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Background : This study explored the potential of MCM-48 mesoporous silica matrices as a drug delivery system for metformin hydrochloride, aimed at improving the therapeutic management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The objectives included the synthesis and characterization of MCM-48, assessment of its drug loading capacity, analysis of drug release profiles under simulated physiological conditions, and the development of a multifractal dynamics-based theoretical framework to model and interpret the release kinetics. Methods : MCM-48 was synthesized using a sol-gel method and characterized by SEM-EDX, TEM, and nitrogen adsorption techniques. Drug loading was performed via adsorption at pH 12 using metformin hydrochloride solutions of 1 mg/mL (P-1) and 3 mg/mL (P-2). In vitro dissolution studies were conducted to evaluate the release profiles in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. A multifractal dynamics model was developed to interpret the release kinetics. Results : SEM-EDX confirmed the uniform distribution of silicon and oxygen, while TEM images revealed a highly ordered cubic mesoporous structure. Nitrogen adsorption analyses showed a high specific surface area of 1325.96 m²/g for unloaded MCM-48, which decreased with drug loading, confirming efficient incorporation of metformin hydrochloride. The loading capacities were 59.788 mg/g (P-1) and 160.978 mg/g (P-2), with efficiencies of 99.65% and 89.43%, respectively. In vitro dissolution studies showed a biphasic release profile: an initial rapid release in gastric conditions followed by sustained release in intestinal fluids, achieving cumulative releases of 92.63% (P-1) and 82.64% (P-2) after 14 hours. The multifractal dynamics-based theoretical release curves closely matched the experimental data. Conclusions : MCM-48 mesoporous silica effectively enhanced metformin delivery, offering a controlled release profile well-suited for type 2 diabetes management. The multifractal theoretical framework provided valuable insights into drug release dynamics, contributing to the advancement of innovative drug delivery systems.

A unitary model of drug release dynamics is proposed, assuming that the polymer-drug system can be assimilated into a multifractal mathematical object. Then, we made a description of drug release dynamics that implies, via Scale Relativity Theory, the functionality of continuous and undifferentiable curves (fractal or multifractal curves), possibly leading to holographic-like behaviors. At such a conjuncture, the Schrödinger and Madelung multifractal scenarios become compatible: in the Schrödinger multifractal scenario, various modes of drug release can be "mimicked" (via period doubling, damped oscillations, modulated and "chaotic" regimes), while the Madelung multifractal scenario involves multifractal diffusion laws (Fickian and non-Fickian diffusions). In conclusion, we propose a unitary model for describing release dynamics in polymer-drug systems. In the model proposed, the polymer-drug dynamics can be described by employing the Scale Relativity Theory in the monofractal case or also in the multifractal one.

The demand for tailored, disease-adapted, and easily accessible radiopharmaceuticals is one of the most persistent challenges in nuclear imaging precision medicine. The aim of this work was to develop two multimodal radiotracers applicable for both SPECT and PET techniques, which consist of a gold nanoparticle core, a shell involved in radioisotope entrapment, peripherally placed targeting molecules, and biocompatibilizing polymeric sequences. Shell decoration with glucosamine units located in sterically hindered molecular environments is expected to result in nanoparticle accumulation in high-glucose-consuming areas. Gold cores were synthesized using the Turkevich method, followed by citrate substitution with linear PEG α,ω-functionalized with thiol and amine groups. The free amine groups facilitated the binding of branched polyethyleneimine through an epoxy ring-opening reaction by using PEG α,ω-diglycidyl ether as a linker. Afterwards, the glucose-PEG-epoxy prepolymer has been grafted onto the surface of AuPEG-PEI conjugates. Finally, the AuPEG-PEI-GA conjugates were radiolabeled with 99m Tc or 68 Ga. Instant thin-layer chromatography was used to evaluate the radiolabeling yield. The biocompatibility of non-labeled and 99m Tc or 68 Ga labeled nanoparticles was assessed on normal fibroblasts. The 99m Tc complexes remained stable for over 22 hours, while the 68 Ga containing ones revealed a slight decrease in stability after 1 hour.

