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Background:Post-positivist critics of the linear-rational understanding of the role of knowledge in decision making have long argued the need for the construction of socially robust knowledge to illuminate policy problems from a variety of perspectives, including lived experiences. Aims and objectives:This article charts the attempts of researchers to employ a creative method, digital storytelling, alongside more traditional scientific data in stakeholder deliberations to inform local food governance in South Africa. Methods:Four storytellers from a marginalised group created and introduced their digital story about a ‘time when they had to make a difficult choice about what food to purchase or get’ to a public governance forum and the reactions of the audience self-reported. Findings:The digital stories were emotionally compelling and gave granular detail to the more top-down perspective of the scientific data. There were concerns, however, for the welfare of the storytellers when introducing their stories in the forum. Discussion and conclusion:Our findings highlight the multi-functionality of digital storytelling as a method of creativity within the process of co-production, not just as a technique to make visible knowledge from marginalised groups, but also as a mechanism (when used and viewed in a wider governance context) to promote knowledge mobilisation and alternative ways of knowing. The use of digital storytelling in these wider governance contexts, or social learning spaces, however, also surfaces ethical and other risks.

The Scottish Government’s proposal to introduce a “Named Person” scheme was intended to improve child protection and wellbeing in Scotland, by allocating an identified Named Person to every child in Scotland. The scheme was met by considerable concern from a range of parties, and was challenged in the courts on the basis that the data sharing provisions infringed the data protection and Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (echr) privacy rights of children and parents. As a result of the complexities of introducing lawful data sharing provisions, the scheme has now been scrapped, without ever being introduced. However, at no point was there any sustained analysis of the impact of Article 5 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (uncrc) on the Named Person scheme: to what extent would the Scottish Government proposals have helped parents meet their obligations under Article 5? Or would they in fact have infringed parents’ and children’s rights? This article provides a case study of Article 5 in practice, by setting out the background to the now-defunct Named Person scheme, before going on to analyse its interaction – and compliance – with the State Party’s obligations under Article 5.

On 25th and 26th July 2019, ten members of the African, Indian and Scottish Feminist Judgments Projects (FJPs), comprised of legal academics and legal practitioners, met at Edinburgh Law School in Scotland. We were also joined at various points in our discussions by a number of invited guests from the Scottish academic, legal and feminist activist communities. In the context of ongoing global conversations across diverse FJPs, the purpose of our meeting was to explore the connections between these three then in-progress FJPs, to reflect on the experience of being involved in an FJP within our respective jurisdictions, and to discuss both the pitfalls and possibilities for creating legacies in teaching, scholarship and practice (see also Cowan et al. 2018).

This article makes the case for reform of divorce law by demonstrating that the current provisions in the Divorce (Scotland) Act 1976 are not compliant with Article 8 ECHR. Scots law's mix of fault and no fault provisions requires the mandatory disclosure of often highly personal and intimate details in order to establish adultery, behaviour, or non-cohabitation. This statutory requirement to disclose private and personal information to the state, to fulfil the test for irretrievable breakdown of the marriage, constitutes an invasion of the spouses’ privacy. The article then goes on to show that such invasion cannot be justified as necessary in a democratic society, in terms of Article 8 jurisprudence. Consequently, reform is required to ensure that Scots divorce law is ECHR compliant. The final section sets out a proposal to transform divorce law in Scotland into a no-fault notification procedure, removing the damaging and invasive process currently in force.

An EUV Stokes polarimeter designed for operation up to 150 eV photon energy has been fabricated and commissioned (with red, green and violet light). The polarimeter consists of two identical 4-mirror optical groups acting as a phase retarder and analyser respectively. Each group is capable of independent azimuthal rotation about the beam without deviating the beam. The mirrors are gold coated and operating at 80° angle of incidence. Such an instrument can determine both the full Stokes vector of the incoming light and the optical constants (polarizance and phase delay) of the optical elements of the polarimeter, which are then translated into the optical constants (n and k) for gold and compared to the literature values.

