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INTRODUCTION: Anemia is a common health problem with nonspecific symptoms often overlooked leading to adverse health outcomes. This study aims to assess the clinical profile, types, and etiologies of anemia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this hospital based cross-sectional study, patients with anemia were enrolled through convenience sampling. Relevant history, physical examination, and investigations were performed. Statistical package for social sciences software version 20 was used to enter and analyze the data. Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages. Continuous variables were expressed as median (range). The associations were analyzed by using Fisher's exact test or Chi-square test, as appropriate. RESULTS: Out of 193 patients, 151 (78.2%) were females. The median age was 49 years (range 18-87 years). Most frequent symptoms were easy fatiguability (76.2%), breathlessness on exertion (30.1%), and light headedness (21.8%). Most frequent signs were pallor (75.6%), tachycardia (23.8%), glossitis (16.1%), and nail changes (15.5%). Majority (79.3%) had moderate and 17.1% had severe anemia. Iron deficiency (59.1%) and anemia of inflammation (28%) were common etiologies. Iron deficiency anemia was most commonly due to nutritional deficiency. Age was significantly associated with the type and etiology of anemia. CONCLUSION: Moderate anemia was the most common presentation. Easy fatiguability, breathlessness on exertion, and light headedness were most common symptoms, while pallor, tachycardia, glossitis, and nail changes were the most common signs. Iron deficiency anemia and anemia of inflammation were most common etiologies. Iron deficiency anemia was more common in younger patients, while anemia of inflammation was more common in older patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION Glycated haemoglobin levels are routinely measured in type 2 diabetes mellitus to monitor their glycaemic control. Lipid disorder in diabetes is common issues either independently or in association with type 2 Diabetes mellitus. We aim to establish the association between Glycated haemoglobin and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients attending our centre. MATERIAL AND METHODS This is hospital based cross-sectional study conducted on 161 patients conducted in out-patient department of internal medicine and from 10/02/2079 to 20/04/079 at Devdaha Medical College and Research Institute (DMCRI). Patients were enrolled after taking informed consent fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criterias. Data were entered on Microsoft Excel 2010 and analyzed using SPSS v25. RESULTS Among 161 Participants, male to female ratio was almost 1:1, with mean age of diabetes of male and female was 58.1 ± 11.2 standard deviation (SD) and 56.7 ± 10.4 SD, with 13.04% were alcohol consumer; 1.86% were smokers; 57.76% of them had high blood pressure; (29.19%) had known dyslipidaemia and 11.18% had hypothyroidism. While comparing controlled (HBA1c<7%) with uncontrolled (HBA1c ≥7%) glycated hemoglobin and level of different components of lipid profile like total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL- cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol, there is statistical correlation [χ²=4.67; df=1; p=0.031] between only high triglyceride level and uncontrolled type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSION High value of glycated hemoglobin not only measures uncontrolled type 2 diabetes but can also be considered for high lipid disorder biomarker. Early detection of high glycated hemoglobin could prevent complications related with diabetes independently or in combine with dyslipidemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]