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The flow field geometry mainly affects the electrochemical reaction, the mass transfer, and gas diffusion layers. All these parameters affect the performance of a PEM fuel cell. In this study, a three-dimensional model is used for all parts of the fuel cell such as the flow channels, gas-diffusion electrodes, catalyst layers, and the membrane. These equations are numerically solved using a finite volume-based computational fluid dynamics technique to investigate the effect of using new geometries such as tubular, rectangular, elliptical, and triangular compared to planner-type fuel cells. Also, a test bench was designed and constructed for checking the cell and a series of experiments were done. The results show that there is good agreement between the numerical and experimental results. In summary, the tubular geometry has the best performance compared to others which can increase the execution of the fuel cell maximum by 43 %.

Abstract Cbl-b is a RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase that is expressed in several immune cell lineages, where it negatively regulates the activity of immune cells. Cbl-b has specifically been identified as an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy due to its role in promoting an immunosuppressive tumor environment. A Cbl-b inhibitor, Nx-1607, is currently in phase I clinical trials for advanced solid tumor malignancies. Using a suite of biophysical and cellular assays, we confirm potent binding of C7683 (an analogue of Nx-1607) to the full-length Cbl-b and its N-terminal fragment containing the TKBD-LHR-RING domains. To further elucidate its mechanism of inhibition, we determined the co-crystal structure of Cbl-b with C7683, revealing the compound’s interaction with both the TKBD and LHR, but not the RING domain. Here, we provide structural insights into a novel mechanism of Cbl-b inhibition by a small-molecule inhibitor that locks the protein in an inactive conformation by acting as an intramolecular glue.

There is no currently approved human vaccine against leishmaniasis. Utilization of immunogenic antigens and their epitopes capable of enhancing immune responses against leishmaniasis is a crucial step for rational in silico vaccine design. The objective of this study was to generate and evaluate a potential vaccine candidate against leishmaniasis, designed by immunodominant proteins from gp46 and gp63 of Leishmania major, which can stimulate helper T-lymphocytes (HTL) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL). For this aim, the IFN-γ-inducing MHC-I and MHC-II binders were predicted for each examined protein (gp46 and gp63) and connected with appropriate linkers, along with an adjuvant (Mycobacterium tuberculosis L7/L12) and a histidine tag. The vaccine’s stability, antigenicity, structure, and interaction with the TLR-4 receptor were evaluated in silico. The resulting chimeric vaccine was composed of 344 amino acids and had a molecular weight of 35.64 kDa. Physico-chemical properties indicated that it was thermotolerant, soluble, highly antigenic, and non-allergenic. Predictions of the secondary and tertiary structures were made, and further analyses confirmed that the vaccine construct could interact with the human TLR-4 receptor. Virtual immune simulation demonstrated strong stimulation of T-cell responses, particularly by an increase in IFN-γ, following vaccination. In summary, the in silico data indicated that the vaccine candidate showed high antigenicity in humans. It was also found to trigger significant levels of clearance mechanisms and other components of the cellular immune profile. Nevertheless, further wet experiments are required to properly assess the efficacy of this multi-epitope vaccine candidate against leishmaniasis.

Abstract Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a very common parasitic infection in subtropical areas worldwide. Throughout decades, there have been challenges in vaccine design and vaccination against CL. The present study introduced novel T-cell-based vaccine candidates containing IFN-γ Inducing epitopic fragments from Leishmania major (L. major) glycoprotein 46 (gp46), cathepsin L-like and B-like proteases, histone H2A, glucose-regulated protein 78 (grp78) and stress-inducible protein 1 (STI-1). For this aim, top-ranked human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-specific, IFN-γ Inducing, antigenic, CD4 + and CD8 + binders were highlighted. Four vaccine candidates were generated using different spacers (AAY, GPGPG, GDGDG) and adjuvants (RS-09 peptide, human IFN-γ, a combination of both, Mycobacterium tuberculosis Resuscitation promoting factor E (RpfE)). Based on the immune simulation profile, those with RS-09 peptide (Leish-App) and RpfE (Leish-Rpf) elicited robust immune responses and their tertiary structure were further refined. Also, molecular docking of the selected vaccine models with the human toll-like receptor 4 showed proper interactions, particularly for Leish-App, for which molecular dynamics simulations showed a stable connection with TLR-4. Upon codon optimization, both models were finally ligated into the pET28a( +) vector. In conclusion, two potent multi-epitope vaccine candidates were designed against CL and evaluated using comprehensive in silico methods, while further wet experiments are, also, recommended.

