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2. Abstracts of short lectures

Author

Rauwald, H. W., Conner, J., Gray, A., Reynolds, T., Waterman, P., Hartmann, T., Adolph, R. -D., Ehmke, A., Sander, H., Toppel, G., Witte, L., Nyiredy, Sz., Sticher, O., Erdelmeier, C. A. J., van Leeuwen, P. A. S., Kinghorn, A. D., Dallenbach-Tölke, K., Wink, M., Hennessy, Deirdre, Hook, Ingrid, Sheridan, Helen, Mersinger, R., Dornauer, H., Reinhard, E., Heide, L., Tabata, M., Knobloch, K., Jansen, H., Müller, B., Adzet, T., Vila, R., Cañigueral, S., Budzianowski, J., Bachmann, P., Czygan, F. -C., de Witte, P., Lemli, J., 't Hart, L. A., van Enckevort, P. H., Labadie, R. P., van der Heijden, R., de Keyzer, H. H. M., Verhey, E. R., Schripsema, J., Harkes, P. A. A., Verpoorte, R., Svendsen, A. Baerheim, Croom, Jr., E. M., Letchamo, W., Vömel, A., Bauer, R., Wray, V., Wagner, H., Marston, A., Hostettmann, K., Andersson, L., Bohlin, L., Iorizzi, M., Riccio, R., Minale, L., Moreno-Lopez, J., van Beek, T. A., van Bokhoven, H., Kraus, J., Blaschek, W., Franz, G., van den Berg, A. J. J., Radema, M. H., Corthout, J., Pieters, L., Claeys, M., Vanden Berghe, D., Vlietinck, A. J., Dungen, F. M. v. d., Vermeulen, N. P. E., Fischer, F. C., Gijbels, M. J. H., Caspers, P. W. J., Gijbels, M. J. M., Fung, S. Y., Herrebout, W. M., van Gelder, W. M. J., van der Graaf, G. M., Pennings, E. J. M., Huizer, H., van Zuilen, K., Kosasi, S., van der Leer, T., ten Hoope, S. M., van der Nat, J. M., van der Sluis, W. G., Bosch, R. v. d., Duine, J. A., Heijden, R. v. d., Leer, T. v. d., Pieters, L. A., Totté, J., Saleh, M. M., Abbas, R. Z., Zwaving, J. H., Sarer, E., Looman, A., Scheffer, J. J. C., Meijer, A. H., Langezaal, C. R., Simons, J. M., Hoof, L. Van, Vanden Berghe, D. A., Woerdenbag, H. J., Hendriks, H., van der Berg, K., van Stralen, R., Malingré, Th. M., Konings, A. W. T., Lemstra, W., Abdo, S., De Bernardi, M., Marinoni, G., Samaniego, S., Mellerio, G., Vidari, G., Adjibadé, Y., Kuballa, B., Cabalion, P., Anton, R., Ibáñez, C., Monasterio, I., Ayoub, S. M. Hussein, Yankov, L. K., Ovtcharov, R. O., Bartsch, C., BaŞaran, A. A., Calis, I., Nishibe, S., Berger, S., Junior, P., Kopanski, L., Beuscher, N., Billeter, M., Meier, B., Döll, M., Braunewell, H., Skrzypczak, L., Wesolowska, M., Gross, G. A., Winkler, T., Colombo, M. L., Tome, F., Crespi-Perellino, N., Guicciardi, A., Minghetti, A., Speroni, E., Vincieri, F., Vita-Finzi, P., Gabetta, B., Scilingo, A., Dorsaz, A. C., Hostettmann, M., Ebert, M., Economou, D., Nahrstedt, A., Schiebel, H. -M., McDowell, M., Eich, E., Kohaupt, G., Stopp, K., Maidhof, A., Müller, W. E. G., Schade, P., Müllen, K., Eilert, U., Wolters, B., El Tanbouly, N., Beck, J. P., Hanna, S., El Alfy, T., Ersöz, T., Chulia, A. J., Garcia, J., Frahm, A. W., Beutner, D., Gautier, P., Shongo, D., Vekemans, X., Van Koninckxloo, M., Van Haelen, M., Lefébvre, C., Gehrmann, B., Kraus, Lj., Giger, E., Baumann, T. W., Heinzer, F., Meusy, J. -P., Chavanne, M., Glombitza, K. -W., Knöss, W., Deutscher, B., Piepenbrink, G., Peter, J., Greinwald, R., Schultze, W., Gundidza, Mazuru, Hölzl, J., Hess, S., Holm, Y., Aho, E., Holopainen, M., Järvelä, K., Seppänen, T., von Schantz, M., Huhtikangas, A., Lapinjoki, S., Veräjänkorva, H., Heiskanen, J., Kauppinen, V., Lounasmaa, M., Huovinen, K., Härmälä, P., Ottoila, P., Jerga, Chr, Merfort, I., Willuhn, G., Jiménez, A., Manez, S., Villar, A., Kahlos, K., Kiviranta, J., Karppanen, H., Huovinen, H., Koch, A., Kreis, H., May, U., Kuštrak, P., Pepeljnjak, S., Antolić, A., Blažević, N., Laakso, I., Ekundayo, O., Oguntimein, B., Lorentzen, Bente, Rørdam, Anne Marie, Madaus, A., Marcinek, Chr, Martinelli, E. M., Seraglia, R., Briquez, M., Reginault, P., Máthé, Jr., I., Máthé, I., Máthé, A., Meiss, P., Meng, Qingchang, Zhu, Naijue, Chen, Weixin, Miething, H., Seger, V., Hänsel, R., Neuhöfer, H., Lurz, G., Noller, P., Oksman-Caldentey, K. -M., Vuorela, H., Isenegger, M., Strauss, A., Pachaly, P., Adnan, A. Z., Lansing, A., Sin, K. S., Pauli, A., Payá, M., Ivorra, M. D., Poginsky, B., Westendorf, J., Marquardt, H., Potterat, O., Stoeckli-Evans, H., Msonthi, J. D., Randriaminahy, M., Proksch, P., Reher, G., Samochowiec, L., Wójcicki, J., Kadlubowska, D., Kownacka, A., Şarer, E., Sayron-Atasü, E., Cihangir, V., Schmaus, G., Kubeczka, K. -H., Schütz, M., Schulz, G., Stahl-Biskup, E., Seidel, S., Sepasgosarian, J., Laitalainen, T., Światek, L., Grabias, B., Tanker, M., Kurucu, S., Tanker, N., Thron, U., Reichling, J., Martin, R., Vargas, D., Dominguez, X. A., Vollmann, C., Pernilä, H., Nystrand, N., Hinkkanen, R., Walker, J. R. L., Cole, A. L. J., Warncke, D., Kadlubowska, P., Ziegler, S. J., and Zogg, G.

