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O Brasil apresenta altos índices de cesáreas. Este estudo investigou a existência de uma "cultura de cesárea", ou preferência por este tipo de parto, através de uma amostra de 909 puérperas (454 vaginais e 455 cesáreos) em duas maternidades do Município do Rio de Janeiro, onde entrevistas e revisão de prontuários foram realizados entre setembro de 1998 e março de 1999. Perguntou-se às mulheres se queriam que seu parto fosse cesáreo e a maioria absoluta (75,5%) respondeu "não", as razões principais sendo: "recuperação mais difícil e lenta no parto cesáreo" (39,2%) e "dor e sofrimento maior depois da cesárea" (26,8%). Apenas 17% das mulheres solicitaram cesárea e, destas, cerca de 75% o fizeram durante o trabalho de parto/parto. Análise mostrou que quanto maior o intervalo de tempo entre a admissão no hospital e o parto, mais freqüente é a solicitação. A maioria das mulheres, nas maternidades estudadas, não quer e não pede cesárea; ou seja, não existe uma ?cultura? feminina que valorize a cesárea como preferência. Além do desejo da laqueadura, as circunstâncias concretas da assistência no pré-parto/parto parecem influenciar no pedido da mulher.

A incorporação crescente de enfermeiros constitui uma das estratégias para melhorar a assistência obstétrica no Brasil, onde o parto é atendido sobretudo por obstetras e em hospitais públicos. Nosso estudo, realizado em duas maternidades do Rio de Janeiro, busca compreender as representações de obstetras e de enfermeiras sobre o trabalho em equipe. Analisa de que forma as dimensões de poder, cooperação e conflito, e autonomia técnica são permeadas por concepções dualistas que influem na organização e qualidade da atenção à parturiente. Os resultados revelam, de um lado, o consenso sobre as vantagens da cooperação profissional para a melhoria da atenção, tendo como premissas a definição de papéis e a valorização de habilidades pessoais. De outro, conflitos vinculados às atribuições profissionais e condutas terapêuticas no parto refletem a percepção dos entrevistados a respeito da autonomia e da hierarquia profissional que relacionam o cuidado obstétrico à "observação objetiva" da parturiente. A magnitude dos conflitos apresenta-se diferenciada segundo o contexto institucional, indicando ser relacionada a limitações advindas de concepções dualistas que separam objetivo/subjetivo, racional/emocional, masculino/feminino, etc.

Este trabalho aborda a atualização das desigualdades de gênero que ocorrem no Brasil nas últimas duas décadas, sob a hegemonia das políticas macroeconômicas de cunho neoliberal. No centro desta análise, um conceito de gênero transversal é aplicado a questões da saúde reprodutiva (contracepção e aborto, parto e pré-natal, gravidez na adolescência, mortalidade materna e reprodutiva, DST/AIDS e violência, entre outras) permitindo relacionar os gêneros e comparar mulheres de diferentes classes sociais. A história do PAISM (Programa de Atenção Integral à Saúde da Mulher), por outro lado, revela a complexa articulação entre uma política pública nacional que foi fortemente influenciada pelo movimento de mulheres, mas permeável a interesses heterogêneos no contexto internacional. Serve como exemplo da apropriação e esvaziamento de propostas e princípios advindos deste movimento social, mas rearticulados para encobrir o aprofundamento das desigualdades de classe e de gênero.

Este artigo apresenta alguns resultados de um levantamento recente de estudos e dados internacionais sobre a violência contra a mulher, bem como sobre as conseqüências para a saúde destas formas de violência, onde o agressor é, mais freqüentemente, um conhecido íntimo. Na segunda parte desenvolvem-se alguns argumentos sobre as raízes desta violência, abordando questões acerca da construção social da identidade de gênero, das relações de gênero e da sexualidade na tradição dualista, que separa mente e corpo, enfatiza os elementos biológicos na sexualidade, e define homens e mulheres como seres radicalmente diferentes. Conclui-se que as críticas à visão dualista constróem, atualmente, uma visão mais integral da sexualidade e dos seres humanos.

