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이 논문에서는 전통적인 앎의 분석에 대한 반례인 게티어 문제의 해결책을 제시한다. 우리는, 기본적으로 거짓믿음배제 접근방식의 내용을 근간으로 하면서, 거짓믿음배제 접근방식이 지니고 있는 문제점들까지도 해결할 수 있는 앎의 분석을 제안한다. 이러한 제안의 핵심은 앎의 필요조건으로 ‘인식주체가 상정한 세계’에는 기본적으로 거짓이 없어야 한다는 내용을 추가하는 것이다. 우리의 해결 시도가 기존의 거짓믿음배제 접근방식과 다른 점은, 인식주체가 상정한 세계에 그 사람이 현재 실제로 형성하고 있는 믿음뿐 아니라 그가 받아들일 용의가 있는 성향적 믿음까지 포함한다는 점이다. 우리는, 지금까지의 거짓믿음배제 접근방식이 실패한 이유가 주어진 상황 주변에 잠복한 거짓 명제를 수면 위로 드러내지 못했기 때문이라 생각한다. 따라서 우리가 제시한 앎의 추가 조건은 기존의 거짓믿음배제 접근방식에 대한 반례들이 피해갈 수 있었던 숨어있는 거짓 명제들을 인식 주체가 상정한 세계 안으로 포함시키기에, 우리의 새로운 제안이 게티어 문제뿐 아니라 거짓믿음배제 접근방식이 지니는 문제까지 해결할 수 있다.

The World Health Organization (WHO) issued guidelines for the regulatory evaluation of biosimilars in 2009 and has provided considerable effort toward helping member states implement the evaluation principles in the guidelines into their regulatory practices. Despite this effort, a recent WHO survey (conducted in 2019–2020) has revealed four main remaining challenges: unavailable/insufficient reference products in the country; lack of resources; problems with the quality of some biosimilars (and even more with noninnovator products); and difficulties with the practice of interchangeability and naming of biosimilars. The following have been identified as opportunities/solutions for regulatory authorities to deal with the existing challenges: (1) exchange of information on products with other regulatory authorities and accepting foreign licensed and sourced reference products, hence avoiding conducting unnecessary (duplicate) bridging studies; (2) use of a “reliance” concept and/or joint review for the assessment and approval of biosimilars; (3) review and reassessment of the products already approved before the establishment of a regulatory framework for biosimilar approval; and (4) setting appropriate regulatory oversight for good pharmacovigilance, which is essential for the identification of problems with products and establishing the safety and efficacy of interchangeability of biosimilars.

The first global workshop on implementation of the WHO guidelines on procedures and data requirements for changes to approved biotherapeutic products adopted by the WHO Expert Committee in 2018 was held in June 2019. The workshop participants recognized that the principles based on sound science and the potential for risk, as described in the WHO Guidelines on post-approval changes, which constitute the global standard for product life-cycle management are providing clarity and helping national regulatory authorities in establishing guidance while improving time-lines for an efficient regulation of products. Consequently, the regulatory situation for post-approval changes and guideline implementation is changing but there is a disparity between different countries. While the guidelines are gradually being implemented in some countries and also being considered in other countries, the need for regional workshops and further training on post-approval changes was a common theme reiterated by many participants. Given the complexities relating to post-approval changes in different regions/countries, there was a clear understanding among all participants that an efficient approach for product life-cycle management at a national level is needed to ensure faster availability of high standard, safe and efficacious medicines to patients as per the World Health Assembly Resolution 67.21.