Published
1987
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4. Predicting the fix time of bugs

Author

Giger, E. (author), Pinzger, M. (author), Gall, H.C. (author), Giger, E. (author), Pinzger, M. (author), and Gall, H.C. (author)

Abstract

Two important questions concerning the coordination of development effort are which bugs to fix first and how long it takes to fix them. In this paper we investigate empirically the relationships between bug report attributes and the time to fix. The objective is to compute prediction models that can be used to recommend whether a new bug should and will be fixed fast or will take more time for resolution. We examine in detail if attributes of a bug report can be used to build such a recommender system. We use decision tree analysis to compute and 10-fold cross validation to test prediction models. We explore prediction models in a series of empirical studies with bug report data of six systems of the three open source projects Eclipse, Mozilla, and Gnome. Results show that our models perform significantly better than random classification. For example, fast fixed Eclipse Platform bugs were classified correctly with a precision of 0.654 and a recall of 0.692. We also show that the inclusion of postsubmission bug report data of up to one month can further improve prediction models. Preprint accepted for publication in the Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Recommendation Systems for Software Engineering (RSSE), Cape Town (South Africa) May, 2010, Software Technology, Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science

Published
2013

5. Can We Predict Types of Code Changes? An Empirical Analysis

Author

Giger, E. (author), Pinzger, M. (author), Gall, H.C. (author), Giger, E. (author), Pinzger, M. (author), and Gall, H.C. (author)

