promotional items declined from its peak in 1996. Furthermore, in 2002, close to 90% of adolescents and young adults reported seeing anti-tobacco messages on television in the past month, significantly higher than 1996. These trends indicate less receptivity to tobacco advertising and promotions following the MSA but leave room for additional restrictions to further reduce receptivity.

Tobacco marketing contributes to adolescent smoking initiation, and the Master Settlement Agreement (MSA), therefore, included relevant restrictions. We analyzed data from large population surveys of Californians, conducted in 1992 (11,905 adults, ages 18 years and older), 1993 (5,531 adolescents, ages 12 to 17 years), and 1996 (6,252 adolescents, 18,616 adults) before the MSA, and in 1999 (6,090 adolescents, 14,729 adults) and 2002 (5,857 adolescents, 20,525 adults) following its implementation. Camel lost favorite-advertisement popularity after 1996, and between 1999 and 2002, there were large increases in the percentages declining to name a favorite advertisement. Ownership of tobacco promotional items declined from its peak in 1996. Furthermore, in 2002, close to 90% of adolescents and young adults reported seeing anti-tobacco messages on television in the past month, significantly higher than 1996. These trends indicate less receptivity to tobacco advertising and promotions following the MSA but leave room for additional restrictions to further reduce receptivity.

For the 1999 California Tobacco Surveys (CTS), Westat performed statistical tasks that included sample selection, weighting, and data collection. This volume of the report contains a description of the methodology used by Westat to do sample selection, weighting, and develop replicate weights for variance estimation purposes.

The 1999 California Tobacco Surveys (CTS) were the fifth in a series of cross-sectional studies to collect information about tobacco use and behaviors among California adults and teenagers. These surveys were sponsored by the California Department of Health Services (CDHS) under a contract with the University of California at San Diego (UCSD), and a subcontract with Westat, Inc. in Rockville, Maryland. Westat also conducted the 1990, 1992, 1993, and 1996 surveys. The 1999 CTS began in August 1999, and they were completed in December 1999. The objective of these surveys was to collect representative statewide data on cigarette smoking behavior, attitudes towards smoking, media exposure to smoking, and use of tobacco products other than cigarettes. These data are used by the California Department of Health Services to plan and assess the effectiveness of smoking cessation strategies initiated under Proposition 99. This report discusses the methodology used to conduct the 1999 CTS.

Objectives. We investigated whether receptivity to tobacco advertising and promotions during young adolescence predicts young adult smoking 6 years later. Methods. Two Iongittudinal cohorts of adolescents drawn from the 1993 and 1996 versions of the California Tobacco Surveys were followed 3 and 6 years later. At baseline, adolescents were aged 12 to 15 years and were not established smokers. The outcome measure was established smoking at final follow-up. Re ceptivity to cigarette advertising and promotions was included in a multivariate logistic regression analysis along with demographic and other variables. Results. The rate of established smoking at follow-up was significantly greater among members of the 1993 through 1999 cohort (21.07%) than among members of the 1995 through 2002 cohort (15.6%). However, in both cohorts, having a favorite cigarette advertisement and owning or being willing to use a tobacco promotional item showed nearly identical adjusted odds of future adult smoking (1.46 and 1.84, respectively). Conclusions. Despite the success of tobacco control efforts in reducing youth smoking, tobacco marketing remains a potent influence on whether young adotescents become established smokers in young adulthood (18-21 years of age). (Am J Public Health. 2007;97:1489-1495. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2005.070359)

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.08.014 Byline: John P. Pierce, Janet M. Distefan, Robert M. Kaplan, Elizabeth A. Gilpin Abstract: Although advertising theories have long viewed curiosity as an intermediate goal to encouraging consumption of a product among previous nonusers, this variable is rarely discussed in psychological theories and its role in smoking uptake has not been addressed adequately. Author Affiliation: Cancer Prevention and Control, Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0645, United States

Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the diabetes risk status, incidence, and morbidity within San Diego's Chamorro community as a foundation to help community leaders and health [...]

Objectives. We sought to determine whether adolescents whose favorite movie stars smoke on-screen are at increased risk of tobacco use. Methods. During interviews, adolescent never smokers taking part in the California Tobacco Survey nominated their favorite stars. We reviewed popular films released during 1994 through 1996 to determine whether stars smoked on-screen in at least 2 films. Results. One third of never smokers nominated a star who smoked on-screen, which independently predicted later smoking risk (odds ratio [OR] 1.36;95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02, 1.82). The effect was strong among girls (OR=1.86; 95% CI= 1.26, 2.73). Among boys, there was no independent effect after control for receptivity to tobacco industry promotions. Conclusions. Public health efforts to reduce adolescent smoking must confront smoking in films as a tobacco marketing strategy. (Am J Public Health. 2004;94: 1239-1244)

Reports expenditures on tobacco control programs in California schools since 1989 and data from students interviewed as part of the California Tobacco Surveys in 1990, 1993, and 1996. Results indicate that the provision of substantial money for tobacco control to schools from 1989-1997 was not sufficient to ensure that effective interventions were undertaken. (SM)

Nicotine replacement therapy does not appear to be effective over the long-term for helping people to quit smoking, especially if they are light smokers. This was the conclusion of researchers who analyzed the California Tobacco Surveys of 1992, 1996, and 1999. Most smoking cessation aids are sold over-the-counter and are widely promoted by the pharmaceutical industry.