The high energy of α emitters, and the strong linear energy transfer that goes along with it, lead to very efficient cell killing through DNA damage. Moreover, the degree of oxygenation and the cell cycle state have no impact on these effects. Therefore, α radioisotopes can offer a treatment choice to individuals who are not responding to β- or gamma-radiation therapy or chemotherapy drugs. Only a few α-particle emitters are suitable for targeted alpha therapy (TAT) and clinical applications. The majority of available clinical research involves 225 Ac and its daughter nuclide 213 Bi. Additionally, the 225 Ac disintegration cascade generates γ decays that can be used in single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging, expanding the potential theranostic applications in nuclear medicine. Despite the growing interest in applying 225 Ac, the restricted global accessibility of this radioisotope makes it difficult to conduct extensive clinical trials for many radiopharmaceutical candidates. To boost the availability of 225 Ac, along with its clinical and potential theranostic applications, this review attempts to highlight the fundamental physical properties of this α-particle-emitting isotope, as well as its existing and possible production methods.

Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT) is considered beneficial in diabetes and obesity, but it can also have negative effects such as its implication in tumours' pathogenesis and the development of Cancer-induced Cachexia. Since 18 F-FDG PET/CT is a common molecular imaging modality used in cancer assessment, we aim to study the 18 F-FDG BAT biodistribution in oncological patients and look for possible correlations between BAT activity and different malignancies as well as the patient's weight status. After analysing the total number of oncological 18 F-FDG PET/CT scans between 2017 and 2021, we selected patients with active BAT. Based on their BMI, the selected patients were divided into nonobese (NO) vs. overweight and obese (OOB). OOB SUV max lean body mass(LBM) had the highest mean values in supraclavicular, latero-cervical, and paravertebral vs. mediastinal and latero-thoracic localisations in NO. BMI was positively correlated with latero-cervical and supraclavicular SUV max (LBM) but negatively correlated with latero-thoracic and abdominal SUV max (LBM). Considering the age of the patients, SUV max (LBM) decreases in the latero-cervical, paravertebral, and abdominal regions. In addition, the males presented lower SUV max (LBM) values. SUV max (LBM) was not affected by the treatment strategy or the oncological diagnosis. To conclude, it is mandatory to take into consideration the BAT particularities and effects on weight status in order to optimise the clinical management of oncological patients.

Some possible correspondences between the Scale Relativity Theory and the Space-Time Theory can be established. Since both the multifractal Schrödinger equation from the Scale Relativity Theory and the General Relativity equations for a gravitational field with axial symmetry accept the same SL(2R)-type invariance, an Ernst-type potential (from General Relativity) and also a multi-fractal tensor (from Scale Relativity) are highlighted in the description of complex systems dynamics. In this way, a non-differentiable description of complex systems dynamics can become functional, even in the case of standard theories (General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics).

Using an analogy between the multi-fractal Schrödinger equation and the dumped oscillator equation through a special ansatz, Stoler-type coherences in the dynamics of physical systems are highlighted. Such a result implies a Ricatti-type gauge, a process that can be considered a calibration of the difference between the kinetic and potential energy of a Lagrangian, specified as a perfect square in generic coordinates., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Two formulations based on diclofenac sodium salt encapsulated into a chitosan hydrogel were designed and prepared, and their drug release was investigated by combining in vitro results with mathematical modeling. To understand how the pattern of drug encapsulation impacted its release, the formulations were supramolecularly and morphologically characterized by scanning electron microscopy and polarized light microscopy, respectively. The mechanism of diclofenac release was assessed by using a mathematical model based on the multifractal theory of motion. Various drug-delivery mechanisms, such as Fickian- and non-Fickian-type diffusion, were shown to be fundamental mechanisms. More precisely, in a case of multifractal one-dimensional drug diffusion in a controlled-release polymer-drug system (i.e., in the form of a plane with a certain thickness), a solution that allowed the model's validation through the obtained experimental data was established. The present research reveals possible new perspectives, for example in the prevention of intrauterine adhesions occurring through endometrial inflammation and other pathologies with an inflammatory mechanism background, such as periodontal diseases, and also therapeutic potential beyond the anti-inflammatory action of diclofenac as an anticancer agent, with a role in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis, using this type of drug-delivery system.