Abstract

Preprint of paper published in: 9th IEEE Working Conference on Mining Software Repositories (MSR), 2-3 June 2012; doi:10.1109/MSR.2012.6224284 There exist many approaches that help in pointing developers to the change-prone parts of a software system. Although beneficial, they mostly fall short in providing details of these changes. Fine-grained source code changes (SCC) capture such detailed code changes and their semantics on the statement level. These SCC can be condition changes, interface modifications, inserts or deletions of methods and attributes, or other kinds of statement changes. In this paper, we explore prediction models for whether a source file will be affected by a certain type of SCC. These predictions are computed on the static source code dependency graph and use social network centrality measures and object-oriented metrics. For that, we use change data of the Eclipse platform and the Azureus 3 project. The results show that Neural Network models can predict categories of SCC types. Furthermore, our models can output a list of the potentially change-prone files ranked according to their change-proneness, overall and per change type category., Software Computer Technology, Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science

Published
2012

6. Using the Gini Coefficient for Bug Prediction in Eclipse

Author

Giger, E. (author), Pinzger, M. (author), Gall, H.C. (author), Giger, E. (author), Pinzger, M. (author), and Gall, H.C. (author)

Abstract

The Gini coefficient is a prominent measure to quantify the inequality of a distribution. It is often used in the field of economy to describe how goods, e.g., wealth or farmland, are distributed among people. We use the Gini coefficient to measure code ownership by investigating how changes made to source code are distributed among the developer population. The results of our study with data from the Eclipse platform show that less bugs can be expected if a large share of all changes are accumulated, i.e., carried out, by relatively few developers. Accepted for publication in the proceedings of the InternationalWorkshop on Principles on Software Evolution, ERCIM Workshop on Software Evolution, 2011, ACM Press., Software Technology, Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science

Published
2011

7. Comparing Fine-Grained Source Code Changes And Code Churn For Bug Prediction

Author

Giger, E. (author), Pinzger, M. (author), Gall, H.C. (author), Giger, E. (author), Pinzger, M. (author), and Gall, H.C. (author)

Abstract

A significant amount of research effort has been dedicated to learning prediction models that allow project managers to efficiently allocate resources to those parts of a software system that most likely are bug-prone and therefore critical. Prominent measures for building bug prediction models are product measures, e.g., complexity or process measures, such as code churn. Code churn in terms of lines modified (LM) and past changes turned out to be significant indicators of bugs. However, these measures are rather imprecise and do not reflect all the detailed changes of particular source code entities during maintenance activities. In this paper, we explore the advantage of using fine-grained source code changes (SCC) for bug prediction. SCC captures the exact code changes and their semantics down to statement level. We present a series of experiments using different machine learning algorithms with a dataset from the Eclipse platform to empirically evaluate the performance of SCC and LM. The results show that SCC outperforms LM for learning bug prediction models. Accepted for publication in the Proceedings of the Working Conference on Mining Software Repositories, 2011, ACM Press., Software Technology, Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science

Published
2011

8. Predicting the severity of a reported bug

Author

Lamkanfi, A, Demeyer, S, Giger, E, Goethals, B, Lamkanfi, A, Demeyer, S, Giger, E, and Goethals, B

Abstract

The severity of a reported bug is a critical factor in deciding how soon it needs to be fixed. Unfortunately, while clear guidelines exist on how to assign the severity of a bug, it remains an inherent manual process left to the person reporting the bug. In this paper we investigate whether we can accurately predict the severity of a reported bug by analyzing its textual description using text mining algorithms. Based on three cases drawn from the open-source community (Mozilla, Eclipse and GNOME), we conclude that given a training set of sufficient size (approximately 500 reports per severity), it is possible to predict the severity with a reasonable accuracy (both precision and recall vary between 0.65-0.75 with Mozilla and Eclipse; 0.70-0.85 in the case of GNOME).

Published
2010

9. Predicting the fix time of bugs

Author

Giger, E, Pinzger, M, Gall, Harald; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3874-5628, Giger, E, Pinzger, M, and Gall, Harald; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3874-5628

Abstract

Two important questions concerning the coordination of development effort are which bugs to fix first and how long it takes to fix them. In this paper we investigate empirically the relationships between bug report attributes and the time to fix. The objective is to compute prediction models that can be used to recommend whether a new bug should and will be fixed fast or will take more time for resolution. We examine in detail if attributes of a bug report can be used to build such a recommender system. We use decision tree analysis to compute and 10-fold cross validation to test prediction models. We explore prediction models in a series of empirical studies with bug report data of six systems of the three open source projects Eclipse, Mozilla, and Gnome. Results show that our models perform significantly better than random classification. For example, fast fixed Eclipse Platform bugs were classified correctly with a precision of 0.654 and a recall of 0.692. We also show that the inclusion of postsubmission bug report data of up to one month can further improve prediction models.