Abstract E3 ubiquitin ligases are critical to the protein degradation pathway by catalyzing the final step in protein ubiquitination by mediating ubiquitin transfer from E2 enzymes to target proteins. Nedd4 is a HECT domain-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase with a wide range of protein targets, the dysregulation of which has been implicated in myriad pathologies, including cancer and Parkinson's disease. Towards the discovery of compounds disrupting the auto-ubiquitination activity of Nedd4, we developed and optimized a TR-FRET assay for high-throughput screening. Through selective screening of a library of potentially covalent compounds, compounds 25 and 81 demonstrated apparent IC50 values of 52 µM and 31 µM, respectively. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis confirmed that 25 and 81 were covalently bound to Nedd4 cysteine residues (Cys182 and Cys867). In addition, 81 also adducted to Cys627. Auto-ubiquitination assays of Nedd4 mutants featuring alanine substitutions for each of these cysteines suggested that the mode of inhibition of these compounds occurs through blocking the catalytic Cys867. The discovery of these inhibitors could enable the development of therapeutics for various diseases caused by Nedd4 E3 ligase dysregulation.

The Monkeypox virus, an Orthopoxvirus with zoonotic origins, has been responsible for a growing number of human infections reminiscent of smallpox since May 2022, as reported by the World Health Organization. As of now, there are no established medical treatments for managing Monkeypox infections. In this study, we used machine learning to select conserved epitopes. Proteins were determined using Reverse Vaccinology and Gene Ontology subcellular localization, and their epitopes were predicted. NextClade was used to calculate the number of mutations in each amino acid position using 2433 Monkeypox sequences. The Unsupervised Nearest Neighbor machine learning algorithm and ideal matrix [0 0] were used to calculate the conservancy score of epitopes. Six proteins were determined for epitope prediction. Finally, 47 MHC-I epitopes, 5 MHC-II epitopes, and 10 Linear B cell epitopes were discovered. Our method can select epitopes for vaccine design to prevent viruses with accelerated evolution and high mutation rate.

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection is a worldwide parasitic infection, causing serious threats to humans and livestock. Due to lack of a commercial vaccine, this study aimed at biochemical characterization and identification of immunogenic targets in GRA1 and GRA3 of T. gondii. A number of immunoinformatics web servers were used to predict antigenicity, allergenicity, solubility, physico-chemical properties, subcellular localization, post-translational modifications (PTMs), signal peptide and transmembrane domain, secondary and tertiary structure, along with B- and T-cell epitopes. Good antigenicity scores of 0.4815 (GRA1) and 0.5425 (GRA2) were predicted, without any allergenicity and Ig epitopes. Both proteins were soluble, hydrophilic and thermotolerable molecules. The length and molecular weight (MW) of GRA1 were 190 amino acids and 20.14 kDa, respectively, while the length of GRA3 was 222 residues with a MW of 24.24 kDa. Several antigenic epitopes were found in both protein sequences, some which were capable to induce IFN‐γ and/or IL-4 cytokines. In conclusion, we obtained comprehensive data on potential immunogenic epitopes through computer simulations. These findings serve as a basis for future Toxoplasma vaccine researches.