The effect of B2O3 on the thermo-physical properties of commercial mold fluxes, including the viscosity, crystallization behavior, and wettability, was investigated. Viscosity was measured using the rotating spindle method, and CCT (continuous cooling transformation) diagrams were obtained to investigate the crystallization behavior at various cooling rates using CLSM (confocal laser scanning microscope). The wettability of the fluxes was determined by measuring the contact angles at 1573 K (1300 °C) using the digital images generated by the sessile drop method and were used to calculate the surface tension, interfacial tension, and work of adhesion for Flux A (existing flux) and B (modified flux). These thermo-physical properties were correlated with the structural analysis obtained using FT-IR (Fourier transform-infrared), Raman and MAS-NMR (magic angle spin-nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy. In addition, DTA (differential thermal analysis) was performed on the samples to measure the liquidus temperatures. Higher B2O3 concentrations resulted in lower liquidus temperatures, consequently decreasing the viscosity, the break temperature, and the crystallization temperature. However, B2O3 addition accelerated crystal growth owing to the higher diffusion kinetics of the cations, which also reduced the size of the liquid/solid co-existing region.

The kinetics of the high-temperature reaction between high-Al- and -Mn-containing steels and synthesized molten calcium silicate-based fluxes from 1623 K to 1643 K (1350 °C to 1370 °C) was studied. Cylindrical steel rods were rotated in the molten fluxes for 300 to 1200 seconds at various temperatures below the melting point of the steels. The rods were connected to a rheometer, and the initial reaction rates were estimated from the torque variations. The dissolution of the steel into the molten slag was correlated to the variation in torque. The kinetics of the reaction between the rods and the slag estimated from the torque and subsequently from the viscosity were confirmed from the mass balance and from the variation in the chemical compositions of the rods and the molten slags, respectively. The liquid-phase mass transfer coefficient of Al2O3 was calculated to be 1.14 × 10−2 cm/s at 1623 K (1350 °C) and 1.52 × 10−2 cm/s at 1633 K (1360 °C). The kinetics calculated assuming liquid-phase mass transfer control was observed to be similar to the aforementioned kinetics determined from the dynamic viscosity variations. On the basis of dimensionless analysis of the Sherwood number (Sh = 0.05·Re0.65Sc0.31), liquid-phase mass transfer from the metal/flux interface was observed to be the rate-controlling step.

Background and Aims Serum α-fetoprotein (AFP) is frequently elevated in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) who do not have hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Entecavir (ETV) treatment reduces AFP levels in these patients, but the clinical significance of AFP response to ETV has not been fully studied. The aims of this study were to elucidate the temporal response of AFP to ETV therapy and to determine the relationship between AFP response and the subsequent development of HCC. Methods All consecutive nucleos(t)ide-naive CHB patients who started ETV therapy between March 2007 and February 2009 were selected from an electronic medical record database at a tertiary referral center (BESTCare). Clinical, biochemical, and virologic parameters were evaluated in relation to the serial AFP levels tested during ETV treatment. Results Among the 244 enrolled patients, 66 had elevated AFP levels before ETV therapy. Low serum albumin was a significant predictor for elevated AFP. During 12 months of ETV therapy, AFP levels normalized in approximately three fourths of these patients. The decrease in AFP was delayed in patients with high baseline hepatitis B virus titers and in patients who subsequently developed HCC during ETV therapy. Incidence of HCC was similar regardless of baseline AFP levels. Among patients with elevated AFP, however, HCC developed exclusively in the subgroup where elevated AFP persisted for more than 6 months of ETV therapy. Conclusions Delayed AFP response to ETV may serve as an indicator of high HCC risk.

This paper describes the comparison results of the service voltage and its variation range in the distribution network of different countries. Also, the maximum voltage drop in consumer's installations in other countries is compared to each other. To do this, the national standards and regulations related to the voltage variation ranges and the voltage drop are studied in this paper. Especially, this paper focuses on the service voltages of a single phase source in a distribution network. Even though the ongoing international standard voltage harmonization, many countries maintain the previous national standard voltage and its variation range and the difference of the maximum voltage drop in regulations makes the voltage variation range at load points in countries to be more different.

