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Dark organic-rich layers (sapropels) have accumulated in Mediterranean sediments since the Miocene due to deep-sea dysoxia and enhanced carbon burial at times of intensified North African run-off during Green Sahara Periods (GSPs). The existence of orbital precession-dominated Saharan aridity/humidity cycles is well known, but lack of long-term, high-resolution records hinders understanding of their relationship with environmental evolution. Here we present continuous, high-resolution geochemical and environmental magnetic records for the Eastern Mediterranean spanning the past 5.2 million years, which reveal that organic burial intensified 3.2 Myr ago. We deduce that fluvial terrigenous sediment inputs during GSPs doubled abruptly at this time, whereas monsoon run-off intensity remained relatively constant. We hypothesize that increased sediment mobilization resulted from an abrupt non-linear North African landscape response associated with a major increase in arid:humid contrasts between GSPs and intervening dry periods. The timing strongly suggests a link to the onset of intensified northern hemisphere glaciation.

Correction to: Communications Earth & Environment https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00339-9, published online 13 January 2022. The original version of this Article contained an error in the second sentence of the caption of Figure 4 which incorrectly read ‘Change-points in (c) are based on changes in the mean (red) and standard deviation (blue) of the Ti/Al time-series (closed triangles) and Ti/Al residuals (open triangles) after removing low-frequency (140–1200 kyr) variability; f pollen zones from ODP Site 659 ref. 32 (green = more humid; yellow/orange = increasing aridity and humid/arid variability); g, h aeolian dust records from offshore West Africa24, 25, i ODP Site 959 Ti/Al (grey)28 with 11-point running average (red); j tree index based on pollen from Baringo Basin core BTB13, with 95% confidence intervals37 (downward bars limited to the y-axis); k DSDP Site 231 leaf wax δD with inferred shift to more aridity at 3.3–3.0 Ma ref. 38, l ODP Site 1165 ice-rafted debris (IRD) fluxes51, m global sea-level reconstruction79 based on benthic δ18O (ref. 69)’. The correct version states ‘j tree index based on phytoliths’ in place of ‘j tree index based on pollen’. This has been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.

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This chapter comprises a commentary on a rewritten judgment of the Supreme Court of Canada in Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law v Canada (Attorney General) 2004 SCC 4. That decision concerned the constitutionality of the 'reasonable punishment' defence to the physical punishment of children. After outlining the original judgment, I critique the rewritten judgment, and ask whether reframing the legal issue in terms of children's rights might be more likely to invert the premise of the s43 debate than a human rights perspective.

Mark T Friedman,1 Peyman Bizargity,1 Sandra Gilmore,2 Arnold Friedman3 1Blood Bank and Transfusion Medicine Service, Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai St Luke's–Roosevelt Hospital Center, 2Patient Blood Management Program, Center for Blood Management and Bloodless Medicine and Surgery, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, 3Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Abstract: Patients may have differing perceptions about blood transfusions based on their backgrounds, values, education levels, or cultural or religious beliefs, which may or may not be accurate. Unfortunately, despite the fact that transfusions are associated with a number of infectious and noninfectious risks, and in spite of the fact that there are ethical, accreditation, and regulatory requirements to provide information regarding transfusion risks, benefits, and alternatives to patients, transfusion consent remains inconsistently obtained. This can partly be attributed to the fact that clinicians may take on a paternalistic approach to transfusion decisions as well as to the fact that many clinicians have knowledge gaps in transfusion medicine that prevent them from obtaining transfusion consent adequately. As a result, unlike the case with other medical and surgical therapies, most patients are not included in the making of informed decisions regarding the need for transfusion versus alternative therapies, leading to many situations in which the transfusions provide little benefit to them. Recently however, a number of organizations, such as the American Association of Blood Banks and The Joint Commission in the US, have promoted multidisciplinary, evidence-based treatment strategies that aim to minimize the need for blood transfusion, the so-called patient blood management (PBM) protocols. PBM strategies are expected to improve blood utilization through optimization of patients who may need blood transfusions via measures such as preoperative anemia management, intraoperative cell salvage, and improved transfusion guidelines. PBM strategies also focus on enhanced requirements for transfusion education and shared decision making, including informed consent and, thus, promote a patient-centered approach as defined by the Institute of Medicine. Keywords: informed consent, patient blood management, patient-centered approach, patient communication, shareddecision making

This deliverable reports on the work completed in the final reporting period on the modelling language at the centre of the QUANTICOL framework, C ARMA . A major focus of the period has been on making modelling with C ARMA accessible to a wide audience of potential users interested in CAS, not just those already familiar with formal modelling with process algebras. To this end we have further developed the C ARMA Specification Language ( CaSL ) and the software tools that support it; we have developed exemplar models, some of which are reported in this deliverable, and extended the suite of tools to offer a modeller different approaches to model analysis. In essence, the CaSL language does not formally extend the expressiveness of C ARMA , but it presents a more programmatic style of modelling, which will be usable by a wider set of people. Space plays a key role in many CAS and we have revisited the support that is offered to faithfully capture the spatial aspects within a model, resulting in improved syntax to assist the modeller and a graphical front end which can be used to automatically generate the spatial aspects of models. In this document we give an account of the key features of CaSL , and present a full account of the language in an appendix. We also discuss a few of the models that have been developed alongside the language development. These served to refine our ideas on how best to support spatial modelling as well as testing the implementation in the Eclipse plug-in supporting CaSL . One of this set of models is completely outside the domain of smart cities, which has been the main focus of our case studies, in order to demonstrate that the modelling pathway that we have developed could be suitable for a wide class of applications beyond smart cities. Of course, to be practically useful a modelling language must be implemented in a robust set of software tools to allow the modeller to construct and analyse the model with confidence. In Section 3 we give an account of the software tools, whilst in Section 4 we describe the design workflow and analysis pathway that is supported in the tools. This takes into account the different phases that a model goes through, from initial design, elaboration, parameterisation and then use as a tool to investigate the behaviour of the system under study. The modeller needs different support at each of these stages and we have sought to provide what is appropriate for each stage, as far as is feasible within the limited time and resource of the project. Building within Eclipse has allowed us to provide many "hidden" features which nevertheless greatly enhance the support for the modeller. These internal checks seek to ensure that CaSL models are free from the type of minor error that can be frustrating and time-consuming during model development. However, once a modeller is fully confident of their model, a graphical user interface can become cumbersome and inconvenient. Thus we also provide a command line interface to support efficient exploitation of models under different experimental frames. Moreover, the results of model analysis are automatically enhanced with metadata to assist with their interpretation and reproducibility. The deliverable concludes with a demonstration of the analysis of CaSL models on two of the scenarios from our smart city case studies. Specifically we consider a mesoscale model of buses within a city, particularly paying attention to the congestion that occurs when multiple routes share the same bus stopes, and issues related to regulatory compliance and appropriate spacing on frequent bus services. In the second example, we consider the key issue related to user satisfaction within urban bike sharing systems - whether a user will find a bike or a slot at a convenient location when they want one. In addition to this document, we also deliver the software tool suite for C ARMA which is available at https://quanticol.github.io

The aim of this study was to observe the dynamics of a socio-psychological process, namely, cohesiveness, occurring among seven-year old pupils organised in groups of five engaged in an improvised drama activity. (Author/RK)