2,5-Diketopiperazines show remarkable pharmaceutical potential. Growing cancer cases drive novel drug research, focusing on synthesizing an anticancer agent for gastric cells.The investigation centered on the effects of 3R,6R-bis (4-hydroxy benzyl) piperazine-2,5-dione (BHBPPD) on gastric cancer cells, with a specific emphasis on its role in inducing apoptosis. The study involved measuring of critical caspase expression levels, pivotal components of the apoptotic pathway. Utilizing geo-analysis, the research delved into the examination of the GSE4651 and GSE10262 datasets of to gastric cancer cells, intending to identify shared factors linked to the caspase activation pathway.Employing molecular docking techniques, the binding energy of the BHBPPD compound with the identified factors was calculated, facilitating the determination of its primary target. Subsequent simulations were carried out for CYCS and TNFRSF10B, which displayed the highest number of connections. The integration of bioinformatics analysis revealed that BHBPPD exhibited the most favorable binding energy towards TNFRSF10B and CYCS, thereby enhancing the structural stability of these proteins. Notably, this augmented strength of TNFRSF10B resulted in heightened interactions with other pertinent factors, consequently leading to an increased propensity for apoptosis.These findings collectively highlight the potential of the synthesized product, BHBPPD, as a good candidate for targeted anticancer therapy. These findings collectively underline the potential of the synthesized derivative, BHBPPD, as a promising candidate for targeted anticancer therapy.

The article explores the effect of the covid-19 epidemic on politics in Iran. It asks how people's organisation and transformative experiences can counter forces and phenomena such as the current epidemic. The article reflects upon the extant and emergent potentialities of the current situation, imagining trajectories from the presence to the coming life in the post-epidemic future. The article is organised in the following sections: firstly, it provides an overview of the unfolding epidemic crisis in Iran to familiarise readers with the existing conditions and structures, including the effect of geopolitical constraints such as US-led sanctions and domestic models of crisis management. It then looks at how crises and health crises in particular destabilise the framework of interaction between power and people, and how this can be remodelled through the technologies of trust (such as vaccines and medical practice) that become essential to the continuation of political and social life. Within this frame, the article analyses how the epidemic produced and continues to shape forms of social organisation and cultural praxis, which originate from the mobilisation of solidarity and mutual help networks. These include an array of categories that have the potential to set the ground for a new sense of community amidst impeding crisis, counterpoising the high-tech, authoritarian vision of grand solutions to the crisis with a low-tech mobilisation and human-centred vision. Finally, the objective is to inquire into the potentialities of a politics of solidarity and hope and its counter-values of demoralisation, fear and desperation. This is what the article elaborates as the 'pedagogy of the virus', a cognitive and practical journey resulting from the concurrence of crises in health/politics, whereby ordinary people learn to (re)enact organisation and community to change everyday life amidst societal and political disruption.

Abstract The concept of cancer as a cell-autonomous disease has been challenged by the wealth of knowledge gathered in the past decades on the importance of tumor microenvironment (TM) in cancer progression and metastasis. The significance of endothelial cells (ECs) in this scenario was initially attributed to their role in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis that is critical for tumor initiation and growth. Nevertheless, the identification of endothelial-derived angiocrine factors illustrated an alternative non-angiogenic function of ECs contributing to both physiological and pathological tissue development. Gene expression profiling studies have demonstrated distinctive expression patterns in tumor-associated endothelial cells that imply a bilateral crosstalk between tumor and its endothelium. Recently, some of the molecular determinants of this reciprocal interaction have been identified which are considered as potential targets for developing novel anti-angiocrine therapeutic strategies.

BACKGROUND The role of humoral immunity in COVID-19 is not fully understood, owing, in large part, to the complexity of antibodies produced in response to the SARS-CoV-2 infection. There is a pressing need for serology tests to assess patient-specific antibody response and predict clinical outcome.METHODS Using SARS-CoV-2 proteome and peptide microarrays, we screened 146 COVID-19 patients’ plasma samples to identify antigens and epitopes. This enabled us to develop a master epitope array and an epitope-specific agglutination assay to gauge antibody responses systematically and with high resolution.RESULTS We identified linear epitopes from the spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins and showed that the epitopes enabled higher resolution antibody profiling than the S or N protein antigen. Specifically, we found that antibody responses to the S-811–825, S-881–895, and N-156–170 epitopes negatively or positively correlated with clinical severity or patient survival. Moreover, we found that the P681H and S235F mutations associated with the coronavirus variant of concern B.1.1.7 altered the specificity of the corresponding epitopes.CONCLUSION Epitope-resolved antibody testing not only affords a high-resolution alternative to conventional immunoassays to delineate the complex humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and differentiate between neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies, but it also may potentially be used to predict clinical outcome. The epitope peptides can be readily modified to detect antibodies against variants of concern in both the peptide array and latex agglutination formats.FUNDING Ontario Research Fund (ORF) COVID-19 Rapid Research Fund, Toronto COVID-19 Action Fund, Western University, Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Foundation, and Academic Medical Organization of Southwestern Ontario (AMOSO) Innovation Fund.