Background/Aims Portal-vein thrombosis (PVT) develops in 10-25% of cirrhotic patients and may aggravate portal hypertension. There are few data regarding the effects of anticoagulation on nonmalignant PVT in liver cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to elucidate the safety, efficacy, and predictors of response to anticoagulation therapy in cirrhotic patients. Methods Patients with liver cirrhosis and nonmalignant PVT were identified by a hospital electronic medical record system (called BESTCARE). Patients with malignant PVT, Budd-Chiari syndrome, underlying primary hematologic disorders, or preexisting extrahepatic thrombosis were excluded from the analysis. Patients were divided into two groups (treatment and nontreatment), and propensity score matching analysis was performed to identify control patients. The sizes of the thrombus and spleen were evaluated using multidetector computed tomography. Results Twenty-eight patients were enrolled in this study between 2003 and 2014: 14 patients who received warfarin for nonmalignant PVT and 14 patients who received no anticoagulation. After 112 days of treatment, 11 patients exhibited significantly higher response rates (complete in 6 and partial in 5) compared to the control patients, with decreases in thrombus size of >30%. Compared to nonresponders, the 11 responders were older, and had a thinner spleen and fewer episodes of previous endoscopic variceal ligations, whereas pretreatment liver function and changes in prothrombin time after anticoagulation did not differ significantly between the two groups. Two patients died after warfarin therapy, but the causes of death were not related to anticoagulation. Conclusions Warfarin can be safely administered to cirrhotic patients with nonmalignant PVT. The presence of preexisting portal hypertension is a predictor of nonresponse to anticoagulation.

Background/Aims Gallbladder diseases can give rise to dyspeptic or colonic symptoms in addition to biliary pain. Although most biliary pain shows improvement after cholecystectomy, the fates of dyspeptic or colonic symptoms still remain controversial. This study assessed whether nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms improved after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) and identified the characteristics of patients who experienced continuing or exacerbated symptoms following surgery. Methods Sixty-five patients who underwent LC for uncomplicated gallbladder stones or gallbladder polyps were enrolled. The patients were surveyed on their dyspeptic or colonic symptoms before surgery and again at 3 and 6 months after surgery. Patients' mental sanity was also assessed using a psychological symptom score with the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised questionnaire. Results Forty-four (67.7%) patients showed one or more dyspeptic or colonic symptoms before surgery. Among these, 31 (47.7%) and 36 (55.4%) patients showed improvement at 3 and 6 months after surgery, respectively. However, 18.5% of patients showed continuing or exacerbated symptoms at 6 months after surgery. These patients did not differ with respect to gallstone or gallbladder polyps, but differed in frequency of gastritis. These patients reported lower postoperative satisfaction. Patients with abdominal symptoms showed higher psychological symptom scores than others. However, poor mental sanity was not related to the symptom exacerbation. Conclusions Elective LC improves dyspeptic or colonic symptoms. Approximately 19% of patients reported continuing or exacerbated symptoms following LC. Detailed history-taking regarding gastritis before surgery can be helpful in predicting patients’ outcome after LC.

The effect of B2O3 on the viscosity and structure in the calcium-aluminate melt flux system containing Na2O was studied. An increase in the B2O3 content at fixed CaO/Al2O3 ratio lowered the viscosity. Higher CaO/Al2O3 ratio at fixed B2O3 content also decreased the viscosity. The alumino-borate structures were confirmed through Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy and consisted of [AlO4]-tetrahedral structural units, [BO3]-triangular structural units, and [BO4]-tetrahedral structural units, which could be correlated to the viscosity. At fixed CaO/Al2O3 ratio, B2O3 additions decreased the [AlO4]-tetrahedral structural units and transformed the 3-D network structures such as pentaborate and tetraborate into 2-D network structures of boroxol and boroxyl rings by breaking the bridged oxygen atoms (O0) to produce non-bridged oxygen atoms (O−) leading to a decrease in the molten flux viscosity. At fixed B2O3 contents and higher CaO/Al2O3 ratio, 3-D complex network structures become 3-D simple and 2-D isolated network structures, resulting in lower viscosities. The apparent activation energy for viscous flow varied from 132 to 249 kJ/mol according to the composition of B2O3 and CaO/Al2O3 ratio.