Anesthethics provide sedation and immobility facilitating echocardiography in mice, but influence cardiac function. We studied the effects of intraperitoneal and inhaled anesthetic agents on echocardiographic measurements. Mice were anesthetized with intraperitoneal tribromoethanol (TBE), ketamine-midazolam (K/M), ketamine-xylazine (K/X), or inhaled isoflurane (Isf), and echocardiographic parameters were assessed at 5, 10, 15, and 20 min. In C57BL/6N mice, Isf produced high initial heart rates (HR) that decreased to levels comparable to TBE at 15-20 min (~450 beats/min) and the most stable percent fractional shortening (%FS) and end-diastolic dimension (EDD). With TBE, %FS initially was low, but increased comparable to Isf (~45%) at 15 min. K/M produced similar time trends but lower absolute values compared with TBE for all parameters. K/X produced cardiac depression evidenced by low HR and %FS, and increased EDD. Isf was the most reproducible in repeat studies at 12 days. In C57BL/6J compared with C57BL/6N mice, K/M produced higher HR, and %FS and TBE produced smaller EDD. In conclusion, anesthetic agent, timing of echocardiographic measurements, and genetic background are all critical variables during echocardiography in mice. left ventricular function; tribromoethanol; ketamine; midazolam; xylazine; isoflurane

Objectives. This study assessed progress in achieving clean indoor air in California. Methods. Data were from large, cross-sectional population-based surveys (1990-1999). Results. Indoor workers reporting smoke-free workplaces increased from 35.0% (95% confidence interval [Cl]=33.7, 36.3) in 1990 to 93.4% (95% Cl =92.6, 94.2) in 1999. Exposure of nonsmoking indoor workers to secondhand tobacco smoke decreased from 29.0% (95% Cl=27.2, 30.8) to 15.6% (95% Cl=14.1, 17.1). Adults with smoke-free homes increased from 37.6% (95% Cl=35.1, 40.1) in 1992 to 73.7% (95% Cl=73.2, 74.2) in 1999; nearly half of smokers in 1999 had smoke-free homes. In 1999, 82.2% (95% Cl =81.5, 82.9) of children and adolescents (0-17 years) had smoke-free homes, up from 38.0% (95% Cl=35.1, 40.9) in 1992. Conclusions. California's advances highlight an important opportunity for tobacco control.

Teenage non-smokers who recognize tobacco advertisements and have some type of product promoting a certain brand are likely to experiment with smoking. Researchers asked 1,752 teenage non-smokers if they had seen tobacco ads and whether they had any promotional items such as T-shirts that advertised a specific brand of cigarettes. Those who had a favorite ad were twice as likely to begin smoking and those who used a promotional item were three times as likely to begin. Tobacco promotion thus accounts for one-third of new smokers in California, where the study was done., Context.--Whether tobacco advertising and promotion increases the likelihood that youths will begin smoking has important public policy implications. Objective.--To evaluate the association between receptivity to tobacco advertising and promotional activities and progress in the smoking uptake process, defined sequentially as never smokers who would not consider experimenting with smoking, never smokers who would consider experimenting, experimenters (smoked at least once but fewer than 100 cigarettes), or established smokers (smoked at least 100 cigarettes). Design.--Prospective cohort study with a 3-year follow-up through November 1996. Setting and Participants.--A total of 1752 adolescent never smokers who were not susceptible to smoking when first interviewed in 1993 in a population-based random-digit dial telephone survey in California were reinterviewed in 1996. Main Outcome Measure.--Becoming susceptible to smoking or experimenting by 1996. Results.--More than half the sample (n=979) named a favorite cigarette advertisement in 1993 and Joe Camel advertisements were the most popular. Less than 5% (n=92) at baseline possessed a promotional item but a further 10% (n= 172) were willing to use an item. While having a favorite advertisement in 1993 predicted which adolescents would progress by 1996 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-3.20), possession or willingness to use a promotional item was even more strongly associated with future progression (OR=2.89; 95% CI, 1.47-5.68). From these data, we estimate that 34% of all experimentation in California between 1993 and 1996 can be attributed to tobacco promotional activities. Nationally, this would be over 700 000 adolescents each year. Conclusion.--These findings provide the first longitudinal evidence to our knowledge that tobacco promotional activities are causally related to the onset of smoking. JAMA 1998;279:511-515

People who begin smoking in adolescence appear likely to smoke for many years before quitting. Researchers used historical data from 460,000 survey participants on date of birth, age at initiation, age at which the greatest percentage of the population smoked, and age at which the percentage of smokers had fallen to half of the peak percentage to predict how long white youths born in 1975 to 1979 who begin smoking are likely to be smokers. According to calculation, half of white men will no longer be smokers at 33 years old and half of white women will have quit by age 37. If the average age to begin smoking is 17, then the average man will smoke 16 years before quitting, and the average woman will smoke for 20 years.