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This paper discusses the emerging field of nutritional psychology and provides an update on the now completed EU-fundedMooDFOODdepression prevention randomised controlled trial that assessed the effects of two nutrition-based interventions for the prevention of depression in overweight or obese adults with at least mild symptoms of depression. We first outline the problem of major depression, the most common form of psychopathology and the largest contributor to global disability, and then give an overview of the connection between nutrition and depression; separating the evidence according to prevention and treatment of depression. The extant literature is reviewed, and we examine the implications for both prevention and treatment. Questions are posed for further research in this emerging and important area., This work was supported by the European Union FP7 MooDFOOD Project 'Multi-country cOllaborative project on the rOle of Diet, FOod related behaviour, and Obesity in the prevention of Depression' (grant agreement no. 613598). This work is supported in the UK by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), through the Primary Care Research Network and the NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility. Further information, including advice for health professionals, can be found here (www.moodfood.eu).

La depresión es, desde hace ya unos años, un proble-ma de salud pública a nivel mundial reconocido por la OMS. La prevalencia actual de esta patología, en los servicios de Atención Primaria, se estima en 19,5% a nivel mundial y en 20,2% en España. Además, las políticas y protocolos de intervención actuales están suponiendo unos importantes costes, tanto personales como económicos, para las personas que padecen este trastorno, así como para la sociedad en ge-neral. Por otro lado, los índices de recaídas tras las interven-ciones farmacológicas que se aplican actualmente y la falta de una atención especializada eficaz en los servicios de salud mental, ponen de relieve la necesidad de desarrollar nuevas estrategias terapéuticas más accesibles y coste-efectivas. En esta línea, una de las propuestas que se están investigando en diferentes partes del mundo es el diseño y evaluación de protocolos terapéuticos aplicados a través de las Tecno-logías de la Información y la Comunicación, especialmente, a través de internet y de programas de ordenador. Por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo es presentar la situación actual de la atención en España respecto a la utilización de estas intervenciones para el tratamiento de la depresión en Atención Primaria. La conclusión principal es que, aunque existe evidencia científica sobre la eficacia de estos programas, to-davía existen barreras importantes que dificultan su implan-tación en el sistema público, y, por otro lado, la necesidad de desarrollar estudios de implementación que faciliten la transición de la investigación a la práctica clínica. Currently, depression is a global health problem recog-nized by the WHO. The prevalence of this pathology in Pri-mary Care is estimated at 19.5% worldwide, and 20.2% in Spain. In addition, the current intervention policies and protocols involve significant costs, both personal and eco-nomic, for people suffering from this disorder, as well as for society in general. On the other hand, the relapse rates after pharmacological interventions that are currently ap-plied and the lack of effective specialized attention in mental health services reflect the need to develop new therapeutic strategies that are more accessible and profit-able. Therefore, one of the proposals that are being inves-tigated in different parts of the world is the design and evaluation of therapeutic protocols applied through Infor-mation and Communication Technologies, especially through the Internet and computer programs. The objec-tive of this work was to present the current situation in Spain regarding the use of these interventions for the treatment of depression in Primary Care. The main conclu-sion is that although there is scientific evidence on the effectiveness of these programs, there are still important barriers that hinder their application in the public system, and also the need to develop implementation studies that facilitate the transition from research to clinical practice.

Online alcohol screening may be helpful in preventing alcohol use disorders. We assessed psychometric properties of an online version of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) among Spanish university students. We used a longitudinal online survey (the UNIVERSAL project) of first-year students (18-24 years old) in five universities, including the AUDIT, as part of the WHO World Mental Health International College Student (WMH-ICS) initiative. A reappraisal interview was carried out with the Timeline Followback (TLFB) for alcohol consumption categories and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) for alcohol use disorder. Reliability, construct validity and diagnostic accuracy were assessed. Results: 287 students (75% women) completed the MINI, of whom 242 also completed the TLFB. AUDIT's Cronbach's alpha was 0.82. The confirmatory factor analysis for the one-factor solution of the AUDIT showed a good fit to the data. Significant AUDIT score differences were observed by TLFB categories and by MINI disorders. Areas under the curve (AUC) were very large for dependence (AUC = 0.96) and adequate for consumption categories (AUC > 0.7). AUDIT cut-off points of 6/8 (women/men) for moderate-risk drinking and 13 for alcohol dependence showed sensitivity/specificity of 76.2%/78.9% and 56%/97.5%, respectively. The online version of the AUDIT is useful for detecting alcohol consumption categories and alcohol dependence in Spanish university students.