This chapter explores the potential for discrimination against children which still exists in Scots law on the grounds of birth and status. Although the concept of illegitimacy has, at first sight, been swept away by legislative reform, there remains a loophole: illegitimacy is still a relevant concept in the context of succession to parents’ titles, honours, dignities and coats of arms. This is further compounded by the ongoing identification of the genetic parents as the “true” parents in this context: a donor conceived child will also be excluded from the succession, despite being the legal child of the parents who sought clinically assisted conception. Children will therefore be treated differently depending on birth and status. This discrimination under Art 2 UNCRC is an obvious cause for concern, and the chapter will conclude with proposals for reform, to remove this discriminatory status.

In the first action of its kind in Scotland the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) petitioned the Court of Session for a number of interim enforcement orders under the Enterprise Act 2002 against the defenders, MB Designs Limited, a double glazing company, and its two directors. The petition was raised following evidence from the OFT as to the number and range of complaints received from members of the public. Lord Drummond Young's opinion begins with a summary of the relevant sections of Part 8 of the 2002 Act, entitled 'Enforcement of Certain Consumer Legislation'. Several additional points concerning the impact of the 2002 Act were commented upon by the Court and are worthy of note. The Act therefore gives considerable powers to the courts to respond to petitions concerning unfair trading by directing enforcement orders at the most appropriate person responsible, and provides an incentive for that person to comply thereafter.

The significant evolution in family law in the last four decades has seen the breaking down of traditional barriers: illegitimacy has been swept away, and children conceived through assisted reproduction are now recognised as the legal children of their parents, even absent a genetic link. Transgender heirs are also fully recognised in their new gender. Yet fundamental exceptions remain in the case of succession to titles, honours, dignities and coats of arms, discriminating against children born out of marriage, or non-genetic children, or transgender children. The decision of the Privy Council in Pringle of Stichill emphasised this divergence, and raised the question of whether law reform is needed. In this article, we explore the rules which govern succession to titles and dignities and the two-tier system which has arisen. By pointing out the inconsistencies and lack of rationale therefor, we make the case for law reform to bring titles and dignities into line with the current understanding of family and succession.

The paper considers the role of Scottish culture and history, real or imagined, in the commercialisation of iconic Scottish creations such as tartan and Scotch whisky. It notes that many of the forms of legal protection available to the producers of such products were developed to encourage individual innovation, not designed to address communal interests in the preservation of national or group identities and heritage. This may be one reason why, as is illustrated by the case of tartan, these rights offer patchy and incomplete protection to ‘authentic’ Scottish products. Over time, however, the UK has developed various forms of collective protection for cultural products such as Harris Tweed, the effectiveness of which is explored in this article. The final part of the paper considers the importance, in a globalising world, of European Union and international protection for valuable cultural ‘products’. But protection, whether at the national or international level, necessitates a difficult balance to be drawn between the interest in cultural innovation and development, on the one hand, and cultural preservation and the protection of the commercial interests of specific communities, on the other. The article concludes by exploring some of the practical and conceptual challenges associated with determining whether a product should be considered part of the cultural patrimony of the world or, rather, the property of a specific nation or cultural group. ‘…cultural diversity is strengthened by the free flow of ideas, and…is nurtured by constant exchanges and interaction between cultures…’ (Preamble to the 2005 UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions)

Data protection in the public sector has suffered from a number of high profile breaches over the last decade, revealing a culture of weak compliance, especially in comparison with that in the private sector. This article examines certain factors which make public sector data processing distinct, and how the lack of clarity regarding the routes to legitimate processing may be exacerbating these problems. By closely examining the jurisprudence regarding Schedule 2 of the Data Protection Act 1998, which provides the legitimate bases for data processing, we reveal the current problems public sector data controllers face in determining whether their processing is “necessary” and therefore legitimate. We determine that the test of necessity is reliant on proportionality, requiring the interest in processing the personal data to be balanced against the data subjects’ data protection and privacy interests. This in turn requires a detailed consideration of the public interests at stake, in providing the public services and respecting the personal data involved. We conclude by providing a structured and coherent three-step test for data controllers to apply in reaching their decision. This test focuses on the critical issues in balancing the competing interests, enabling data controllers to take a principle-based decision as to whether or not their processing is indeed in the public interest, proportionate and necessary – and therefore ultimately legitimate. This three-step test offers greater clarity for data controllers, which in turn should enhance the rigour of their data processing, thereby strengthening the data protection culture and benefiting data controllers, data subjects, and the public at large.

