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Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) is a complex disorder characterized by the presence of motor and vocal tics, as well as neuropsychiatric pathological features. Visual field defects have also been described in GTS patients by Enoch et al. in the 1980s. In the current paper, the authors discuss Enoch et al. studies showing visual field defects in patients with GTS, presenting a similar case evaluated in the context of newer structural and functional examination modalities.

Georges Albert Brutus Edouard Gilles de la Tourette nació y se crio dentro de una época esplendorosa de Francia. Se destacó por sus méritos como estudiante y fue educado para que tuviera una brillante carrera como médico. Su paso por el hospital Pitie-Salpêtrière fue algo fundamental en su vida, ya que allí conoció al profesor Jean-Martin Charcot quien le brindó la oportunidad y las herramientas para estudiar su pasión, la Neurología, de una manera amplia la y dedicarse a otros casos interesantes dedicados a la mente humana. Gracias a esto pudo describir la patología que hoy nos compete como el síndrome de La Tourette. Su estudio y su incansable curiosidad permitieron además involucrarse no sólo con este síndrome sino que ayudó a hacer múltiples descripciones de otras patologías e incursionó en el nuevo campo del hipnotismo. Sin embargo, su muerte prematura, debido a una enfermedad hoy en día curable, hizo que se truncara la maravillosa mente de este neurólogo que, muy seguramente, hubiese aportado más conocimiento de la época a nuestro saber actual.

Transcripts of the Tuesday Lessons at La Salpêtrière Hospital show that Jean-Martin Charcot often asked his patients about their family history. The information gathered on patients' heredity played also a significant role in the diagnostic reasoning he instructed his students in. Again and again, he included in his teachings the concept of degeneration to suggest an etiology for observed pathologies. This article analyzes the origin of Charcot's knowledge, imparted in the Tuesday Lessons, by examining the theories of heredity and degeneration successively developed by Prosper Lucas (1808–1885) in 1847, Bénédict-Auguste Morel (1809–1873) in 1857, and Jacques-Joseph Moreau de Tours (1804–1884) in 1859. I will review examples taken from the Tuesday Lessons to illustrate how Charcot assimilated the ideas of these alienists. Two of his students, Charles Féré (1852–1907) and Georges Gilles de la Tourette (1857–1904), known for championing their master's work, went on to publish their own books that developed theories of heredity and degeneration. I will conclude my review, which aims to examine a little known facet of Charcot's work, with a few examples from these authors' writings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourette disorder is an uncommon neuropsychiatric disorder characterised by involuntary tics and behavioural disturbances. The disorder is most prevalent in childhood. Only a few cases of Gilles disorder had been reported in Nigeria. The disorder shares some characteristics and association with many neuropsychiatric disorders hence, the diagnosis can be easily missed. This is a report of a 9-year old school boy with Tourette disorder with co-existing Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD). The diagnosis in this child was missed on initial assessment, hence this report highlights the need for high index of suspicion when children present with involuntary tics.

Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are two neurodevelopmental disorders with male predominance, frequently comorbid, that share clinical and behavioral features. The incidence of ASD in patients affected by GTS was reported to be between 2.9% and 22.8%. We hypothesized that higher ASD rates among children affected by GTS previously reported may be due to difficulty in discriminating GTS sub-phenotypes from ASD, and the higher scores in the restrictive and repetitive behaviors in particular may represent at least a “false comorbidity”. We studied a large population of 720 children and adolescents affected by GTS (n = 400) and ASD (n = 320), recruited from a single center. Patients were all assessed with The Yale Global Tic Severity Rating Scale (YGTSS), The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), The Autism Diagnostic Interview Revised (ADI-R), The Children’s Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS), and The Children’s Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale for autism spectrum disorder (CY-BOCS ASD). Our results showed statistically significant differences in ADOS scores for social aspects between GTS with comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) sub-phenotypes and ASD. No differences were present when we compared GTS with comorbid ASD sub-phenotype to ASD, while repetitive and restrictive behavior scores in ASD did not present statistical differences in the comparison with GTS and comorbid OCD and ASD sub-phenotypes. We also showed that CY-BOCS ASD could be a useful instrument to correctly identify OCD from ASD symptoms.