La actividad física está demostrando en los últimos años ser una buena estrategia antidepresiva complementaria para muchos pacientes. La asociación entre el grado de actividad física y las características clínicas y sociodemográficas en la Depresión aún no se ha estudiado suficientemente en muestras amplias y representativas de pacientes. Hacerlo es importante para obtener información que posibilite mejorar el diseño de programas destinados a promover la actividad física en estos pacientes. Se reclutaron 3374 pacientes con Depresión Mayor en tratamiento, que acudieron a consulta psiquiátrica por primera vez en Centros de Salud Mental distribuidos por toda España. Fueron clasificados en tres grupos de acuerdo con el nivel de actividad física semanal que declararon. En este estudio comparamos el grupo que comunicó mayor actividad física (n = 1033; 30.6%) con el que menos (n = 858; 25.4%). Los pacientes más activos tenían menor gravedad clínica de acuerdo con la puntuación en la escala Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Además eran más jóvenes, con mejor nivel educativo y de empleo, menor aislamiento social y menor consumo de tabaco. Sin embargo, cuando todas estas variables fueron controladas, la diferencia en la puntuación en la MADRS seguía siendo estadísticamente significativa. De lo anterior deducimos que los pacientes depresivos con más edad o dificultades socioeconómicas tienden a hacer menos actividad física espontáneamente, por lo que probablemente necesiten un apoyo especial al recomendárselo. Physical activity is showing in recent years to be a good antidepressant complementary strategy for many patients. The association between the degree of physical activity and clinical and sociodemographic characteristics in depression has still not been studied sufficiently in large and representative patient samples. Doing so is important to improve the design of programs that promote physical activity in depressive patients. 3374 patients with Major Depression who first came to psychiatric consultation in mental health centres in Spain were recruited. They were classified into three groups according to the level of weekly physical activity declared. In this study we compared the most physical activity declared group (n = 1033; 30.6%) with less physical activity declared group (n = 858; 25.4%). Most physically active patients had lower clinical depression severity according to the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) scale. They were also younger, with higher education level and employment status; do not tend to live alone and less tobacco use. However, when all these variables were controlled, differences in MADRS Scores between groups remain statistically significant. Older and with socioeconomic difficulties depressive patients tend to do less physical activity, for this reason, it is probably that they need a particular support to recommend do exercise.

Introduction: An inverse association between depression and some serum micronutrient levels (selenium, zinc, iron, magnesium, vitamin B and folic acid) has been reported. In addition, other studies reported that this micronutrient supplementation may improve depressed mood. The Mediterranean diet contains a sufficient amount of the micronutrients mentioned, although no study has reported an association between diet prescription and increased levels of them in depressive patients. Objective: To examine the impact of dietary patterns recommendations on micronutrient levels in depressive patients. Methods: 77 outpatients were randomly assigned either to the active (hygienic-dietary recommendations on diet, exercise, sleep, and sun exposure) or control group. Outcome measures were assessed before and after the six month intervention period. Results: Serum selenium and zinc levels were slightly low at basal point and serum selenium was inversely correlated with severity of depression (r=-0.233; p=0.041). A better outcome of depressive symptoms was found in the active group. Nevertheless, no significant differences in micronutrient levels were observed after the Mediterranean diet pattern prescription, probably due to an insufficient adherence. Conclusion: Selenium, zinc, iron, magnesium, vitamin B12 and folic acid serum levels didn`t increase in depressed patients after six months of the Mediterranean diet pattern prescription.