One important factor in the virulence of infections with Plasmodium falciparum is the adherence of infected erythrocytes to small vessel endothelium. In infections that lead to serious, life-threatening disease accumulation of large numbers of infected cells in particular organs is thought to lead to organ dysfunction or failure. This is of particular relevance when the affected organ is the brain, leading to the development of cerebral malaria. Many different endothelial receptors for infected red blood cells have been identified. Some receptors such as CD36 and thrombospondin are used by all parasite isolates, whereas others such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) or vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM) are used by a subset of field and laboratory isolates. While it has been speculated that the ability to bind or affinity of binding to a particular endothelial receptor may be related to the pattern of disease, only studies with limited numbers of patients have been carried out to date and these have been in general inconclusive. Here we have taken parasite isolates from 150 patients with defined clinical syndromes as well as isolates from 50 healthy but parasitized community controls and quantitatively assessed their binding to purified endothelial receptors in vitro. Our results show that disregarding the level of adhesion, all parasites bind to CD36, most bind to ICAM-1, few bind to VCAM, and almost none bind to E-selectin. In assessing the degree of binding we show that 1) binding to all receptors was reduced in parasites taken from severely anemic patients; 2) binding to CD36 is identical in parasites from cerebral malaria patients and community controls but slightly elevated in parasites from nonsevere cases; and 3) binding to ICAM-1 is highest in cerebral malaria patients. Because rosette formation by uninfected cells has also been a phenotype associated with disease severity and one that may interfere in vitro with receptor binding, we also assessed rosette formation in all isolates. In this study the highest level of rosette-forming parasites was found in the anemic group and not the cerebral malaria group. Stratifying the data for the frequency of rosette formation showed that the above results were not significantly altered by this phenomenon. Our data are not consistent with a role for binding to CD36 in the development of severe disease but show an association between the degree of binding to ICAM-1 and clinical illness in nonanemic patients.

An integrated computer software system for on-site and remote collection of macromolecular crystallography (MX) data at the Canadian Light Source (CLS) is described. The system consists of an integrated graphical user interface for data collection and beamline control [MX Data Collector (MxDC)] which provides experiment-focused control of beamline devices, and a laboratory information management system [MX Laboratory Information Virtual Environment (MxLIVE)] for managing sample and experiment information through a web browser. The system allows remote planning and transmission of sample and experiment parameters to the beamline through MxLIVE, on-site or remote data collection through MxDC guided by information from MxLIVE, and remote monitoring and download of experimental results through MxLIVE. The system is deployed and in use on both MX beamlines at the CLS which constitute the Canadian Macromolecular Crystallography Facility.

This article outlines the government's changes to the way that primary and community health services will be commissioned and provided. It also discusses the opportunities that exist for nurses to lead and develop services for the benefit of patients in the implementation of changes.

In this section authors from various European countries report the recent case law in their jurisdiction in the field of private patrimonial law, that is decisions on the law of property, juridical acts, the law of obligations, contract law and prescription. The ERPL started this section in 2003. The section aims to give readers an overview of what is happening in the most recent European case law. We have asked the national reporters to report the juridical essence of the decisions given by the highest courts in their country. These national reports are integrated in one general report that arranges the decisions by subject, so that readers can easily find out whether decisions on their special interest were given in any European jurisdiction or whether decisions on one subject have been taken in various European jurisdictions. In principle, this section does not relate the facts of the decision, nor the personal opinion of the reporter. One can find discussions on the most important decisions of European courts in ERPL?s case note section. The recent case law section gives overviews of decisions published in periods of four months. The period of January-April is published in the fourth issue, the period from May to August is published in the sixth issue, the period from September to December is published in the second issue of the next year. In this issue, we publish decisions of high courts taken from January to April 2005. As yet, some decisions can only be found on the internet. Therefore, at the end of this section we have listed web sites where one can find European high court decisions.