The effect of Al2O3 on the crystallization and viscosity of calcium-silicate based fluxes with Na2O and Li2O additions used for continuous casting mold fluxes have been studied using the confocal laser scanning microscope and the rotating spindle rheometer. Al2O3 additions lowered the crystallization temperature of the flux and several crystalline phases for fluxes with high concentrations of SiO2 forms depending on the cooling rate. High Al2O3 containing fluxes formed relatively few crystalline phases and were not highly dependent on the cooling rate. At slow cooling rates of 25 K/min for 10 and 20 wt% Al2O3 containing samples, SEM images revealed dendrites formed within the crystalline phases. At faster cooling rates the dendrite formation is inhibited and a spherical morphology could be observed. The substitution of SiO2 with Al2O3 content modified the dominant silicate network into complex alumino-silicates. This increased the viscosity of the melt. FTIR and Raman analysis showed increased amounts of symmetric Al–O0 stretching with higher Al2O3. With higher CaO/(SiO2 + Al2O3), the symmetric Al–O0 stretching and the Si–O–Al seems to decrease.

Korean Industrial Standards for lightning protection system complies with IEC standards. However, the standards are applicable only to buildings and structures more than 20 meters in high. Therefore, it is necessary to determine whether lightning protection system should be installed on structures lower than 20 meters high. This paper proposes an efficient method of assessing risk against lightning of structures lower than 20 meters high. The method suggests simplified lightning protection system and provides selecting an appropriate protection level. The suggested method assumes that structure under assessment has no lightning protection system and there is no person around the structure at the moment of lightning stroke. A simplified method of assessing the risk to human within the structure is developed by adopting the general assessment factor. The selection of a protection level is possible by comparing tolerable risk with physical damage risk caused by a direct lightning. Finally, this paper gives ways to establish surge protection measures when a structure with lightning risk is within a radius of 2km from the assessed structure even if this structure requires no lightning protection system.

According to the Article 4(Confirmity Assessment)of the Electrotechnical Regulation, Confirmity Assessment for the Electrotechnical Regulation decides confirmity of Electrotechnical Regulation; whether to satisfy performances and requirements(determined from Electrotechnical Regulation). It evaluates technical requirements, new technology and standards. However, it does not evaluate technical content stated from Electrotechnical Regulation & Conformity Criteria. From Confirmity Assessment, the technology will be decided whether to fulfill performances and technical requirements. Which is predetermined by contents related to Electrotechnical Regulation. Test standards and test conditions will be overlooked to determine its performances and technical requirements for safety. This paper will show that, studies have been done to determine the guideline for Confirmity Assessment, which is evaluated from performances and technical requirements associated with Confirmity Assessment of electrical installation for new technology of wireless power transfer.

The effect of Al2O3 on viscosity in the calcium silicate melt-based system containing Na2O and CaF2 was investigated and correlated with the melt structure using FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy, XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), and Raman spectroscopy. Substituting SiO2 with Al2O3 modified the dominant silicate network into a highly structured alumino-silicate structure with the aluminate structure being particularly prevalent at 20 mass% of Al2O3 and higher. As the melts become increasingly polymerized with higher Al2O3 content, the fraction of symmetric Al–O0 stretching vibrations significantly increased and the viscosity increased. XPS showed a decrease in the amount of non-bridged oxygen (O−) but an increase in bridged oxygen (O0) and free oxygen (O2−) with higher Al2O3. Although changes in the structure and viscosity with higher CaO/(SiO2 + Al2O3) were not significant, the symmetric Al–O0 stretching in the [AlO4]5−-tetrahedral units decreased. The apparent activation energy for viscous flow varied from 118 to 190 kJ/mol.