Background: Gambling disorder (GD) and substance use disorder (SUD) have mutual impact and each couldaggravate the effects of the other. This is the first study on GD among Iranian substance users to develop andvalidate a GD Screening Questionnaire-Persian (GDSQ-P).Methods: Iranian male adults (n = 503) with SUDs were recruited via clustered sampling. Problem gamblingscreening instruments and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5th Edition (DSM-5)criteria for GD were used to develop the tool which was sequentially assessed for face validity, contentvalidity index (CVI), content validity ratio (CVR), and reliability (Kuder-Richardson coefficient). To establishconstruct validity, interviews based on DSM-5 as a gold standard method were used. A receiver operatingcharacteristic (ROC) curve was conducted to determine sensitivity and specificity.Findings: After removing items with low CVI values, 27 final items remained in GDSQ-P with impact scoregreater than 1.5. Card games (33.8%), dice gambling methods (26.6%), betting on sports teams and players(24.1%), and betting on horseback, rooster, pigeon, dog, or other animals (16.7%) were common gamblingmethods among participants. Overall Kuder-Richardson coefficient was 0.95. Cut-off threshold for GDSQ-Pwas calculated as 4.5 with 98.9% sensitivity and 98.3% specificity. The interviewers confirmed GD forparticipants based on DSM-5 as the gold standard. The prevalence of GD among participants was 17.9%based on GDSQ-P and 19.1% based on DSM-5 criteria.Conclusion: GDSQ-P is a valid and reliable tool to screen for GD in SUD treatment centers and probably inthe general population.

A new fibrous adsorbent was prepared by grafting Acrylic Acid /Acryl Amide (AA/AAm) co-monomers onto Poly(Ethylene Terephtalat) (PET) fibers. The resulting sorbent has been characterized by Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy (FT-IR), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and elemental analysis and studied for the preconcentration and determination of trace Pb+2 ion from water sample. The effects of reaction conditions such as monomer mixture ratio, grafting yield, polymerization. The time and temperature on grafting were investigated. Batch adsorption method was used for the pre concentration studies. Recovery of Pb+2 was 100.2% at optimum conditions. The adsorption capacity of the adsorbent was found 44.1mg/gforPb+2.

Treating metastasis has been challenging due to tumors complexity and heterogeneity. This complexity is partly related to the crosstalk between tumor and its microenvironment. Endothelial cells -the building blocks of tumor vasculature- have been shown to have additional roles in cancer progression than angiogenesis and supplying oxygen and nutrients. Here, we show an alternative role for endothelial cells in supporting breast cancer growth and spreading independent of their vascular functions. Using endothelial cells and breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB231 and MCF-7, we developed co-culture systems to study the influence of tumor endothelium on breast tumor development by both in vitro and in vivo approaches. Our results demonstrated that endothelial cells conferred survival advantage to tumor cells under complete starvation and enriched the CD44HighCD24Low/- stem cell population in tumor cells. Moreover, endothelial cells enhanced the pro-metastatic potential of breast cancer cells. The in vitro and in vivo results concordantly confirmed a role for endothelial Jagged1 to promote breast tumor through notch activation. Here, we propose a role for endothelial cells in enhancing breast cancer progression, stemness, and pro-metastatic traits through a perfusion-independent manner. Our findings may be beneficial in developing novel therapeutic approaches.