Background and Objectives. Lidocaine/prilocaine cream (EMLA) applied to intact skin for 60 minutes has been shown to reduce venipuncture pain. Recent studies have suggested that lidocaine/prilocaine cream is less effective on heavily pigmented skin. The objective of this study was to evaluate the topical anesthetic efficacy of lidocaine/prilocaine cream in volunteers with varying skin pigmentation types. Methods. Sixty volunteers were enrolled into each of three groups based on skin pigmentation history. Subjects were randomized to receive lidocaine/prilocaine cream onto the antecubital fossa of one arm and placebo cream on the comparable location of the other arm for either 60, 90, or 120 minutes prior to venipuncture. Assessments of perceived pain associated with each venipuncture were made by the subject using a visual analog scale. Results. Lidocaine/prilocaine cream applied for 60 minutes significantly (P

A. INTRODUCTION B. DELINEATING PUBLICITY EXPLOITATION (1) Use (2) Subject matter (3) Some terminology C. OBSERVATIONS FROM ABROAD (1) Publicity rights as property rights (2) Publicity rights as personality rights D. SCOTTISH RESPONSES (1) Early cases (2) Contemporary models (a) Passing off (b) Privacy (c) Defamation (d) Data protection (3) The position in summary E. EXCLUSIVE PRIVILEGE (1) From government to commerce (2) Publicity as exclusive privilege

In response to the increasing use of registered trade marks by celebrities to protect their names from exploitation, the UK Trade Marks Registry has recently issued guidance on registration of "famous names". This article seeks to examine the implications of the guidance in light of the existing legislative framework forregistration of a personal name and recent judicial developments, together with examples of some famous names that have been granted registered protection.

Context The Abortion Law in Northern Ireland - professional attitudes to change. Objective To elicit the attitudes of doctors in Northern Ireland, practicing obstetrics and gynaecology or family planning. Method Questionnaires (n = 155) were sent to all grades of doctors working in obstetrics and gynaecology or family planning in Northern Ireland during 1996. Results One hundred and two (65.8%) of the questionnaires were returned. The majority of doctors believed that abortion should be legalised and a service provided. There was no consensus on how this should be achieved. Fifty percent of family planning doctors supported importing the British Abortion Law, but the majority of hospital doctors favoured a new law specific to Northern Ireland. Over 90% were in favour of providing medical abortions in certain circumstances. There was no agreement on who should be responsible for the service.

Background: Surgical procedures used to remove genital warts (cryotherapy, electrodesiccation) are painful. Attempts to reduce the discomfort of surgery by prior lidocaine infiltration anesthesia are compromised by the pain of the infiltration. Objective: Our purpose was to determine the efficacy of topically applied lidocaine/prilocaine cream to reduce the pain of lidocaine infiltration and the pain associated with cryotherapy to remove genital warts. Methods: Men, scheduled for removal of genital warts by cryotherapy, were randomly selected to receive one of three treatments: (1) lidocaine/prilocaine cream application, (2) 1% lidocaine infiltration, and (3) lidocaine/prilocaine cream application followed by infiltration of 1% lidocaine. Results: Application of lidocaine/prilocaine cream for 15 minutes markedly reduced the pain of lidocaine infiltration. The combination of lidocaine/prilocaine cream followed by infiltration of 1% lidocaine gave greater pain relief from the cryotherapy than did either anesthetic alone. Conclusion: The application of lidocaine/prilocaine cream as an adjunct to lidocaine infiltration reduced the pain of infiltration and the pain associated with cryotherapy for the removal of genital warts. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 37:96–100.)

Immediate pigment darkening (IPD) was induced on the backs of 11 human volunteers of skin types III and IV by exposing the skin to UVA radiation (382 nm). The minimum erythema dose (MED) of UVB radiation was also determined by exposing sites to graduated doses of 304 nm radiation. The order of exposure of distinct anatomic areas was as follow: (1) UVB followed by IPD induction; (2) IPD induction followed by UVB; (3) IPD induction followed 3 h later by UVB; and (4) UVB only. Erythema responses induced by UVB were graded by inspection 24 h later and the MEDs in the 4 areas were compared. The induction of IPD before UVB exposure caused no significant change in the MED compared to sites receiving UVB only, or receiving UVA radiation after UVB, confirming that the IPD reaction does not protect against UVB-induced erythema. There was also no evidence of photorecovery, i.e., an increase in the MED of UVB resulting from exposure to longer wavelength, UV or visible radiation following UVB exposure.