In Brazil, privatization of the public sphere and neglect of public health is part of a conservative modernization strategy that is dominated by elite groups. The politics of human reproduction, consistent with this pattern, have left women dependent on the private sector for access to the means of fertility control, in spite of the existence of a conceptually-advanced public programme for comprehensive health care for women - a programme which expressed the demands of, and is widely supported by, the women's movement. While both the rate of contraceptive use and the types of methods used (oral contraceptives and surgical sterilization) are modern, the privatization of fertility control has resulted in a complete separation between fertility control and health care for poor women, who are the vast majority. Evidence indicates that many, perhaps most, women accumulate the health effects of totally uncontrolled and incorrect use of oral contraceptives, including unwanted pregnancies and illegal abortions, in the end resorting to clandestine surgical sterilization, which is usually performed through unnecessary caesarean section. Data on reproductive morbidity and mortality, however, are virtually non-existent. International women's reproductive rights networks and alternative services for women have advocated greater empowerment for women, in terms of improved standards of self-care and increased power in the use of health services. As a result, a gender approach to reproductive health care is now being proposed for government programmes. The Brazilian case serves as an example of the limits faced by such programmes when adopted in a wider context of unfavorable political conditions.

Advancements in methods for pathogen DNA detection in archaeological samples can enhance our understanding of disease spread in time and space. Here we report on the application of a hypothesis-free method for molecular pathogen screening in 26 putative historical plague victims from post-medieval Vilnius, Lithuania. This process revealed the presence of more than one active disease in one individual: In addition to Yersinia pestis we detected and genomically characterized a septic infection of Treponema pallidum pertenue, a subtype of the treponemal disease family recognized as the cause of the tropical disease yaws. Our finding of yaws in northern Europe was unexpected given modern epidemiology of the disease, where it is reported in equatorial regions only. Further to this, a molecular dating analysis revealed a most recent common ancestor for all circulating yaws strains in the last millennium, indicating that the disease cluster is much younger than previously thought. Its recent emergence and presence in northern Europe during this time period are interpreted within an historical framework of intercontinental trade and potential disease movements. Through this we offer an alternative hypothesis for the history and evolution of the treponemal diseases, and posit that yaws be considered a contributor to the widespread physically disfiguring disease that appeared suddenly in late 15th century Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Cadernos de Saude Publica is the property of Escola Nacional de Saude Publica Sergio Arouca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cadernos de Saude Publica is the property of Escola Nacional de Saude Publica Sergio Arouca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study analyzes the different representations and experiences of women from different social classes, including issues related to their relations with hospital staff in different institutional settings. This qualitative study focused on women who had experienced both types of delivery, in three maternity hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (one public, one fully private, and another private under an outsourcing agreement with the public health system). The study showed that variations in public and private service models result in different types of delivery care and different relations with staff, and are reflected in different birthing experiences for the women. However, a critical gender perspective shows that in both cases, the service models reproduce the medicalization of childbirth and women's submission as objects in the birthing process. Although this is manifested in different ways in the three groups, the end result is to reduce the range of care and the possibility of women's empowerment during childbirth.

This article analyses the advance of the neo-liberal regime, in order to contextualise the international formulation of policies focussed on poverty reduction. In recent debates, terms such as 'citizenship' and 'democracy' have been subject to critical scrutiny, revealing changes in the relations between citizens and the State which accompany the hegemony of economic criteria that put financial considerations at the centre of national states. We argue that analyses of such global processes require an ample political economy perspective, capable of illuminating how the substance of democracy and the legitimacy of state authority have been conditioned by the advance of new global entities that represent the interests of capital, favouring the concentration of wealth and the increase of poverty, inequality and exclusion, and installing a state of vital insecurity that affects the majority of the world's population.