This special issue, "In and Beyond the Colony: Writing Drugs in the South", aims to make a case for the importance, and the challenges, of grappling with drug histories in relation to colonial pasts and legacies - and to reflect on the horizon of possibilities beyond them. Notes 1 Amos Tutuola, I The Palm-Wine Drinkard i (New York: Grove, 1953), 7. 2 Achille Mbembe, "Life, Sovereignty and Terror in the Fiction of Amos Tutuola" (trans. Decolonial scholar Achille Mbembe reads the novel as a reckoning with political terror, loss of sovereignty, and scarcity - impositions of colonialism.[2] Elsewhere, Mbembe describes colonialism using Franz Fanon's verb I decelebraliser i . Decolonizing Drug History?. [Extracted from the article]

This article establishes a conceptual framework for decolonial drug histories and, at the same time, moves beyond decolonization. It brings back the radical alterity of historical figures of intoxication in the Islamicate world and introduces them as paradigms with potential to go beyond decolonization. This approach refers to the urgency of not comfortably relying on decolonial critique as moral indignation toward the past but rather showing that drug histories subsume radically different epistemologies and ontologies from those enunciated by coloniality/modernity. The article studies the Islamicate world through a decolonized nomenclature based on everyday historical approaches, beyond the myths of quintessential intoxicated Orient or as the inherent space of religious prohibitions. By introducing alternative epistemologies on mind-altering substances and their radical ontologies, this experiment in writing history as world-building shows how non-Western knowledge and practice can make other realities—and histories—possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is no currently approved human vaccine against leishmaniasis. Utilization of immunogenic antigens and their epitopes capable of enhancing immune responses against leishmaniasis is a crucial step for rational in silico vaccine design. The objective of this study was to generate and evaluate a potential vaccine candidate against leishmaniasis, designed by immunodominant proteins from gp46 and gp63 of Leishmania major , which can stimulate helper T-lymphocytes (HTL) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL). For this aim, the IFN-γ-inducing MHC-I and MHC-II binders were predicted for each examined protein (gp46 and gp63) and connected with appropriate linkers, along with an adjuvant (Mycobacterium tuberculosis L7/L12) and a histidine tag. The vaccine's stability, antigenicity, structure, and interaction with the TLR-4 receptor were evaluated in silico. The resulting chimeric vaccine was composed of 344 amino acids and had a molecular weight of 35.64 kDa. Physico-chemical properties indicated that it was thermotolerant, soluble, highly antigenic, and non-allergenic. Predictions of the secondary and tertiary structures were made, and further analyses confirmed that the vaccine construct could interact with the human TLR-4 receptor. Virtual immune simulation demonstrated strong stimulation of T-cell responses, particularly by an increase in IFN-γ, following vaccination. In summary, the in silico data indicated that the vaccine candidate showed high antigenicity in humans. It was also found to trigger significant levels of clearance mechanisms and other components of the cellular immune profile. Nevertheless, further wet experiments are required to properly assess the efficacy of this multi-epitope vaccine candidate against leishmaniasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2,5-Diketopiperazines show remarkable pharmaceutical potential. Growing cancer cases drive novel drug research, focusing on synthesizing an anticancer agent for gastric cells. The investigation centered on the effects of 3R,6R-bis (4-hydroxy benzyl) piperazine-2,5-dione (BHBPPD) on gastric cancer cells, with a specific emphasis on its role in inducing apoptosis. The study involved measuring of critical caspase expression levels, pivotal components of the apoptotic pathway. Utilizing geo-analysis, the research delved into the examination of the GSE4651 and GSE10262 datasets of to gastric cancer cells, intending to identify shared factors linked to the caspase activation pathway. Employing molecular docking techniques, the binding energy of the BHBPPD compound with the identified factors was calculated, facilitating the determination of its primary target. Subsequent simulations were carried out for CYCS and TNFRSF10B, which displayed the highest number of connections. The integration of bioinformatics analysis revealed that BHBPPD exhibited the most favorable binding energy towards TNFRSF10B and CYCS, thereby enhancing the structural stability of these proteins. Notably, this augmented strength of TNFRSF10B resulted in heightened interactions with other pertinent factors, consequently leading to an increased propensity for apoptosis. These findings collectively highlight the potential of the synthesized product, BHBPPD, as a good candidate for targeted anticancer therapy. These findings collectively underline the potential of the synthesized derivative, BHBPPD, as a promising candidate for