Introducción: El problema del sedentarismo es acuciante en sociedades desarrolladas y sus consecuencias para la salud de la población constituyen uno de los principales problemas de salud pública actuales. La depresión es un motivo de consulta muy habitual en las consultas de atención primaria de países occidentales. Se ha planteado la prescripción de ejercicio físico como una estrategia antidepresiva útil en depresiones leves-moderadas, con frecuencia de forma complementaria a los tratamientos de primera elección: psicoterapia y/o farmacoterapia. Sin embargo, los médicos de atención primaria no siempre lo prescriben y se desconoce de qué depende que lo hagan. Contribuir a aclarar esta cuestión es el objetivo del presente trabajo. Nuestra hipótesis era que el grado de prescripción depende de sus opiniones y experiencia sobre el tratamiento de la depresión.Método: Estudio descriptivo transversal en el que participaron 13 centros de salud. Utilizamos el cuestionario Depression Questionaire Attitude para valorar la actitud de los médicos hacia la depresión, y recogimos otras variables relacionadas con la importancia que otorgaban al ejercicio físico y a otros aspectos del estilo de vida en la salud física y mental.RESULTADOS: Se confirma que las opiniones y actitudes de los médicos frente a la depresión influyen en su disposición a recomendar ejercicio físico. Además, los médicos de atención primaria con menos años de práctica profesional valoran más el papel del ejercicio físico en la salud, tanto en la depresión como en otras patologías médicas. También se observa una correlación entre la importancia que se da al ejercicio físico en la salud y la que se da a otros factores ligados al estilo de vida, especialmente la dieta.Discusión: Aunque la utilidad de recomendar ejercicio físico en la depresión va acercándose al mismo nivel de importancia que en otros problemas de salud su empleo por parte de los médicos de atención primaria es muy mejorable. Por ello, es importante insistir en la necesidad de ofrecer apoyo y programas de formación continuada a los médicos de atención primaria para ayudarles en este propósito. A sedentary lifestyle is an urgent problem in developed societies and its consequences are one of the main current problems in public health. Depression is a common reason to attend primary care in Western countries. In many cases of low and mild depression, exercise is recommended as a complement to the main therapy: Psychotherapy and/or pharmacotherapy. Nevertheless, general practitioners do not always recommend exercise to depressive patients and it is unknown why they do not. The main aim of our study was to clarify how the degree of prescribing exercise relies on a general practitioner's opinion and experience in depression treatment. A cross-sectional design was undertaken in 13 public health centers. The Depression Attitude Questionnaire (DAQ) was used to evaluate general practitioners' attitude towards depression; other variables related to the importance accorded to physical exercise; and other lifestyle aspects of physical and mental health. Our results show that general practitioners' attitude towards depression influence their willingness to recommend exercise. Moreover, less experienced general practitioners (in years) tend to appreciate the importance of exercise in health, not only in depression. A positive relationship was found between importance of exercise and importance accorded to other factors linked to lifestyle, especially diet. Although recommendation of exercise in depression is similar to other medical conditions, its prescription may be improved. Hence, it is important to point out the need for education programs for general practitioners, in order to improve their capacity to deal with their task. O problema do sedentarismo é premente nas sociedades desenvolvidas e as suas consequências para a saúde da população constituem um dos principais problemas de saúde pública actuais. A depressão é um motivo muito habitual nas consultas de cuidados primários nos países ocidentais. Foi delineada a prescrição de exercício físico como uma estratégia antidepressiva útil em depressões leves-moderadas, de forma complementar aos tratamentos de primeira escolha. Contudo, os médicos de cuidados primários nem sempre o prescrevem e desconhece-se o porquê de o fazerem. Contribuir para clarificar esta questão é o objectivo d presente trabalho. A nossa hipótese era que o grau de prescrição depende das suas opiniões e experiências no tratamento da depressão. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo transversal no qual participaram 13 centros de saúde. Utilizámos o questionário Depression Questionaire Attitude para avaliar a atitude dos médicos face à depressão e medimos outras variáveis relacionadas com a importância que atribuíam ao exercício físico e a outros aspectos do estilo de vida na saúde física e mental. Os resultados confirmam que a atitude dos médicos face à depressão influí na sua disposição para recomendar exercício físico. Adicionalmente, os médicos de cuidados primários com menos anos de prática profissional valorizam mais o papel do exercício físico na saúde, tanto na depressão como noutras patologias médicas. Também se observa uma correlação entre a importância que se dá ao exercício físico na saúde e à que se dá a outros factores ligados ao estilo de vida, especialmente à dieta. Conclui-se que apesar da utilidade de recomendar exercício físico na depressão se ir aproximando do nível de importância atribuído a outros problemas de saúde, a sua utilização por parte dos médicos de cuidados primários pode ser substancialmente melhorada. Para tal, é importante insistir na necessidade de oferecer apoio e programas de formação continuada aos médicos de cuidados primários para ajudá-los neste propósito.