Objective: To evaluate the quality of birth care based on the World Health Organization guidelines., Methods: A case-control study was carried out in a public and a private maternity hospitals contracted by the Brazilian Health System in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from October 1998 to March 1999. The sample comprised 461 women in the public maternity hospital (230 vaginal deliveries and 231 Cesarean sections) and 448 women in the private one (224 vaginal deliveries and 224 Cesarean sections). Data was collected through interviews with puerperal women and review of medical records. A summarization score of quality of delivery care was constructed., Results: There was low frequency of practices that should be encouraged, such as having an accompanying person (1% in the private hospital for both vaginal delivery and C-sections), freedom of movements throughout labor (9.6% of C-sections in the public hospital and 9.9% of vaginal deliveries in the private hospital) and breastfeeding in the delivery room (6.9% of C-sections in the public hospital and 8.0% of C-sections in the private hospital). There was a high frequency of known harmful practices such as enema administration (38.4%); routine pubic shaving; routine intravenous infusion (88.8%); routine use of oxytocin (64.4%), strict bed rest throughout labor (90.1%) and routine supine position in labor (98.7%) in vaginal deliveries. The best summarizing scores were seen in the public maternity hospital., Conclusions: The two maternity hospitals have a high frequency of interventions during birth care. In spite of providing care to higher risk pregnant women, the public maternity hospital has a less interventionist profile than the private one. Procedures carried out on a routine basis should be pondered based on evidence of their benefits.

Brazil has extremely high cesarean rates. Among related factors, it has been suggested that a "culture of cesarean childbirth" (or a preference for this type of delivery) exists among Brazilian women. Our study investigates this notion. Data were collected from September 1998 to March 1999 in two maternity hospitals in Rio de Janeiro Interviews were conducted and hospital records analyzed for a random representative sample of 909 women who had just given birth (454 vaginal deliveries and 455 cesareans). In the interviews, when asked if they had wanted to have a cesarean, 75.5% replied in the negative, thus indicating that these women cannot be considered as adhering to a "culture of cesarean sections" The main complaints against cesareans were: slower and more difficult recovery (39.2%) and greater pain and suffering (26.8%). However, 17% of the sample had at some point requested a cesarean, 75% of whom during labor. Analysis revealed that the request for a cesarean section is directly proportional to time between admission to the hospital and delivery. This suggests that (in addition to being the usual means of access to tubal ligation) the actual circumstances of birthing are important factors in Brazilian women s requests for cesarean sections.

In Brazil, where birthing generally occurs in hospitals and under the care of obstetricians, the incorporation of nurses is a strategy that has been used recently in an attempt to improve obstetric care. This study, conducted in two maternity hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, focuses on representations of obstetricians and nurses regarding teamwork and analyzes how the dimensions of power, cooperation/conflict, and technical autonomy are permeated by dualistic conceptions which influence the quality of health care for women during childbirth. On the one hand, the results show a consensus regarding the advantages of professional cooperation in the improvement of health care, assuming the existence of a clear definition of professional roles. At the same time, conflicts regarding therapeutic conduct during the birth process reflect the professionals' perceptions of autonomy and the influence of professional hierarchies, in which obstetric care is seen to depend on the "objective observation" of the women giving birth. The degree of conflict is differentiated according to the institutional context and related to dualistic conceptions such as objective/subjective, rational/emotional, and male/female.

This article discusses the modernization of gender inequalities which has occurred in Brazil in the last 20 years under the hegemony of neo-liberal macro-economic policies. A concept of gender as transversal is applied to questions of reproductive health (contraception and abortion, prenatal care and birthing, adolescent pregnancy, maternal and reproductive mortality, STIs/AIDS, and violence, among others), permitting analysis by both gender and social class. The history of the PAISM (Program for Integral Health Care for Women), on the other hand, reveals the complex articulation of this national public health program which, although strongly influenced by the Brazilian women's movement, has been infiltrated by heterogeneous interests in the international context. PAISM serves as an example of the appropriation of proposals and principles that were generated by this social movement, but re-articulated to gloss over the process of deepening gender and class inequality.