Published
2010

10. Analyzing the co-evolution of comments and source code

Author

Fluri, B, Würsch, M, Giger, E, Gall, H C; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3874-5628, Fluri, B, Würsch, M, Giger, E, and Gall, H C; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3874-5628

Abstract

Source code comments are a valuable instrument to preserve design decisions and to communicate the intent of the code to programmers and maintainers. Nevertheless, commenting source code and keeping them up-to-date is often neglected for reasons of time or programmer’s obliviousness. In this paper, we investigate the question whether developers comment their code and to which extent they add comments or adapt them when they evolve the code. We present an approach to associate comments with source code entities to track their co-evolution over multiple versions. A set of heuristics are used to decide whether a comment is associated to its preceding or its succeeding source code entity. We analyzed the co-evolution of code and comments in eight different open source and closed source software systems. We found with statistical significance that (1) the relative amount of comments and source code grows at about the same rate; (2) the type of a source code entity, such as a method declaration or an if-statement, has a significant influence on whether or not it gets commented; (3) in six out of the eight systems, code and comments co-evolve in 90 percent of the cases; and (4) surprisingly, API changes and comments do not co-evolve but they are re-documented in a later revision. As a result, our approach enables a quantitative assessment of the commenting process in a software system. We can, therefore, leverage the results to provide feedback during development to increase the awareness when to add comments or when to adapt comments because of source code changes.

Published
2009

11. Discovering patterns of change types

Author

IEEE, IEEE, ( ), Fluri, B, Giger, E, Gall, H C; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3874-5628, IEEE, IEEE, ( ), Fluri, B, Giger, E, and Gall, H C; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3874-5628

Abstract

The reasons why software is changed are manyfold; new features are added, bugs have to be fixed, or the consistency of coding rules has to be re-established. Since there are many types of of source code changes we want to explore whether they appear frequently together in time and whether they describe specific development activities. We describe a semi-automated approach to discover patterns of such change types using agglomerative hierarchical clustering. We extracted source code changes of one commercial and two open-source software systems and applied the clustering. We found that change type patterns do describe development activities and affect the control flow, the exception flow, or change the API.

Published
2008

24. Predicting the fix time of bugs

Author

Harald C. Gall, Emanuel Giger, Martin Pinzger, University of Zurich, and Giger, E

Subjects
Computer science, 10009 Department of Informatics, Decision tree, Resolution (logic), Recommender system, 000 Computer science, knowledge & systems, computer.software_genre, Cross-validation, 1712 Software, Empirical research, Data mining, computer, Predictive modelling, Gnome, Eclipse
Abstract

Two important questions concerning the coordination of development effort are which bugs to fix first and how long it takes to fix them. In this paper we investigate empirically the relationships between bug report attributes and the time to fix. The objective is to compute prediction models that can be used to recommend whether a new bug should and will be fixed fast or will take more time for resolution. We examine in detail if attributes of a bug report can be used to build such a recommender system. We use decision tree analysis to compute and 10-fold cross validation to test prediction models. We explore prediction models in a series of empirical studies with bug report data of six systems of the three open source projects Eclipse, Mozilla, and Gnome. Results show that our models perform significantly better than random classification. For example, fast fixed Eclipse Platform bugs were classified correctly with a precision of 0.654 and a recall of 0.692. We also show that the inclusion of postsubmission bug report data of up to one month can further improve prediction models. Preprint accepted for publication in the Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Recommendation Systems for Software Engineering (RSSE), Cape Town (South Africa) May, 2010

Published
2010
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25. Pharmacometric in silico studies used to facilitate a national dose standardisation process in neonatology - application to amikacin.

