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Les viroïdes sont des agents pathogènes subviraux qui infectent des plantes importantes en agriculture. Jusqu’à aujourd’hui, une trentaine d’espèces ont été découvertes. Celles-ci sont composées d’un brin d’ARN circulaire de longueur variant selon l'espèce de 245 à 400 nucléotides qui ne codent pour aucune protéine. Chaque viroïde dépend de sa structure pour interagir avec son hôte et effectuer toutes les étapes de son cycle biologique. Il est donc de la plus haute importance de bien la connaître. À ce jour, la plupart des études présentent la structure des viroïdes par une prédiction bio-informatique. Au début de mes études, les structures de seulement deux viroïdes étaient connues en solution. Leurs structures avaient été étudiées par cartographie enzymatique ou chimique, cependant ces techniques sont longues et fastidieuses. Malgré cela, des motifs importants et non prédits par les prédictions bio-informatiques ont été découverts. Ces résultats ont renforcé la nécessité de découvrir la structure des viroïdes en solution. C’est pour cette raison que la structure de chaque espèce de viroïdes a été étudiée dans cette thèse. Pour relever ce défi, la technique de SHAPE a été adaptée pour la cartographie rapide et précise des viroïdes. L’efficacité de la technique a été confirmée en comparant les résultats obtenus par SHAPE avec ceux des viroïdes étudiés précédemment. Par la suite, les deux polarités de toutes les espèces de la famille des Avsunviroidae ont été caractérisées. De plus, les structures des membres de la seconde famille de viroïdes nommée Pospiviroidae ont aussi été étudiées. En dernier lieu, lors d'infections virales chez la plante, des particules à ARN circulaire et simple brin peuvent co-infecter les plantes avec certains virus ; ce sont des ARN satellites. Étant très semblables aux viroïdes, deux représentants ont été étudiés afin de comparer leurs structures à celles des viroïdes. Chaque ARN cartographié en solution a précisé de façon non négligeable

The simplest known plant pathogens are the viroids. Because of their non-coding singlestranded circular RNA genome, they depend on both their sequence and their structure for both a successful infection and their replication. In the recent years, important progress in the elucidation of their structures was achieved using an adaptation of the selective 2'- hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE) protocol in order to probe viroid structures in solution. Previously, SHAPE has been adapted to elucidate the structures of all of the members of the family Avsunviroidae, as well as those of a few members of the family Pospiviroidae. In this study, with the goal of providing an entire compendium of the secondary structures of the various viroid species, a total of thirteen new Pospiviroidae members were probed in solution using the SHAPE protocol. More specifically, the secondary structures of eleven species for which the genus was previously known were initially elucidated. At this point, considering all of the SHAPE elucidated secondary structures, a classification system for viroids in their respective genera was proposed. On the basis of the structural classification reported here, the probings of both the Grapevine latent viroid and the Dahlia latent viroid provide sound arguments for the determination of their respective genera, which appear to be Apscaviroid and Hostuviroid, respectively. More importantly, this study provides the complete repertoire of the secondary structures, mapped in solution, of all of the accepted viroid species reported thus far. In addition, a classification scheme based on structural hallmarks, an important tool for many biological studies, is proposed.

Viroids are small, circular, single stranded RNA molecules that infect plants. Since they are non-coding, their structures play a critical role in their life cycles. To date, little effort has been spend on elucidating viroid structures in solution due to both the experimental difficulties and the time-consuming nature of the methodologies implicated. Recently, the technique of high-throughput selective 29-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE) was adapted for the probing of the members of family Avsunviroidae, all of whom replicate in the chloroplast and demonstrate ribozyme activity. In the present work, twelve viroid species belonging to four different genera of the family Pospiviroidae, whose members are characterized by the presence of a central conserved region (CCR) and who replicate in nucleus of the host, were probed. Given that the structures of five distinct viroid species from the family Pospiviroidae have been previously reported, an overview of the different structural characteristics for all genera and the beginning of a manual classification of the different viroids based on their structural features are presented here.

Viroids are small single-stranded RNA pathogens which cause significant damage to plants. As their nucleic acids do not encode for any proteins, they are dependant solely on their structure for their propagation. The elucidation of the secondary structures of viroids has been limited because of the exhaustive and timeconsuming nature of classic approaches. Here, the method of high-throughput selective 2'-hydroxyl acylation analysed by primer extension (hSHAPE) has been adapted to probe the viroid structure. The data obtained using this method were then used as input for computer-assisted structure prediction using RNAstructure software in order to determine the secondary structures of the RNA strands of both (+) and (–) polarities of all Avsunviroidae members, one of the two families of viroids. The resolution of the structures of all of the members of the family provides a global view of the complexity of these RNAs. The structural differences between the two polarities, and any plausible tertiary interactions, were also analysed. Interestingly, the structures of the (+) and (–) strands were found to be different for each viroid species. The structures of the recently isolated grapevine hammerhead viroid-like RNA strands were also solved. This species shares several structural features with the Avsunviroidae family, although its infectious potential remains to be determined. To our knowledge, this article represents the first report of the structural elucidation of a complete family of viroids.

The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) callose synthase genes CalS11-like and CalS12-like encode proteins that are essential for the formation of callose, a major component of pollen mother cell walls; these enzymes also function in callose formation during pathogen infection. This article describes the targeting of these callose synthase mRNAs by a small RNA derived from the virulence modulating region of two Potato spindle tuber viroid variants. More specifically, viroid infection of tomato plants resulted in the suppression of the target mRNAs up to 1.5-fold, depending on the viroid variant used and the gene targeted. The targeting of these mRNAs by RNA silencing was validated by artificial microRNA experiments in a transient expression system and by RNA ligase-mediated rapid amplification of cDNA ends. Viroid mutants incapable of targeting callose synthase mRNAs failed to induce typical infection phenotypes, whereas a chimeric viroid obtained by swapping the virulence modulating regions of a mild and a severe variant of Potato spindle tuber viroid greatly affected the accumulation of viroids and the severity of disease symptoms. These data provide evidence of the silencing of multiple genes by a single small RNA derived from a viroid.