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With the increasing incidences of orbital wall injuries, effective reconstruction materials and techniques are imperative for optimal clinical outcomes. In this literature review, we delve into the efficacy and potential advantages of using titanium implants coated with nanostructured hydroxyapatite for the reconstruction of the orbital wall. Titanium implants, recognized for their durability and mechanical strength, when combined with the osteoconductive properties of hydroxyapatite, present a potentially synergistic solution. The purpose of this review was to critically analyze the recent literature and present the state of the art in orbital wall reconstruction using titanium implants coated with nanostructured hydroxyapatite. This review offers clinicians detailed insight into the benefits and potential drawbacks of using titanium implants coated with nanostructured hydroxyapatite for orbital wall reconstruction. The highlighted results advocate for its benefits in terms of osseointegration and provide a novel strategy for orbital reconstruction, though further studies are essential to establish long-term efficacy and address concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Cigarette smoking has been causally associated with various diseases, and among the numerous harmful effects of smoking is included its impact on the senses of vision and hearing. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of cigarette smoking on the visual and auditory functions. METHODS: In this analytic study, hearing and smoking status of 40 patients with agerelated macular degeneration (AMD) were analyzed with 40 age-matched control subjects without AMD. In all subjects (n=80), retinal status was investigated by optical coherence tomography (OCT), with analyses of thickness central subfield (TCS) and thickness average cube (TAC) of the macula. All participants were examined with pure tone audiometry. Audiometric trials comprised pure tone bone and air conduction. The smoking history of all the subjects was recorded in detail. RESULTS: A significant correlation was found between smoking status and visual (p<0.001) and hearing impairment (p<0.05). Cigarette smoking was found to be highly correlated with sensorineural hearing impairment and exudative macular degeneration. CONCLUSIONS: Cigarette smoking damage anti-oxidative systems and tissue metabolism. We have underlined a clear correlation between the risk of sensorineural hearing impairment, exudative macular degeneration and cigarette smoking. Our findings may result in future screening of smokers to identify any hearing and vision impairment and for improving smoking cessation interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]