A conductor has been produced according to IEC standard and low voltage electrical facility has been installed according to IEC 60364. But because of many related and varied standards, it is difficult to apply to design and inspect for electrical equipment. We researched the necessity of design guide which is detailed and systematization from survey. For detailed design guide, we suggest application method and review items at calculations for voltage drop calculations on low voltage feeder by IEC 60364, BS 7671 standard and Consumer`s Electrical Installation Guide.

A conductor has been produced according to IEC standard and low voltage electrical facility has been installed according to IEC 60364. So we must comply with international standard for design, construction and inspection. But because of many related and varied standards, it is difficult to apply to design and inspect for electrical equipment. We researched the necessity of design guide which is detailed and systematization from survey. For detailed design guide, we suggest calculation method of protective conductor cross-sectional area at TN-S system according to BS 7671 regulation and KS C IEC 60364 standard.

TiO2 additions up to 10 mass% behaved as a basic oxide and lowered the viscosity in the CaO–SiO2–17 mass% Al2O3–10 mass% MgO-based slags by depolymerizing the silicate network structure. Raman spectroscopy revealed the sum of NBO/Si 1 and 3 decreased while the sum of NBO/Si 2 and 4 increased with TiO2 content. Unlike the silicate structures, the aluminate structures seems to be relatively unaffected by TiO2 additions according to the FTIR results. 5 mass% TiO2 significantly decreased the viscosity compared to the TiO2 free slags, but beyond 5 mass% TiO2 meaningful changes in the viscosity was not observed. From the comparison of the viscosity at constant TiO2 of 5 and 10 mass% and varying CaO/SiO2 ratio, increasing the CaO/SiO2 ratio was more effective in decreasing the viscosity than TiO2 additions.

The viscous behavior of the CaO–Al2O3–12 mass%Na2O–12 mass%CaF2 based slag system with various concentrations of Li2O has been studied using the rotating spindle method to understand the effects on the viscosity with these additives. Li2O additions up to 1 mass% significantly lowered the viscosity by breaking the [AlO4]-tetrahedral network structure of molten fluxes, but Li2O concentrations above this level was comparatively less effective in lowering the viscosity. The viscosity was lower at higher temperatures and from an Arrhenius relationship, the activation energy was calculated to be between approximately 180 to 190 kJ/mol. Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) analysis of as-quenched slag samples showed the characteristic Al–O stretching vibration in the wavenumber of 800 cm–1 and 660 cm–1. Slags with higher viscosity showed a slightly wider trough near the 800 cm–1 and 660 cm–1 Al–O stretching bands. XPS analysis of slags with various concentrations of Li2O indicated the fraction of bridged oxygen (Oo) decreased and the non-bridged oxygen (O–) increased with higher concentrations of Li2O. Li2O additions up to 1 mass% significantly decreased the bridged oxygen fraction, which seem to correlate well with the viscosity measurements.

The viscous behavior of the CaO-SiO2-12 mass pct Na2O based slag system with various concentrations of NaF has been studied using the rotating spindle method. NaF additions decreased the viscosity by interacting with bridged oxygens in the complex silicates and depolymerizing the network structure of the molten slag. NaF was particularly effective at lowering the viscosity in small amounts, but beyond 8 mass pct NaF, the effect was not as pronounced. A comparison between additions of NaF and CaF2 revealed NaF to be more effective at decreasing the viscosity for 1523 K and 1573 K (1250 °C and 1300 °C). From the slopes of the Arrhenius relationship for viscosity, the activation energy of viscous flow was found to be between 128 kJ/mol to 115 kJ/mol, which were lower than the values for the same amount of CaF2 additions. Both a temperature effect and a compositional effect on the molten slag structure and subsequently the viscous behavior were observed. The Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectra taken for the CaO-SiO2-12 mass pct Na2O-8 mass pct NaF slag samples quenched from 1623 K to 1773 K (1350 °C to 1500 °C) revealed that the temperature effect on the viscosity was observed at temperatures below 1673 K (1400 °C).