Introduction During the last quarter of the XIX century, Paris, France, particularly the Salpêtrière Hospital was the most important centre of reference of Clinical Neurology in the world. The group based on the Salpêtrière Hospital, led by Professor Charcot, who was arguably the most celebrated neurologist in Europe. Objective In this historical review, we present and locate the addresses of the houses of these famous Parisian neurologists from the late XIX century. Discussion At that time, Charcot and the triumvirate of his most famous pupils, Pierre Marie, Joseph Babinski and Gilles de la Tourette, lived in different streets of Paris, predominantly in a small cluster in the districts known as 7 éme and 8 éme arrondissements (7th and 8th neighbourhoods). Professor Charcot lived in different streets and arrondissements of Paris, including the Rue du Faubourg Poissonnière, Paris IX; Cité de Trévise, Paris IX; Avenue du Coq, Paris IX; l’Hôtel de Chimay, Quai Malaquais Paris; and finally his most famous address at the Boulevard Saint-Germain, 217 (previously l‘Hôtel de Varangeville), in the Faubourg Saint-Germain, Paris VII. (1884). Conclusion The best urban organization in Paris provided an interaction between Charcot and other privileged minds of his day. We were remembering and visiting, as a “ Flaneur Neurologique in Paris ”, the addresses of the houses of these famous and outstanding Parisian neurologists from the late XIX century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome is an uncommon illness associated with repetitive un-voluntary abnormal movements and utterance. It is often associated with other psychiatric morbidities. Management requires awareness of this uncommon illness, keen observation, relevant evaluation, and combination of pharmacology and psychotherapy for an optimal outcome. This case is brought out here for florid presentation and nuances of management.

Gilles de la Tourette syndrome is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder that can have a detrimental impact on the health-related quality of life of children with the condition. To date no patient-reported health-related quality of life measures have been developed for children and adolescents in the English language. This study validated the first disease-specific scale for the quantitative assessment of health-related quality of life in 118 children and adolescents with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (C&A-GTS-QOL) following language adaptation from Italian to English in the United Kingdom. Standard statistical methods were used to test the psychometric properties of the rating scale. Principal component factor analyses led to the identification of six health-related quality of life domains (cognitive, copro-phenomena, psychological, physical, obsessive-compulsive, and activities of daily living), explaining 66.7% of the overall variance. The C&A-GTS-QOL demonstrated satisfactory scaling assumptions and acceptability; validity was supported by interscale correlations (range 0.2-0.7), confirmatory factor analysis, and correlation patterns with other rating scales and clinical variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction : La fracture de l’une des parois de l’orbite par auto mutilation est exceptionnelle dans le syndrome de Gilles de la Tourette. Cette présentation a eu pour but de décrire un cas de fracture de la jonction ethmoïde-maxillaire au cours de cette maladie. Méthodes : Un homme de 27 ans suivi, pour la maladie de Gilles de la Tourette, a consulté notre département pour une douleur de l’hémiface droite après une auto agression. Il est en situation d’œil unique gauche, l’œil droit avait été perforé un an au par avant suite à une auto agression avec un couteau de table. Résultats : Présence d’une prothèse oculaire droite, œdème homolatéral de la face, signes cliniques indirects d’une fracture de l’orbite confimée au scanner. Conclusion : Le syndrome de Gilles de la Tourette est une urgence neuropsychiatrique que l’ophtalmologue ne doit pas méconnaitre.

Revisamos a história da síndrome de Tourette, com ênfase a contribuição de Jean-Martin Charcot.We review the history of Tourette syndrome, emphasizing the contribution of Jean-Martin Charcot.