Author

Gotta V, Bielicki JA, Paioni P, Csajka C, Bräm DS, Berger C, Giger E, Buettcher M, Posfay-Barbe KM, Van den Anker J, and Pfister M

Subjects
Infant, Newborn, Humans, Child, Infant, Birth Weight, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Drug Administration Schedule, Amikacin pharmacokinetics, Neonatology
Abstract

Background and Aims: Pharmacometric in silico approaches are frequently applied to guide decisions concerning dosage regimes during the development of new medicines. We aimed to demonstrate how such pharmacometric modelling and simulation can provide a scientific rationale for optimising drug doses in the context of the Swiss national dose standardisation project in paediatrics using amikacin as a case study., Methods: Amikacin neonatal dosage is stratified by post-menstrual age (PMA) and post-natal age (PNA) in Switzerland and many other countries. Clinical concerns have been raised for the subpopulation of neonates with a post-menstrual age of 30-35 weeks and a post-natal age of 0-14 days ("subpopulation of clinical concern"), as potentially oto-/nephrotoxic trough concentrations (Ctrough >5 mg/l) were observed with a once-daily dose of 15 mg/kg. We applied a two-compartmental population pharmacokinetic model (amikacin clearance depending on birth weight and post-natal age) to real-world demographic data from 1563 neonates receiving anti-infectives (median birth weight 2.3 kg, median post-natal age six days) and performed pharmacometric dose-exposure simulations to identify extended dosing intervals that would ensure non-toxic Ctrough (Ctrough <5 mg/l) dosages in most neonates., Results: In the subpopulation of clinical concern, Ctrough <5 mg/l was predicted in 59% versus 79-99% of cases in all other subpopulations following the current recommendations. Elevated Ctrough values were associated with a post-natal age of less than seven days. Simulations showed that extending the dosing interval to ≥36 h in the subpopulation of clinical concern increased the frequency of a desirable Ctrough below 5 mg/l to >80%., Conclusion: Pharmacometric in silico studies using high-quality real-world demographic data can provide a scientific rationale for national paediatric dose optimisation. This may increase clinical acceptance of fine-tuned standardised dosing recommendations and support their implementation, including in vulnerable subpopulations.

Published
2024
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26. Burden of Postinfectious Symptoms after Acute Dengue, Vietnam.

Author

Tam DTH, Clapham H, Giger E, Kieu NTT, Nam NT, Hong DTT, Nuoi BT, Cam NTH, Quyen NTH, Turner HC, Jaenisch T, Simmons CP, Lam PK, and Wills B

Subjects
Humans, Child, Vietnam epidemiology, Dengue complications, Dengue diagnosis, Dengue epidemiology
Abstract

We assessed predominantly pediatric patients in Vietnam with dengue and other febrile illness 3 months after acute illness. Among dengue patients, 47% reported >1 postacute symptom. Most resolved by 3 months, but alopecia and vision problems often persisted. Our findings provide additional evidence on postacute dengue burden and confirm children are affected.

Published
2023
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27. Brain metabolite composition in relation to cognitive function and dystrophin mutations in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Author

Kreis R, Wingeier K, Vermathen P, Giger E, Joncourt F, Zwygart K, Kaufmann F, Boesch C, and Steinlin M

Subjects
Adolescent, Brain anatomy & histology, Child, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Male, Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne pathology, Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne physiopathology, Young Adult, Brain metabolism, Cognition physiology, Dystrophin genetics, Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne genetics, Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne metabolism, Mutation
Abstract

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a hereditary X-linked recessive disorder affecting the synthesis of dystrophin, a protein essential for structural stability in muscle. Dystrophin also occurs in the central nervous system, particularly in the neocortex, hippocampus and cerebellum. Quantitative metabolic analysis by localized (1) H MRS was performed in the cerebellum (12 patients and 15 controls) and a temporo-parietal location (eight patients and 15 controls) in patients with DMD and healthy controls to investigate possible metabolic differences. In addition, the site of individual mutations on the dystrophin gene was analyzed and neuropsychological cognitive functions were examined. Cognitive deficits in the patient group were found in line with earlier investigations, mainly concerning verbal short-term memory, visuo-spatial long-term memory and verbal fluency, but also the full-scale IQ. Causal mutations were identified in all patients with DMD. Quantitative MRS showed consistent choline deficits, in both cerebellar white matter and temporo-parietal cortex, as well as small, but significant, metabolic abnormalities for glutamate and total N-acetyl compounds in the temporo-parietal region. Compartment water analysis did not reveal any abnormalities. In healthy subjects, choline levels were age related in the cerebellum. The choline deficit contrasts with earlier findings in DMD, where a surplus of choline was postulated for the cerebellum. In patients, total N-acetyl compounds in the temporo-parietal region were related to verbal IQ and verbal short-term memory. However, choline, the putative main metabolic abnormality, was not found to be associated with cognitive deficits. Furthermore, in contrast with the cognitive performance, the metabolic brain composition did not depend significantly on whether or not gene mutations concerned the expression of the dystrophin isoform Dp140, leading to the conclusion that the effect of the missing Dp140 isoform on cognitive performance is not mediated through the observed metabolite composition, or is caused by local effects beyond the resolution accessible to MRS investigations., (Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Published
2011
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28. Neuropsychological impairments and the impact of dystrophin mutations on general cognitive functioning of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Author