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) participates in the regulation of whole-body metabolism by producing a variety of adipokines. This study investigates into the BAT pattern and the clinical aspects of overweight and obese (OOB) vs. non-obese (NO) hyperparathyroidism (HPT) patients with the aim of assessing the impact of BAT and obesity on HPT. Parathyroid scans performed on 441 HPT patients between 2015 and 2020 were retrospectively analyzed in order to select the images with active BAT. Based on their BMI, the patients with active BAT were divided into OOB vs. NO. The results showed that BAT was present in cervical and supraclavicular regions, with a single localization especially among NO vs. multiple sites among OOB. The (total counts/pixels) BAT /(total counts/pixels) non-BAT ratio in the right cervical localization showed a significant difference between the groups with higher values in OOB. BMI, PTH, FT4, vitamin D, magnesium, creatinine, and urea had significant correlations with BAT ratios. The predictive values showed that right cervical ratios higher than 1.52 and right supraclavicular ratios lower than 1.15 indicated an increased probability of being OOB. The significant correlations between BAT activation in OOB vs. NO and HPT clinical parameters could be useful for developing potential treatments based on this tissue.

The physicochemical properties of "smart" or stimuli-sensitive amphiphilic copolymers can be modeled as a function of their environment. In special, pH-sensitive copolymers have practical applications in the biomedical field as drug delivery systems. Interactions between the structural units of any polymer-drug system imply mutual constraints at various scale resolutions and the nonlinearity is accepted as one of the most fundamental properties. The release kinetics, as a function of pH, of a model active principle, i.e., Curcumin, from nanomicelles obtained from amphiphilic pH-sensitive poly(2-vinylpyridine)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (P2VP-b-PEO) tailor-made diblock copolymers was firstly studied by using the Rietger-Peppas equation. The value of the exponential coefficient, n, is around 0.5, generally suggesting a diffusion process, slightly disturbed in some cases. Moreover, the evaluation of the polymer-drug system's nonstationary dynamics was caried out through harmonic mapping from the usual space to the hyperbolic one. The kinetic model we developed, based on fractal theory, fits very well with the experimental data obtained for the release of Curcumin from the amphiphilic copolymer micelles in which it was encapsulated. This model is a variant of the classical kinetic models based on the formal kinetics of the process.

The paper focuses on the development of a multifractal theoretical model for explaining drug release dynamics (drug release laws and drug release mechanisms of cellular and channel-type) through scale transitions in scale space correlated with experimental data. The mathematical model has been developed for a hydrogel system prepared from chitosan and an antimicrobial aldehyde via covalent imine bonds. The reversible nature of the imine linkage points for a progressive release of the antimicrobial aldehyde is controlled by the reaction equilibrium shifting to the reagents, which in turn is triggered by aldehyde consumption in the inhibition of the microbial growth. The development of the mathematical model considers the release dynamic of the aldehyde in the scale space. Because the release behavior is dictated by the intrinsic properties of the polymer-drug complex system, they were explained in scale space, showing that various drug release dynamics laws can be associated with scale transitions. Moreover, the functionality of a Schrödinger-type differential equation in the same scale space reveals drug release mechanisms of channels and cellular types. These mechanisms are conditioned by the intensity of the polymer-drug interactions. It was demonstrated that the proposed mathematical model confirmed a prolonged release of the aldehyde, respecting the trend established by in vitro release experiments. At the same time, the properties of the hydrogel recommend its application in patients with intrauterine adhesions (IUAs) complicated by chronic endometritis as an alternative to the traditional antibiotics or antifungals.