In this paper, in order to reduce the electrical disaster such as electrical fire at traditional markets, we need to develop the circuit breaker which is able to monitor the power status of electrical equipments. Therefore, for solving the those problems, we developed the detection censor(ZCT, CT) and equipment of data analysis and transmission. The detection censor and equipment is able to monitor the electrical equipments condition(over current, leakage current, arc, etc.). We constructed Test-Bed for testing reliability of the circuit breaker and obtained certification. And we tested the over current, leakage current and arc under the normal condition. This paper will be used to the data for development an cabinet panel which is able to monitor the actual loads.

In this paper, in order to reduce the electrical disaster such as electrical fire at traditional markets, we need to develop the ESMS(electrical safety monitoring system) which is able to monitor the power status of electrical equipments. Therefore, for solving the those problems, we developed the detection censor(ZCT, CT) and equipment of data analysis and transmission. The detection censor and equipment are able to monitor the electrical equipments condition(over current, leakage current, arc, etc.). We constructed Test-Bed for testing reliability of the ESMS and obtained certification. And we tested the over current, leakage current and arc under the normal condition.

This study explored the effects of parenting efficacy and parental role satisfaction on the life-satisfaction of employed and unemployed mothers. The 527 mothers(234 employed, and 277 unemployed), with a child under 7 years old, were selected for this study. The results were as follows. First, employment had significant correlations with several factors, including the number of children, family income, educational level of parents, parent-child relations, preparedness for parental role conflict, and life-satisfaction. Second, for employed mothers, life-satisfaction had positive relationships with various factors, including family income, fathers` educational level, parenting efficacy, and parental role satisfaction; whereas, that of unemployed mothers had positive relationships with parenting efficacy, and parental role satisfaction. Third, for employed mothers, life-satisfaction was affected by several factors, such as family income, parental role satisfaction, parent-child relations, and preparedness for parental role conflict; however, unemployed mothers were affected by the number of children, the fathers` educational level, and self-confidence relating to the parental role, general satisfaction, and preparedness for parental role conflict.

Background and Objectives: The thioredoxin (TRx) system is a ubiquitous thiol oxidoreductase pathway that regulates cellular reduction/oxidation status. Although endothelial cell (EC) hypoxic damage is one of the important pathophysiologic mechanisms of ischemic heart disease, its relationship to the temporal expression pattern of the TRx system has not yet been elucidated well. The work presented here was performed to define the expression pattern of the TRx system and its correlation with cellular apoptosis in EC lines in hypoxic stress. These results should provide basic clues for applying aspects of the TRx system as a therapeutic molecule in cardiovascular diseases. Subjects and Methods: Hypoxia was induced with 1% O2, generated in a BBL GasPak Pouch (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) in human endothelial progenitor cells (hEPC) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Apoptosis of these cells was confirmed by Annexin-V: Phycoerythrin flow cytometry. Expression patterns of TRx; TRx reductase; TRx interacting protein; and survival signals, such as Bcl-2 and Bax, in ECs under hypoxia were checked. Results: Apoptosis was evident after hypoxia in the two cell types. Higher TRx ex pression was observed at 12 hours after hypoxia in hEPCs and 12, 36, 72 hours of hypoxia in HUVECs. The expression pat terns of the TRx system components showed correlation with EC apoptosis and cell survival markers. Conclusion: Hypoxia induced significant apoptosis and its related active changes of the TRx system were evident in human EC lines. If the cellular impact of TRx expression pattern in various cardiovascular tissues under hypoxia or oxidative stress was studied meticulously, the TRx system could be applied as a new therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases, such as ischemic heart disease or atherosclerosis. (Korean Circ J 2010;40:651-658)

The incidence of acute hepatitis in syphilis patient is rare. First of all, our patient presented with hepatitis comorbid with thrombocytosis. To our knowledge, this is only the second report of syphilitic hepatitis with thrombocytosis. The 42-yr-old male complained of flu-like symptoms and skin eruptions on his palms and soles. Laboratory findings suggested an acute hepatitis and thrombocytosis. Serologic test results were positive for VDRL. He recovered from his symptoms and elevated liver related enzymes with treatment. Because syphilitic hepatitis can present without any typical signs of accompanying syphilis, syphilis should be considered as a possible cause in acute hepatitis patients.

The transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) bioassay developed in this study monitors increased luciferase activity in MCF10A cells containing the matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) promoter with a luciferase reporter and treated with increasing TGF-β1 concentrations. The response was linear in the concentration range from 75 to 2,500 pg/mL. The abilities of 3 types of TGF-β in inducing MMP-2 were different. The luciferase activity induced by TGF-β1 was about 2 times more than that by TGF-β2 and TGF-β3. The MMP-2 promoter bioassay showed greater reproducibility (coefficient of variation [CV] 10%) than the previously developed anticell proliferation assay of TF-1 cell (CV 16%) and the MMP-2 zymogram assay (CV 40%).

Takayasu's arteritis (TA) is a nonspecific, chronic and stenotic panarteritis which usually involves the aorta and its major branches. Corticosteroid and immunosuppressants are recommended to manage the acute inflammatory phase, but their long term benefits are uncertain. Blood pressure (BP) control during the chronic phase of TA is essential to preserve renal function, which is associated with the patient's long-term prognosis and survival. Revascularization in organ damaging arterial stenosis with percutaneous angioplasty (PTA)/stenting or bypass surgery have been accepted as established treatment options in chronic complicated phase of TA. We present a case of a 31-year-old female patient with a two-day history of sudden onset oliguria and generalized edema whose acute oliguric renal failure was successfully reversed following PTA and stenting in a solitary functioning kidney with critical renal artery stenosis (RAS) caused by TA.

The inundation of substation and ground power equipment breaks out every summer season in low-lying downtown areas and low-lying shores by torrential rain, typhoons and tsunamis. It has, in turn, caused replacement, social and economic costs for blackouts. For activity management regarding flood damage we produced a flood protection system which using the Pad transformer as a basic frame and is developed using pneumatic pressure. We tested safety concerns including insulation resistance and current leakage first for water tank flooding and, second, by an empirical test through supplying 22.9[㎸]. We estimate that costs associated with flooding and power failure can be diminished by these advances toward creating a more reliable system.

In the case of that not considered seismic design at transformer vault which is equipped with many important electrical facilities, the facility is damaged, electrical fire breaks out and another damage may be caused due to earthquake. But seismic design has not yet applied to transformer vault in the country. Regard to seismic design method of electrical facility installed inside the building, the seismic design procedures for electrical facility is presented in this parer, which has been developed by referring "Building design standard" of domestic code and "Manual of seismic design and construction for building electrical facility" in japan. This paper may help engineers perform detail seismic design, construction and reliability inspection of electrical pipes and facilities.

Recently life and properties damage at Japan and China by generating earthquake. So earthquake generation trend and damage in the earthquake risk, and these are a growing interest in domestic. This paper analyzes domestic site and problems of earthquake measures for electrical facility at transformer vault which supply the power the emergence situation at generating earthquake. Also we present the seismic design of electrical facility using "Building construction design standard" in internal and "Manual of seismic design and construction for Building Electrical facility" in japan. This paper will be used detail seismic design of pipe and facility, reliability inspection plan for seismic design and construction of electrical facility.