Professor Jean-Martin Charcot is considered the most important professor of Neurology and also the head of the Salpêtrière School of Neurology. In a famous picture painted by André Brouillet and presented at the Salon of 1887, under the title "A clinical lesson at the Salpêtrière", Professor Charcot presents a case of hysteria to a large audience of physicians and renowned intellectuals. Copies of this guided picture are also available for sale at the shop of the Museum of the School of Medicine of Paris and are frequently used in lectures by neurologists worldwide. However, in these reproductions, Gilles de la Tourette's and Charles Féré's positions are inverted. This historical note sheds some light on this little mistake in some of the reproductions of Brouillet's famous painting, so that further confusion can be avoided.O professor Jean-Martin Charcot é considerado o professor mais importante da Neurologia e também o chefe da Escola de Neurologia de Salpêtrière. Em um quadro célebre pintado por André Brouillet e apresentado no Salão de 1887, sob o título "Uma Lição Clínica na Salpêtrière", o professor Charcot apresenta um caso de histeria a um grande público composto de médicos e intelectuais de renome. Cópias desse quadro também estão disponíveis para venda na loja do Museu da Escola de Medicina de Paris e são frequentemente utilizadas em palestras ministradas por neurologistas em todo o mundo. No entanto, nessas reproduções, Gilles de la Tourette e Charles Féré estão em posições invertidas. Esta nota histórica alerta sobre esse pequeno engano em algumas das reproduções da famosa pintura de Brouillet, a fim de que mais confusão seja evitada.

A Síndrome de Tourette (ST), outrora considerada rara - apenas uma curiosidade médica - tem sido alvo de crescente relevância na literatura e prática neuropsiquiátricas. Atualmente, estudos epidemiológicos têm demonstrado que sua freqüência é bem maior do que se supunha. Associando-se ao Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo (TOC), integra-se ao "Espectro Obsessivo-Compulsivo", despertando o interesse de centros de pesquisa. Este trabalho busca revisar a literatura sobre o tema. Aborda o transtorno em sua perspectiva histórica. Comenta as teorias etiopatogênicas, o diagnóstico, o quadro clínico, e os tratamentos disponíveis. Serão relatados e discutidos três casos atendidos pela autora no Ambulatório de TOC e Transtornos Relacionados do HC-UFPE: um caso clássico, peculiaridades da ST em um portador de retardo mental e um caso de Tourettismo.

Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (TS) is characterized by motor and vocal tic manifestations, often accompanied by behavioral, cognitive and affective dysfunctions. Electroencephalography of patients with TS has revealed reduced Sensorimotor Rhythm (SMR) and excessive fronto-central Theta activity, that presumably underlie motor and cognitive disturbances in TS. Some evidence exists that neurofeedback (NFB) training aimed at enhancing SMR amplitude is effective for reducing tics. The present report is an uncontrolled single case study where a NFB training protocol, involving combined SMR uptraining/Theta downtraining was delivered to a 17-year-old male with TS. After sixteen SMR-Theta sessions, six additional sessions were administered with SMR uptraining alone. SMR increase was better obtained when SMR uptraining was administered alone, whereas Theta decrease was observed after both trainings. The patient showed a reduction of tics and affective symptoms, and improvement of cognitive performance after both trainings. Overall, these findings suggest that Theta decrease might account for some clinical effects seen in conjunction with SMR uptraining. Future studies should clarify the feasibility of NFB protocols for patients with TS beyond SMR uptraining alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hysteria and hypnotism became a favorite topic of studies in the fin de siècle neurology that emerged from the school organized at La Salpêtrière by Jean-Martin Charcot, where he had arrived in 1861. Georges Gilles de la Tourette started working with Charcot in 1884 and probably remained his most faithful student, even after his mentor’s death in 1893. This collaboration was particularly intense on ‘criminal hypnotism’, an issue on which Hippolyte Bernheim and his colleagues from the Nancy School challenged the positions taken by the Salpêtrière School. Bernheim claimed that hypnotism was not a diagnostic feature of hysteria and that there were real-life examples of murders suggested under hypnosis, while hypnosis susceptibility was identified with hysteria by Charcot and Gilles de la Tourette, who saw rape as the only crime associated with hypnotism. The quarrel was particularly virulent during a series of famous criminal cases which took place between 1888 and 1890. At the time, it was considered that La Salpêtrière had succeeded over Nancy, since the role of hypnotism was discarded during these famous trials. However, the theories of Charcot and Gilles de la Tourette were also damaged by the fight, which probably triggered the conceptual evolution leading to Joseph Babinski’s revision of hysteria in 1901. Gilles de la Tourette’s strong and public interest in hypnotism nearly cost him his life, when a young woman who claimed to have been hypnotized against her will shot him in the head at his own home in 1893. It was subsequently shown that hypnotism had nothing to do with it. The delusional woman was interned at Sainte-Anne for mental disturbance, thus escaping trial. Ironically, Gilles de la Tourette may have been partly responsible, since he had been one of the strongest proponents of placing mentally-ill criminals in asylums instead of prisons. Copyright © 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kind & Adolescent Praktijk is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Boissier de Sauvages de La Croix and Gilles de la Tourette, French neurologists, noticed that patients with “anxiety in the lower limbs, shooting pain, tingling legs” may have an insomnia “at the time of wake–sleep transition [and] experience sudden jerks in the lower limbs.” Their descriptions confirm that the clinical features of RLS were previously described in French literature in the 18th century. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria is the property of Thieme Medical Publishing Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome is an uncommon illness associated with repetitive un-voluntary abnormal movements and utterance. It is often associated with other psychiatric morbidities. Management requires awareness of this uncommon illness, keen observation, relevant evaluation, and combination of pharmacology and psychotherapy for an optimal outcome. This case is brought out here for florid presentation and nuances of management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Gilles de la Tourette is now known for the disease which now bears his name, but his activities in the management of hysterics and in hypnotism, which gained him most of his lifetime reputation, have been largely forgotten. As one of the closest followers of Jean-Martin Charcot, he always remained faithful to his mentor''s views, and was one of the most vehement defenders of La Salpêtrière school during the quarrel with Hippolyte Bernheim and the Nancy school on the question of the specificity of hypnotic susceptibility in hysteria. This controversy became critical during medico-legal assessment of crimes supposedly committed under hypnotic suggestion. Gilles de la Tourette''s involvement in criminal hypnotism was striking, as shown by his own experiments, the most famous of which being his suggested poisoning of a colleague by Blanche Wittman, the celebrated Charcot''s hysteric patient in the 1887 Brouillet''s painting. Gilles de la Tourette also acted as expert in murder trials, and his Épilogue in the Gouffé’s trunk case, where he affirmed that no murder in real life could be due to hypnotism, and considered that Gabrielle Bompard, the murderer''s accomplice, was not under hypnotic suggestion, had a considerable impact. Finally, he was confronted to the issue of murder under hypnotism in his private life, since in 1893, a former patient, Rose Kamper, came and shot him in the head at his home, claiming that hypnotism sessions had changed her own person, and that she had been hypnotized “at distance”. These acts from three very different “hysterical” women highlight the Salpêtrière''s theories on hypnotism and their inner contradictions in the fin de siècle ambiance, a few years before Joseph Babinski renewed the concepts on hysteria. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We report the psychopathological features in a large Italian family with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome not linked to the SLITRK1 gene. Of the 23 living family members, 14 were evaluated using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, the Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale, the Clinical Global Impression and the Global Assessment of Functioning scale. Ten patients were found to have obsessive–compulsive disorder in which tic-like compulsions predominated. The distinctive feature of this family is the high frequency of obsessive–compulsive disorder with various clinical phenotypes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Introduction: Depression is a common associated condition with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GT). Evidence suggests that serotonine modulating drugs (like SSRI's) may worsen intensity of dyskinesia in subjects with GT, most probably through affecting of dopamine pathways. We provide a case rapport of a patient with GT, who has been successfully treated for depressive symptoms without worsening of dyskinesia. Objectives: To discuss effects of antidepressants on dyskinesia in patients with GT. Methods: A case rapport of a 46 y.o. male with GT who has been successfully treated with venlafaxine. Results: Clinical case of a 46 y.o., otherwise healthy, male with GT was diagnosed with major depression. The course of GT was complicated by prominent vocal and motor tics. Risperidon, as symptomatic treatment for tics, has been already stopped due to its negative impact on depression. Choosing the right antidepressant in this regard was a challenging issue. As evidenced by limited amount of studies, citalopram and fluoxetine enhance DA homeostasis through postsynaptic 5-HT2C stimulation, while noradrenalinemimetic agents might lower subcortical dopamine though negative feedback loop system. Conclusions: Treatment of depression in patients with GT must effectively target depressive symptoms and be safe on one hand, without deterioration of GT dyskinesia on the other hand. Due to scarcity of studies, predominantly limited to rodents, we cannot draw conclusions whether one antidepressant is better than the other. However, based of existing fundamental knowledge, we make assumption that treatment with SNRI's should meet the here above mentioned therapy goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are two neurodevelopmental disorders with male predominance, frequently comorbid, that share clinical and behavioral features. The incidence of ASD in patients affected by GTS was reported to be between 2.9% and 22.8%. We hypothesized that higher ASD rates among children affected by GTS previously reported may be due to difficulty in discriminating GTS sub-phenotypes from ASD, and the higher scores in the restrictive and repetitive behaviors in particular may represent at least a "false comorbidity". We studied a large population of 720 children and adolescents affected by GTS (n = 400) and ASD (n = 320), recruited from a single center. Patients were all assessed with The Yale Global Tic Severity Rating Scale (YGTSS), The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), The Autism Diagnostic Interview Revised (ADI-R), The Children's Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS), and The Children's Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale for autism spectrum disorder (CY-BOCS ASD). Our results showed statistically significant differences in ADOS scores for social aspects between GTS with comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) sub-phenotypes and ASD. No differences were present when we compared GTS with comorbid ASD sub-phenotype to ASD, while repetitive and restrictive behavior scores in ASD did not present statistical differences in the comparison with GTS and comorbid OCD and ASD sub-phenotypes. We also showed that CY-BOCS ASD could be a useful instrument to correctly identify OCD from ASD symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the observations of patients suffering from abnormal movements, Jean-Gaspard Itard (1775-1838) published the case of Madame D. in 1825. It was republished in 1885 as the first clinical case characteristic of the disease described by Georges Gilles de la Tourette in the seminal article leading to his eponym, still in use today. However, the actual identity of Madame D., known throughout the 19th century as the Marquise de Dampierre, has remained a mystery, until now. The 17 July 1884 edition of the literary periodical Gil Blas provided an important lead by detailing the behavioural disturbances in society of the "Countess Picot de Dampierre". Information from diarists at that time make it possible to confirm that this patient, known for her involuntary verbal outbursts, typical of coprolalia, in salons frequented by the 19th-century Parisian aristocracy was in fact Ernestine Émilie Prondre de Guermantes, her maiden name. She was born on 22 August 1800, and her married name was Countess Picot de Dampierre. She died on 08 July 1884. This article examines the life of this woman, her disease, her identification and the connection with the Duchesse de Guermantes, heroine of LaRecherchedutempsperdu written by Marcel Proust., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

The Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (or Tourette's syndrome) has a prevalence of 1% of children with a wide range of severity and associated comorbidities. The last 20 years have seen advances in the understanding of the syndrome's complex genetics and underlying neurobiology. Investigation with imaging and neurophysiology techniques indicate it is a neurodevelopmental condition with dysfunction of basal ganglia-cortical interactions, which are now also being studied in animal models. There is also increasing evidence for treatments although it often remains difficult to manage. First-line options include neuroleptics, other drugs and specialised behavioural treatments. Deep brain stimulation is an evolving field, not yet fully established. This review focuses on the phenomenology of tics, how to assess and manage the syndrome, and uses examples of atypical cases to explore the characteristics and limits of its clinical spectrum., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.)

Background: Many neurological disorders impair gait, but only a few of them are episodic or paroxysmal, the most important ones being freezing of gait and paroxysmal dyskinesias. Methods: We describe 4 patients with tic disorders (3 with Tourette syndrome, and 1 with a tic disorder secondary to vascular disease) in whom intrusion of complex motor tics interfered with normal progression of stepping, thus producing an episodic gait disorder. Results: The involuntary movements that interfered with gait had features typical for tics, including their brief, sudden, irresistible, inapposite, and nonrhythmic recurrence. The motor behavior resembled tripping (n = 2), 'blocking' of gait, or hip movements minimally interfering with gait. Conclusions: Tic-induced gait disturbance is an episodic gait disorder occurring in patients with tics and should be recognized as a possible cause of episodic gait disturbances. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]