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The study of the early manuscripts of the great authors most often becomes a process of monumentalising or (re)legitimising their work. The recent publication of two of Sartre's early manuscripts--first Empedocle (Empedocles) in 2016 and second, in 2018, his dissertation for his graduate diploma (diplome d'etudes superieures or DES), L'Image dans la vie psychologique (The Image in Psychological Life), both texts written in 1926-1927--encourages us to propose another type of genetic reading that insists on the collective conditions of the production of knowledge, including philosophical knowledge. Such a collective genetics, applied to Sartre's intellectual formation during the interwar years, allows us to highlight some of the little-known forms of Parisian intellectual societies (the activities of the International Information Group of the Ecole Normale Superieure, the critical logic of the psychology journals, the regular meetings of the cenacles, and the literary and philosophical research groups). It also reveals, at the same time, the original relationship between Sartre's thought and the German literature and philosophy mediated to him by Bernard Groethuysen, Stefan Zweig and Alexandre Koyre. Keywords: Alexandre Koyre, Bernard Groethuysen, collective genetics, Empedocles, The Image in Psychological Life, Jean-Paul Sartre, Stefan Zweig, In recent years, Sartre studies have concentrated their attention on Sartre's years of intellectual formation at the Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS). (1) Under the aegis of the Sartre team of [...]

Alfred Betschart, Andreas Urs Sommer and Paul Stephan, Nietzsche und der Franzosische Existenzialismus (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2022), 300pp., ISBN: 9783110760101. $126.99 (hardback); ISBN: 9783110760163. $126.99 (e-book). This excellent volume is [...]

Kate Kirkpatrick, Sartre and Theology (London: Bloomsbury, 2017), xi + 226 pp., ISBN 978-0-567-66449-5 (paperback). At the start of this excellent study Kate Kirkpatrick rightly emphasises how under-researched the area [...]

Oliver Gloag, Albert Camus: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020), 112pp. ISBN: 9780198792970. £8.99 (paperback). Meryl Altman, Beauvoir in Time (Leiden: Brill, 2020), x + 570pp. ISBN: 9789004431201. €142.00 (hardback); ISBN: 9789004431218 (open-access e-book). Alfred Betschart and Juliane Werner (eds), Sartre and the International Impact of Existentialism (London: Palgrave, 2020), 388pp. ISBN: 978-3-030-38481-4. $129.99 (hardback); ISBN: 9783030384845. $129.99 (paperback); 9783030384821. $99 (e-book). Alfred Betschart, Andreas Urs Sommer and Paul Stephan, Nietzsche und der Französische Existenzialismus (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2022), 300pp., ISBN: 9783110760101. $126.99 (hardback); ISBN: 9783110760163. $126.99 (e-book). Nik Farrell Fox, The Parallel Philosophies of Sartre and Nietzsche: Ethics, Ontology and the Self (London: Bloomsbury, 2022), 255 pp., ISBN: 9781350248168. $143.95 (hardback); ISBN: 9781350248205. $50.35 (paperback); ISBN: 9781350248175. $115.16 (e-book). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One could be forgiven for asserting that Jean-Paul Sartre's existentialism has become fashionable again, a worldview fitting for our time. How else can we interpret last year's publication of Surfing [...]

A study of the substitution processes for different models of harmful alleles through mathematical analyses and computer simulations reveals that the rate of substitution has a concave relation to the selection strength. The models studied include the house-of-cards model, the Hartl-Dykhuizen-Dean (HDD) model, the exponential and gamma shift models and the optimum model. While the HDD and optimum models represent silent evolution adequately, no model represents protein evolution satisfactorily due to the variability in substitutions exhibited by them.

Kimura and Ohta's 1971 paper, 'Protein poly-morphism is a phase of molecular evolution,' was among the first to bring to the molecular level the maxim that evolutionary processes acting within [...]

A completed simulation of the mechanism of nucleotide replacements in a finite haploid population, relying in selection in a randomly varying setting, yields surprising findings. A small mutation rate estimate explains why replacements are more consistent than random for quickly varying settings and several symmetrical constructs of molecular development with quickly altering indication may show replacements that are more uniform than random because this explanation does not wholly rely on specifics of the haploid model.

Selected substitutions at one locus can induce stochastic dynamics that resemble genetic drift at a closely linked neutral locus. The pseudohitchhiking model is a one-locus model that approximates these effects and can be used to describe the major consequences of linked selection. As the changes in neutral allele frequencies when hitchhiking are rapid, diffusion theory is not appropriate for studying neutral dynamics. A stationary distribution and some results on substitution processes are presented that use the theory of continuous-time Markov processes with discontinuous sample paths. The coalescent of the pseudohitchhiking model is shown to have a random number of branches at each node, which leads to a frequency spectrum that is different from that of the equilibrium neutral model. If genetic draft, the name given to these induced stochastic effects, is a more important stochastic force than genetic drift, then a number of paradoxes that have plagued population genetics disappear.