Although antiviral assays have been the most widely available biological assays for interferons (IFNs), they are less sensitive and provide considerable interassay variation. In this study, we demonstrate a new reporter cell line, which is based on HeLa cells transfected with a plasmid containing a human Mx2 promoter driving a luciferase (Luc) cDNA. To characterize the specific gene expression profiles induced by interferon alpha, we analyzed the microarray results of interferon response gene expression induced by IFN-α2a or IFN-α2b treatment with HeLa cells. We found that the Mx2 gene increased the most by treatment with both IFN-α2a and IFN-α2b. Based on this result, we designed a reporter cell line, HeLa-Mx2, suitable for determination of IFN-α. HeLa cells were stably transfected with the luciferase gene under the control of Mx2 promoter. The expression of luciferase can be easily measured for luminescence using a 96-well luminometer and has been correlated with the concentration of added IFN and cell density. In the validation results, our reporter cell line had specificity for type I IFN, but the significant effects of a number of other cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-5, IL-6 and GM-CSF, or type II interferon (IFN-γ) were not observed. Moreover, the robustness of our cell line is demonstrated by the lack of an effect of the HeLa-Mx2 cell culture’s age on the performance of the reporter gene assay. The reporter gene assay demonstrated reproducible dose-response curves for IFN-α2a in the range of 1–10,000 IU/ml. The 95% confidential limit and total coefficient of variation estimates ranged between 96 and 116 and 10.51% in the reducible range mentioned above, respectively. In conclusion, we established a stable IFN-responsible HeLa-Mx2 cell line, which has advantages with regard to simplicity, selectivity, and reliability over conventional cytopathic effect reduction assays used to quantify IFN-α activity.

Inundation of substation and ground power equipment broke out every summer season in low-lying downtown and low-lying shore by localized heavy rain, typhoon and tidal wave. In case inundation excluding the exchanging cost of equipment, it occurs a great economic and social loss owing to recovery time and events of electric shock occur by inundation electrical facility. So we researched the installation situation of substation and power equipment and inundation loss at Flood Danger Area. And we analyzed refutation or law relating to the flood protection counterplan of US, England Australia. We present flood protection countermeasures by survey and analyzing the internal standard and his paper will be used to resent a reform proposal of electrical feinted law about flood protection.

Domestic and foreign follows the trend which is that safety checkup of electrical facilities is serviced by on-line system with joining information technology. This paper research improvement of what kind of system and law for market environment of electric power value added service. For improvement of market environment of electric power value added service, this paper researches improvement of on-line monitoring system and necessity of arc interruption and revision of arc related law.

Although alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is the most widely used biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance, disease activity may also increase AFP levels in chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Since nucleos(t)ide analog (NA) therapy may reduce not only HBV viral loads and transaminase levels but also the falsely elevated AFP levels in CHB, we tried to determine whether exposure to NA therapy influences AFP performance and whether selective application can optimize the performance of AFP testing in CHB during HCC surveillance. A retrospective cohort of 6,453 CHB patients who received HCC surveillance was constructed from the electronic clinical data warehouse. Covariates of AFP elevation were determined from 53,137 AFP measurements, and covariate-specific receiver operating characteristics regression analysis revealed that albumin levels and exposure to NA therapy were independent determinants of AFP performance. C statistics were largest in patients with albumin levels ≥ 3.7 g/dL who were followed without NA therapy during study period, whereas AFP performance was poorest when tested in patients with NA therapy during study and albumin levels were < 3.7 g/dL (difference in C statics = 0.35, p < 0.0001). Contrary to expectation, CHB patients with current or recent exposure to NA therapy showed poorer performance of AFP during HCC surveillance. Combination of concomitant albumin levels and status of NA therapy can identify subgroup of CHB patients who will show optimized AFP performance.

This study researched the mutual relationship between elevator emergencies(sudden stops, entrapment) and power quality such as voltage interruptions or sags. To analyze the power quality at the elevator switchboard of an apartment, the on-line power quality(sag, swell, and interruption, etc.) were measured and error messages(under voltage error, etc.) in the elevator control room were researched. Also the performance and susceptibility for stops were evaluated and stated through the testing of three pieces of simulated test equipment with an EN12016(2004) standard setting and the magnitude and duration data of the measured sag or interruption. This paper will use these data in the analysis of the mutual relationship between power quality and elevator emergencies.