Introducción: los trastornos del sueño y los trastornos afectivos (trastorno depresivo mayor y trastorno de ansiedad generalizada) son dos de las condiciones comórbidas más frecuentes en los pacientes con dolor crónico. Objetivo: el objetivo principal de este estudio es evaluar la calidad del sueño y la prevalencia del trastorno depresivo mayor y trastorno de ansiedad generalizada en pacientes con dolor crónico osteomuscular. Como objetivos secundarios se señalan: comparar la calidad del sueño y la evaluación del dolor en distintas variables y conocer los predictores de la calidad del sueño. Material y métodos: se diseñó un estudio descriptivo transversal realizado en la Unidad del Dolor del Servicio de Anestesiología y Reanimación del Hospital Son Llàtzer (Palma de Mallorca). Un total de 39 pacientes participaron en el estudio, todos ellos mayores de edad y con diagnóstico de dolor crónico tipo osteomuscular. La inclusión se realizó durante los meses de marzo, abril y mayo de 2013. Se excluyeron aquellos pacientes menores de 18 años, rechazaban participar en el estudio y/o presentaban un trastorno psiquiátrico grave (demencia, psicosis, abuso de alcohol/drogas). Se utilizó un cuestionario de elaboración propia para recoger variables sociodemográficas, de estilo de vida y clínicas, una escala visual analógica para evaluar la intensidad del dolor, la entrevista Neuropsiquiátrica Internacional para determinar diagnóstico de trastorno depresivo mayor y trastorno de ansiedad generalizada, el Cuestionario de Pittsburgh para evaluar la calidad del sueño y la Escala de Depresión Montgomery-Asberg para evaluar la gravedad de la sintomatología depresiva. Resultados: la muestra refirió una mala calidad del sueño. El 69,2 % de la muestra presentaba un trastorno depresivo mayor y/o un 65,5 % un trastorno de ansiedad generalizada. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la calidad del sueño entre los grupos tratados con opioides potentes y tratados con opioides menores/antiinflamatorios. Existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en determinados ítems del Cuestionario de Pittsburgh: calidad subjetiva del sueño, eficiencia habitual, perturbaciones del sueño, disfunción durante el día y en la puntuación total del cuestionario, así como en la evaluación del dolor en el que los pacientes con depresión presentaban puntuaciones más elevadas respecto a los que no tenían depresión. Los predictores significantes de la calidad del sueño fueron la edad y la gravedad de la depresión. Conclusiones: estos resultados van en la línea de aquellas investigaciones que muestran que los pacientes con dolor crónico presentan pobre calidad de sueño, depresión y ansiedad. Se necesitan futuras investigaciones para evaluar estas variables, conocer la importancia de los factores implicados en esta condición médica y mejorar el manejo clínico y la calidad de vida de estos pacientes. Introduction: Sleep disturbances and affective disorders (major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder) are two comorbidities very frequents in patients with chronic pain. Objective: The main objective is to evaluate sleep quality and the prevalence of major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder in patients with musculoskeletal chronic pain. As secondary objectives: To compare sleep quality and pain severity with different variables and to know the sleep quality predictors. Material and methods: Transversal descriptive study was made in the Pain Unit from Son Llàtzer Hospital (Palma de Mallorca, Spain). A total of 39 patients were included, all of them older than 18 years old and with musculoskeletal chronic pain. Inclusion was during March, April and May 2013. Excluded were patients younger than 18 years old, those who refuse to participate in the study or/and those who diagnosed with severe psychiatric disorder (dementia, psychosis, alcohol/drug abuse). Pain severity was assessed by a visual analogue scale, major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder was assessed by the International Neuropsychiatric Interview, sleep quality was assessed by the Pittsburgh Questionnaire and depressive symptomatology was assessed by the Montgomery-Asberg Questionnaire. Results: Chronic pain patients related poor sleep quality. 