Possible implications and consequences of using SL(2R) as invariance groups in the description at any scale resolution of the dynamics of any complex system are analyzed. From this perspective and based on Jaynes' remark (any circumstance left unspecified in the description of any complex system dynamics has the concrete expression in the existence of an invariance group), in the present paper one specifies such unspecified circumstances that result directly from the consideration of the canonical formalism induced by the SL(2R) as invariance group. It follows that both the Hamiltonian function and the Guassian distribution acquire the status of invariant group functions, the parameters that define the Hamiltonian acquire statistical significances based on a principle of maximizing informational energy, the class of statistical hypotheses specific to Gaussians of the same average acts as transitivity manifolds of the group (transitivity manifolds which can be correlated with the multifractal-non-multifractal scale transitions), joint invariant functions induced through SL(2R) groups isomorphism (the SL(2R) variables group, and the SL(2R) parameters group, etc.). For an ensemble of oscillators of the same frequency, the unspecified circumstances return to the ignorance of the amplitude and phase of each of the oscillators, which forces the recourse to a statistical ensemble traversed by the transformations of the Barbilian-type group. Finally, the model is validated based on numerical simulations and experimental results that refer to transient phenomena in ablation plasmas. The novelty of our model resides in the fact that fractalization through stochasticization is imposed through group invariance, situation in which the group's transitivity manifolds can be correlated with the scale resolution.

Although neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are intensively studied, their diagnosis and consequently personalised therapy management is still puzzling due to their tumoral heterogeneity. In their theragnosis algorithm, receptor somatostatin scintigraphy takes the central place, the diagnosis receptor somatostatin analogue (RSA) choice depending on laboratory experience and accessibility. However, in all cases, the results depend decisively on correct radiotracer tumoral uptake quantification, where unfortunately there are still unrevealed clues and lack of standardization. We propose an improved method to quantify the biodistribution of gamma-emitting RSA, using tissular corrected uptake indices. We conducted a bi-centric retrospective study on 101 patients with different types of NETs. Three uptake indices obtained after applying new corrections to areas of interest drawn for the tumour and for three reference organs (liver, spleen and lung) were statistically analysed. For the corrected pathological uptake indices, the results showed a significant decrease in the error of estimating the occurrence of errors and an increase in the diagnostic predictive power for NETs, especially in the case of lung-referring corrected index. In conclusion, these results support the importance of corrected uptake indices use in the analysis of 99m TcRSA biodistribution for a better personalised diagnostic accuracy of NETs patients.

Nonlinear dynamics is nowadays widely employed in the study of biological phenomena. In such context, taking into account that abnormal heart rhythms display chaotic behaviours, in our opinion, the specific attractor dynamics can constitute a method for evaluating various cardiac afflictions. By using mathematical procedures specific to nonlinear dynamics we devise a new method for evaluating atrial fibrillations. Using data from ECG signals, we construct strange attractors corresponding to the phase space, specific to the analyzed signals. We show that their dynamics reflect abnormal heart rhythms. The skewness and kurtosis values are in accordance with pulse rate distributions from histograms of the analyzed signals. The Lyapunov exponent has positive values, close to zero for normal heart rhythm and with values over one order of magnitude higher in the case of fibrillation crises, highlighting a chaotic behavior for cardiac muscle dynamics. All the employed statistical parameters were calculated for a total of 5 cases (ECG signals) and statistical correlations were made using Python programming language. The presented results show that by applying nonlinear dynamics methods for analyzing the heart electrical activity we can obtain valuable information regarding fibrillation crises.

By assimilating biological systems, both structural and functional, into multifractal objects, their behavior can be described in the framework of the scale relativity theory, in any of its forms (standard form in Nottale's sense and/or the form of the multifractal theory of motion). By operating in the context of the multifractal theory of motion, based on multifractalization through non-Markovian stochastic processes, the main results of Nottale's theory can be generalized (specific momentum conservation laws, both at differentiable and non-differentiable resolution scales, specific momentum conservation law associated with the differentiable-non-differentiable scale transition, etc.). In such a context, all results are explicated through analyzing biological processes, such as acute arterial occlusions as scale transitions. Thus, we show through a biophysical multifractal model that the blocking of the lumen of a healthy artery can happen as a result of the "stopping effect" associated with the differentiable-non-differentiable scale transition. We consider that blood entities move on continuous but non-differentiable (multifractal) curves. We determine the biophysical parameters that characterize the blood flow as a Bingham-type rheological fluid through a normal arterial structure assimilated with a horizontal "pipe" with circular symmetry. Our model has been validated based on experimental clinical data.