Wingeier K, Giger E, Strozzi S, Kreis R, Joncourt F, Conrad B, Gallati S, and Steinlin M

Subjects
Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Cognition Disorders physiopathology, Cognition Disorders psychology, Humans, Male, Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne physiopathology, Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne psychology, Mutation, Neuropsychological Tests, Statistics, Nonparametric, Young Adult, Cognition physiology, Cognition Disorders genetics, Dystrophin genetics, Intelligence genetics, Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne genetics
Abstract

Mutations in the dystrophin gene have long been recognised as a cause of mental retardation. However, for reasons that are unclear, some boys with dystrophin mutations do not show general cognitive deficits. To investigate the relationship between dystrophin mutations and cognition, the general intellectual abilities of a group of 25 boys with genetically confirmed Duchenne muscular dystrophy were evaluated. Furthermore, a subgroup underwent additional detailed neuropsychological assessment. The results showed a mean full scale intelligence quotient (IQ) of 88 (standard deviation 24). Patients performed very poorly on various neuropsychological tests, including arithmetics, digit span tests and verbal fluency. No simple relationship between dystrophin mutations and cognitive functioning could be detected. However, our analysis revealed that patients who lack the dystrophin isoform Dp140 have significantly greater cognitive problems., (2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2011
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29. The effect of hyaluronic acid on silk fibroin conformation.

Author

Garcia-Fuentes M, Giger E, Meinel L, and Merkle HP

Subjects
Crystallization, Fibroins chemistry, Hyaluronic Acid chemistry, Silk chemistry
Abstract

The molecular conformation of silk fibroin drastically changes the physical properties of this biomaterial. Herein, we investigated the capacity of hyaluronic acid to modify the conformational transition of silk fibroin into its crystalline beta-sheet form. For this aim, matrices composed of these two polymers were prepared and studied. Instrumental analysis confirmed the presence of two intermixed phases: one of pure hyaluronic acid, and another consisting of a molecular dispersion of silk fibroin and hyaluronic acid. Studies performed with silk fibroin/hyaluronic acid matrices indicated that hyaluronic acid induces molecular transition of silk fibroin into a beta-sheet structure when incubated in water, and that it synergistically enhances beta-sheet formation together with methanol treatment. The enhancement of beta-sheet content observed for silk fibroin/hyaluronic acid matrices correlated with improved mechanical properties: blended matrices had higher compressive moduli and higher breaking strengths than pure silk fibroin matrices. These new properties, together with the capacity of silk fibroin/hyaluronic acid to form partially insoluble matrices without any treatment with organic solvents, make this blend composition an interesting material for biomedical applications.

Published
2008
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30. Echinacea: anatomy, phytochemical pattern, and germination of the achene.

Author

Schulthess BH, Giger E, and Baumann TW

Subjects
Plants, Medicinal anatomy & histology, Plants, Medicinal growth & development, Plants, Medicinal metabolism
Abstract

The achenes (fruits) of the therapeutically used Echinacea species E. purpurea, E. angustifolia, and E. pallida can be differentiated structurally (shape, anatomy) as well as phytochemically (essential oil components, alkamides). During germination in all three species dodeca-2E, 4E, 8Z, 10E(10Z)-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide (8/9) is mainly formed. Besides this a number of alkamides typical for the root of E. purpurea are synthesized in moderate amounts. Also, alkene derivatives of isovalerianic acid are produced. It is an interesting fact that neither 2-monoene alkalmides nor polyacetylenes could be detected during achene germination.

Published
1991
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