69.2 % of patients had major depressive disorder and/or 65.5% had a generalized anxiety disorder. There are not statistical differences in quality of sleep between pharmacological groups (potens opioids vs. minor/antiinflamatories). There are statistical differences in some Pittsburgh Questionnaire items: subjective sleep quality, regular efficiency, dreams perturbances, daily dysfunction and total score, as well as, in pain severity: patients with depression had higher scores than patients without depression. The significant predictors of sleep quality were age and depression severity. Conclusions: These results are in accordance with other studies that show that chronic pain patients suffer poor sleep quality, depression and anxiety. Future researchers are necessary to evaluate these variables, to know the importance of these factors that play a role in this medical condition and to improve clinical management and quality of life of these patients.

To explore potential individual determinants of healthcare utilization in primary care (PC) using a structural equation modelling approach. Atotal of 638 patients from five PC units were randomly selected. Mental disorders, psychological distress and other psychological factors were assessed with the 28-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) and the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN). Medical records and ICD-10 diagnosis were used to measure somatic morbidity. There is a negative relationship between the presence of mental disorders and psychological well-being (-0.74), and a negative relationship with use of health services (-0.25). Age has a positive and significant relationship with the presence of chronic diseases (0.49), which has a positive and significant relationship with limitation of daily activities (0.18). This limitation has a positive relationship with poor perception of health (0.57) and with psychological well-being (0.03). Findings confirm the existence of specific pathways in PC health use. Health service use depends on the patient's psychological well-being and on the presence of chronic medical conditions. Healthcare professionals need to pay attention to the comorbidity of mental disorders and chronic medical conditions in order to identify frequent attenders and to decrease the inappropriate use of healthcare services.

Objectives: analysis of the evolution of colorectal cancer in Spain during the period 1951-2007 and its relationship with diet. Material and methods: calculation of incidence rates, standardized mortality and years of potential life lost (world population) andper capita consumption of different foods. Results: red and processed meats, poultry, fish and fruits intake has increased and consumption of vegetables, cereals and legumes has decreased. The incidence of colorectal cancer has steadily increased in both genders, more markedly among men, and across all age groups, in contrast to what has been observed in other countries. Mortality increased during the period 1951-2000, but from that time until 2007 these rates have kept steady in men and fallen in women. The years of potential life lost (YPLL) shows a similar distribution to mortality. The correlation coefficients have values close to one for consumption of red meat, poultry, fish, vegetables and fruits and strongly negative values for the consumption of cereals and vegetables with the incidence and mortality in both genders, and the YPLL, but only among men, with weaker correlations for women. Conclusions: in colorectal cancer, a minimal time span of ten-fifteen years is necessary for changes in exposure to risk factors to be able to modify the incidence of this tumour. Therefore, Spanish State and Regional Governments should implement legislative and educational measures in the field of Health Promotion regarding the diet urgently. Objetivos: análisis de la evolución del cáncer colorrectal en España durante el periodo 1951-2007 y su relación con la dieta. Material y métodos: cálculo de tasas de incidencia, mortalidad y años potenciales de vida perdidos ajustadas (población mundial), así como de consumos per capita de distintos alimentos. Resultados: el consumo de carnes rojas y procesadas, pollo, pescado y frutas ha aumentado y el de hortalizas, cereales y legumbres ha descendido. La