Background: The selection and rejection of non-conforming coagulation specimens is essential in safeguarding quality management in hemostasis laboratories that provide routine testing for bleeding and thrombotic disorders. In order to increase quality, it is important to reduce pre-analytical errors that generally account for 60 - 70% of total laboratory failure. The accidental presence of clots in vitro, in the pre-analytical phase of the coagulation, is a reason for coagulation specimen rejection, given that the reliability of test results can be adversely compromised. This study aimed to ascertain the effect of clots identified in the post-analytical phase within the blood sample sediments upon standard laboratory tests such as PT (prothrombin time) and APTT (activated partial thromboplastin time)., Methods: From a total of 24,670 coagulation specimens gathered and prospectively collected and analyzed at the Haematology Laboratory of the ˮSf. Spiridonˮ Emergency County Hospital Iasi, Romania, during four months, 671 were identified with clot. Of the coagulated samples, 153 (22.80%) were considered for this study, including those specimens pinpointed with sediment clot through a post-analytical new reverification procedure., Results: The comparative study of the PT and APTT results obtained based on the samples identified with sediment clots in relation to the actual results recorded after the repetition of the sampling, pointed out 43.93% false results for PT1 test, with a significant difference between the variances of the values at the two evaluated moments (t = 2.961, p = 0.0037). The pattern was congruent in the case of the APTT test as well, exhibiting 69.04% false results, for which the variances of values at the two evaluated moments displayed significant differences (t = 2.208, p = 0.0306). In both of the cases significantly lower mean values were noted in the second determination of PT (PT1: 33.1 ± 39.6 vs. PT2: 25.8 ± 30.5) and APTT (APTT1: 42.8 ± 42.7 vs. APTT2: 38.1 ± 26.1. Results are important as they highlight the actual interference between the clot in the erythrocyte sediment and the evaluation of the patient's hemostasis., Conclusions: Our results confirm that the presence of clots in the erythrocyte sediment, with no identification prior to centrifugation, significantly affect the PT and APTT analysis, their accurate results being critical for the proper diagnosis and monitoring of anticoagulant therapy.

An increasing number of studies are beginning to show that both low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol can constitute risk factors for myocardial infarction. Such a behaviour has been called by experts in the field the "chameleonic effect" of cholesterol. In the present paper, a fractal/multifractal model for low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol dynamics is proposed. In such a context, a fractal/multifractal tunneling effect for systems with spontaneous symmetry breaking is analyzed so that if the spontaneous symmetry breaking is assimilated to an inflammation (in the form of a specific scalar potential), then a coupling between two fractal/multifractal states can be observed. These two states, which have been associated to biological structures such as low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein, transfer their states through a fractal/multifractal tunneling effect. Moreover, in our opinion, the widely used notions of "good" and "bad" cholesterol must be redefined as two different states (low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein) of the same biological structure named "cholesterol." In our work, for the first time in the specialized literature, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein have been regarded as two different states of the same biological structure (named "cholesterol"), such as in nuclear physics, the neutron and proton are two different states of the same particle named nucleon., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Nicolae Dan Tesloianu et al.)

In multicellular organisms, both health and disease are defined by means of communication patterns involving the component cells. Despite the intricate networks of soluble mediators, cells are also programed to exchange complex messages pre-assembled as multimolecular cargo of membranous structures known as extracellular vesicles (EVs). Several biogenetic pathways produce EVs with different properties able to orchestrate neighboring cell reactions or to establish an environment ripe for spreading tumor cells. Such an effect is in fact an extension of similar physiological roles played by exosomes in guiding cell migration under nontumoral tissue remodeling and organogenesis. We start with a biological thought experiment equivalent to Bénard's experiment, involving a fluid layer of EVs adherent to an extracellular matrix, in a haptotactic gradient, then, we build and present the first Lorenz model for EVs migration. Using Galerkin's method of reducing a system of partial differential equations to a system of ordinary differential equations, a biological Lorenz system is developed. Such a physical frame distributing individual molecular or exosomal type cell-guiding cues in the extracellular matrix space could serve as a guide for tissue neoformation of the budding pattern in nontumoral or tumoral instances.