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The goal of this study is to provide the best design possible for motorcycle accessories, particularly the footstep holder. Topology optimization software is utilized in the design process as a very safe, cost-effective, and strategic approach, both in the context of delivering competitive spare parts and meeting security criteria. The simulation's findings demonstrate that the revised design still satisfies the safe safety factor value and has a smaller mass, which will save manufacturing material costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental investigation of the influences ammonia concentration variation to the performances of pump less ammonia-aqua absorption refrigeration system with water flooding evaporator is described. The heat generated in generator and refrigerating effect in evaporator, cooling capacity, coefficients of performance (COP) are investigated. The objective of this study is to investigate the characteristic and influences of the ammonia concentration variation to the performance of pump less absorption refrigeration system with water flooding evaporator as a refrigeration load.. In this research, the generator temperature has been setting constant in 80°C using electric heater, the ammonia concentration in 500 ml solution would be varied in 18%, 27%, 37%, 47%, and 59%. It is concluded that heat generated in generator and refrigerating effect in evaporator decrease with increasing ammonia concentration, while the cooling capacity and COP would increase with increasing ammonia concentration. As a result, it is found that increasing the ammonia concentration would effect on increasing of cooling capacity and COP. The highest the ammonia concentration, the highest cooling capacity and COP would be resulted. The highest cooling capacity and COP resulted respectively are 0.7180 kW and 0.829 at 59% ammonia concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydraulic ram pump is a mechanical pump that works automatically without the use of electrical energy, but use momentum of the driving water flow to pump a fraction of the water into a reservoir. It consists of two moving parts, they are waste (or impulse) and delivery valves. These valves mechanism generate a high pressure of water hammer that used in hydraulic ram working cycle. The waste valve is a key component of the hydraulic ram. However, in the implementation of hydraulic rams, they takes a long time for sizing and adjusting of their waste valves, because there is no sufficient references in making the design of the waste valve. The characteristics of the waste valve are affected by parameters such as the orifice diameter of valve sitting, the diameter of the valve disc, the stroke length, and the weight of the valve as well as the discharge and head of water supply to drive the hydraulic ram pump. In addition, all these parameters affect each other. Therefore, in this study an experimental work was carried out on hydraulic ram pump model with variation of all parameters of the waste valve. The results show that all of the waste valve design parameters such as valve orifice and disc diameter, valve mass and valve stroke significantly influence the performance of the hydraulic ram pump system. Furthermore, procedures are proposed in determining of the waste valve diameter and its stroke, and a simple formula is proposed for estimating the optimal mass of waste valve that can deliver the best hydraulic ram performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]