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مقدمه: پژوهش حاضر با هدف ارزیابی میزان و محور آستیگماتیسم قرنیه‌ی قدامی (Anterior corneal astigmatism یا ACA)، خلفی (Posterior corneal astigmatism یا PCA) و کل (Total corneal astigmatism یا TCA) انجام گرفت. روش‌ها: در اين مطالعه‌ی گذشته‌نگر، نقشه‌های توپوگرافی پنتاکم 226 چشم (113 بیمار) از افراد كه آستیگماتیسم Refractive بین 6-1 دیوپتر داشتند، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. میزان آستیگماتیسم سطح قدامی، خلفی و کل قرنیه تعیین گردید. همچنین، بزرگی و محور آستیگماتیسم این سطوح با هم مقایسه شدند. ۰۵0/۰ > P به عنوان سطح معنی‌داری در نظر گرفته شد. یافته‌ها: میانگین سنی جمعیت مورد مطالعه، ۷۴/۶ ± 00/33 سال بود. میانگین و انحراف معیار میزان ACA برابر ۹۹/۰ ± 02/2، PCA ۲۰/۰ ± ۴۴/۰ و TCA ۰۱/۱ ± ۹۸/۱ دیوپتر بود. آستیگماتیسم قدامی موافق قاعده و آستیگماتیسم خلفی مخالف قاعده، شیوع بیشتری نسبت به سایر جهت‌های محورها داشتند. در گروه‌های ACA و TCA، بیشترین میانگین بزرگی مربوط به آستیگماتیسم With-the-rule (WTR) بود. مقدار PCA فقط در 8 درصد افراد از ۷۵/۰ دیوپتر تجاوز می‌کرد. ACA با PCA (83/0 = r) و TCA (۹۸/۰ = r) ارتباط مستقیم بارزی داشت. همچنین، بین PCA و TCA رابطه‌ی مستقیم و شدیدی وجود داشت (۷۸/۰ = r، ۰۰۱/۰ > P). نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این مطالعه، اطلاعاتی فراهم کرد که ممکن است در دستیابی به نتایج مطلوب در اصلاح آستیگماتیسم در جراحی انکساری یا طراحی لنزهای داخل چشمی جدید مفید باشد.

Aim: The aim of this study is to present the oral Squamous Cell Cancer protein-protein interaction network interpretation in comparison to esophageal adenocarcinoma. Background: Oral squamous cell cancer (OSCC) is a common disease worldwide, with poor prognosis and limited treatment. Thus, introducing molecular markers through network analysis can be helpful. Methods: STRING database (DB) was applied for network construction through Cytoscape 3.4.0. Clue GO handled the gene annotation for the retrieved clusters. Eight proteins were indicated to be differential in the network constitution. Results: The centrality and clustering analysis indicate that TP53 plays an over-significant role in network integrity among eight most central proteins including TP53, AKT1, EGFR, MYC, JUN, CDH1, CCND1, and CTNNB1. The suggested biomarker set is very similar to the related biomarker panel of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Conclusion: The ontology analysis implies that the prominent proteins are involved in regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation, regulation of fibroblast proliferation, and response to UV-A processes. In conclusion, these proteins and their associated biological processes may be more critical compared to other reported biomarkers for OSCC. Nevertheless, validation studies are required for confirming the pivotal role of potential candidates. Similar biomarker panel of this disease and esophagus adenocarcinoma is corresponded to the origin of the two malignancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Welding emits harmful rays to the eyes. We evaluate and compare the UV, blue light and IR transmittance characteristics of some currently available welding safety protectors with ANSI Z87.1 criteria. Materials and Methods: Three type of welding safety protectors (three of each type) have been evaluated for spectral transmittance. One-sample T-test was performed to establish is there a statistically significant difference between the standard criteria and UV, blue and IR regions for the welding protectors (α=0.05). Results: In ultraviolet (UV) (far and near) region, two types of the tested protectors (P1, P2) transmitted lower than the maximum allowable value specified in the standard (P<0.001). In infrared (IR) spectrum only one type (P3) transmitted lower than the maximum allowable value specified in the standard (P<0.001). In blue light region, all of the tested protectors transmitted lower than the maximum allowable value specified in the standard (P<0.001). Conclusion: Although all of the tested glasses could meet some parts of the criteria, but none of them could meet the complete spectral transmittance requirements of ANSI Z87.1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Much of the vision loss from age-related eye disease can be prevented. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of preventable causes of lowvision. Materials and Methods: In this study, files of 204 patients were evaluated. Low vision was defined as best-corrected visual acuity in the better eye between 20/70 to 20/200. Diagnosis of anterior and posterior segment disease was based on the eye examination that performed with Topcon slit-lamp biomicroscope and direct and indirect ophthalmoscope examination. Results: The prevalence of preventable causes of low was respectively: diabetic retinopathy, in 33 patients (16.18%), glaucoma in 6 patients (2.94%), and amblyopia5T in 2 patients (1%) Conclusion: The majority of cases have treatable and/or preventable causes; reduction of low vision or blindness can be achieved by appropriate screening strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To develop clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for prevention, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of ocular injuries caused by exposure to mustard gas., Methods: The clinical questions were designed by the guideline team. Websites and databases including National Guidelines Clearinghouse, National Institute for Clinical Excellence, Cochrane, and PubMed were searched to find related CPGs and explore possible answers to the clinical questions. Since there were no relevant CPGs in the literature, related articles in Persian and English languages were extracted. Each article along with its level of evidence was summarized. Additionally, hand search was performed by looking the reference list of each article. Consequently, recommendations were developed considering the clinical benefits and side effects of each therapeutic modality. The recommendations were re-evaluated in terms of customization criteria. All recommendations along with the related evidence were scored from 1 to 9 by experts from all medical universities of Iran. The level of agreement among the experts was evaluated by analyzing the given scores., Results: The agreement was achieved for all recommendations. The experts suggested a number of minor modifications which were applied to the recommendations. Finally, CPGs were developed with 98 recommendations under three major domains including prevention of injury, diagnosis and management of the acute and delayed-onset mustard gas ocular injuries., Conclusion: Considering the lack of CPGs for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of mustard gas-induced keratitis, these recommendations would be useful to prevent the serious ocular complications of mustard gas and standardize eye care services to the affected individuals., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.