targeted anticancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Dental Hygiene is the property of Canadian Dental Hygienists Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: In contrastto an expected increase in demand for periodontal services with aging of the population, it appears that referrals to periodontists are declining. Objective: To determine the extent to which general dentists in Nova Scotia, Canada, provide periodontal and surgical implant therapies and to determine the factors influencing a dentist's decision to provide treatment or refer patients to a specialist. Methods: A cross-sectional survey study was performed. The survey questionnaire was mailed to all 443 general dentists practising in Nova Scotia in summer 2009. The questionnaire presented several clinical scenarios and asked respondents whether they would treat the patient in the office or refer to a specialist. The data were analyzed by logistic regression. Results: Of the 279 (63.0%) dentists responding to the survey, 272 (61.4% of the total) were eligible for inclusion in the analysis. The majority of dentists reported rendering nonsurgical periodontal therapy, including scaling (98.5%; 262/266), periodontal maintenance (95.9%; 255/266), and treatment for bruxism (95.1%; 252/265). The most common surgical procedures performed by dentists were frenectomy (29.4%; 78/265), gingivectomy (29.3%; 77/263) and crown-lengthening procedures (17.0%; 46/271). Eleven factors significantly influenced dentists' decisions to treat or refer patients. The most common criteria used in selecting a periodontist were satisfaction of previous patients, previous success with the treatment, and the personality of and good communications with the periodontist. Conclusions: In this study, dentists reported rendering nonsurgical periodontal therapy on a wide scale, whereas their involvement in oral or periodontal and implant surgical therapies was limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In this cross-sectional study we investigate the extent to which general dentists in Nova Scotia carry out periodontal examinations of their patients. In addition, factors that significantly influence performing a periodontal examination by a dentist are identified. Methods: A survey questionnaire was mailed to all 443 general dentists practicing in the province of Nova Scotia in the summer of 2009. The survey included questions on demographics and the various components of the periodontal examination. Simple and multiple logistic regression tests were used to analyze the results. Results: Of the 279 (63%) responses received, 272 (61%) responses were eligible to be included in the analyses. The majority of responders (94.8%) reported performing periodontal examinations of their patients. However, only 37.8% and 43.3% of the dentists reported performing full-mouth and selective probing depth measurements, respectively. Dentists who practiced in urban locations (P= 0.05), dentists whose practices were situated <5 km from a periodontist (P= 0.08), and dentists who planned to take a continuing education course in periodontal plastic surgery in the next 2 years (P= 0.07) were more likely to perform a periodontal examination. Conclusions: Although the majority of dentists in our study report performing periodontal examinations of their patients, only a small portion report recording complete probing depth measurements or using appropriate radiographs in their examinations. These practices could lead to an underestimation of diagnosis and treatment of periodontal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to compare air contamination at different sites produced by air abrasion and a high speed hand piece following dental procedures. Particle samples were collected on mixed cellulose ester filters (Millipore, Inc.) and counted under the light microscope. Data were analyzed by paired sample "t" test. The results showed significantly more total mean number of particles produced by air abrasion as compared with a high speed hand piece. Intra-orally, the mean number of particles found on low volume suction was significantly more in air abrasion than from a high speed hand piece. Extra-orally, the mean number of particles found at 5 different sites were not significantly different between the two groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case report demonstrates how to use intraoral mechanics to correct facial planes that are not parallel, namely the eye plane, ear plane and occlusal plane. Currently, our protocol states that the cranial and occlusal planes are treated first, followed by expanding (transversely or sagittally), if necessary, the maxillary arch to accommodate the dentition. This creates the template from which the remaining treatment will be rendered, which would include, proper TMJ position, correction of mandibular facial asymmetries that result from ramus growth deficiencies, (both frontal and profile), and determining the correct posterior vertical. At this point the case is in a Class I osseous relationship with all expansion completed. The teeth are then erupted into the correct positions for the orthodontic finishing of the case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]