incidencia de cáncer colorrectal ha experimentado un aumento constante en ambos géneros, más marcado en varones, en todos los grupos de edad, en contraposición con lo ocurrido en otros países. La mortalidad aumentó durante el periodo 1951-2000, pero desde ese momento hasta 2007 se ha estabilizado en varones y decrecido en mujeres. Los años potenciales de vida perdidos muestran una distribución similar a la mortalidad. Los coeficientes de correlación presentan valores cercanos a uno para el consumo de carnes rojas, pollo, pescado, hortalizas y frutas y valores fuertemente negativos para el consumo de cereales y legumbres con la incidencia y la mortalidad, en ambos géneros, y con los años potenciales de vida perdidos, aunque sólo en varones, con correlaciones débiles en mujeres. Conclusiones: en el cáncer colorrectal es necesario un mínimo de diez-quince años para que cambios en la exposición a factores de riesgo y protección puedan modificar su incidencia. Por ello, se deben aplicar medidas legislativas y educativas en materia de Promoción de la Salud respecto a dieta por parte del Estado y los Gobiernos Regionales de forma urgente.

To determine the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of frequent attenders and compare them with another group of routine attenders in three primary care centers.The sample is composed by 232 frequent attenders (defined by number of consultations in the last year of 12 or more) and 93 routine attenders. The instruments used are: a questionnaire for the evaluation of the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and the 28-item Goldberg General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28).The logistic regression shows that increase of age, low level of education, presence of chronic disease, psychiatric diagnosis and presence of psychopathologicalminorsymptomatology establish significant differences in the group of frequent attenders in relation to the routine attenders group. There are no significant differences between men and women.Frequent attenders present higher rates of physical, mental and social complaints. Age, some chronic conditions and psychopathology are the most important factors for frequent attendance.

El objetivo de esta investigación es estudiar la existencia de dolor de espalda en los escolares mallorquines de entre 10 y 12 años, y analizar las variables referentes al transporte de las mochilas escolares. Un total de 137 escolares integraron la muestra de este estudio (71 niños y 66 niñas). La selección de los centros escolares se realizó por muestreo aleatorio. El cuestionario y la metodología de recogida de datos fueron previamente mediante el método test-retest. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la prevalencia vital de dolor de espalda fue del 69.3% y en los últimos sietes días del 13.9%. El peso medio de las mochilas fue de 4.83 kg. equivalente al 12.57% del peso corporal de los escolares. El 32.1% de los sujetos afirmó creer que el peso de la mochila no afecta a la salud de su espalda. Este estudio sugiere que el dolor de espalda afecta de manera importante a la población entre los 10 y 12 años y que los porcentajes de peso transportados con las mochilas escolares sobrepasan los valores máximos establecidos para evitar efectos negativos. The aim of this study is to explore the existence of low back pain among Mallorcan schoolchildren between the ages of 10 and 12, and to analyse different variables associated with the transportation of schoolbags. This study was conducted using a sample of 137 schoolchildren (71 boys and 66 girls). The schools were chosen using random sampling techniques. The questionnaire and data-collection method were previously validated using the test- rest method. The results show that lifetime prevalence was 69.3% and seven days prevalence 13.9%. The average weight of the schoolbags was 4.83 kg, equivalent to 12.57% of the schoolchildren’s body weight. The 32.1% of participants believe that schoolbags’ weight doesn’t affect to their back health. This study suggests that low back pain is an ailment that affects a large part of the population those aged between 10 and 12 and that the average weight of the schoolbags exceed the maximum values according to avoid negative impacts. Sin financiación No data 2010