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In order to investigate actual pesticide usage, this survey was carried out with farmers growing four crop groups, leaf vegetables, fruit vegetables, fruits, and rice from 2012 to 2015. Five hundred sixty farmers were selected in main crop production areas and were asked about their pesticide uses during the growing season. Investigations on pesticide damages to crop in recent 5 years showed that fruit vegetables had the highest proportion of damage at 14%, followed by rice at 11%, orchards at 11%, and leaf vegetables at 8%. Compared to the results of a pilot study which took place from 2009 to 2011, fruit vegetable damage increased by 4% while damage to rice and orchards decreased by 7-9%. This means continuous education on mixed spraying, usage methods, and precaution is required. In the survey on the safety guidelines for pesticide use, 6 items were well observed (89.0-95.0%), but one item for use of protective gear had the lowest observance (81.7%). A measure for protective gear for poisoning prevention is required. The survey of pesticide usage per area (kg a.i. ha −1 ) showed that 1.65, 4.93, 10.98, and 3.16 kg a.i. ha −1 of pesticides were applied to leaf vegetables (6 species), fruit vegetables (6 species), fruits (6 species), and rice, respectively, which decreased from the usage reported in the pilot study. This change was likely caused by more effective pesticides and fewer pest outbreaks; therefore, shipments of pesticides have been decreasing. In the case of paddy rice herbicides, 43 products, including butachlor, were used for 1.3 kg ha −1 . Herbicides represent 44% of pesticides used in paddy rice.

The proficiency testing for the residue laboratories of pesticide registration was conducted inorder to improve the reliability and the ability for pesticide residue analysis. On November 2012 the testingwas carried out using the soil collected and kept as the moistened state for five years, which was expected tovery low residue levels of pesticides. The soil was fortified with azoxystrobin, imidacloprid and methabenz-thiazuron in a manner similar to prepare soil samples for indoor soil degradation test, and then sub-sampleswere prepared for the distribution to participants. Some of them were randomly selected for confirm ofhomogeneity and to ensure the stability of samples at room temperature. Samples were consisted of two soilstreated as different levels, one of which was used to the assessment and another used to confirm. In addition,provided three standard solutions, respectively concentration of 10 mg/L, and untreated soil. Forty eightinstitutions submitted results. The medians of results were used as the assigned values for pesticide residues.Fitness for purpose standard deviation of proficiency test was calculated by applying 20% RSD as thecoefficient of variation allowed in the soil residue test. Z-score was applied for evaluation of individualpesticides, and the average of the absolute value of the Z-score for the overall assessment of pesticides.Laboratories evaluated the absolute value of the Z-score less than 2 to fit the case of azoxystrobin were 48,imidacloprid and methabenzthiazuron 46.Key words pesticide, residue analysis, quality assurance, proficiency test

Pesticide is used to protect the crops, but also become a cause of polluting the environment.Perform a risk assessment using physical and chemical properties, environmental fate and toxicity data inorder to determine the pesticide registration. The aquatic model estimates pesticide concentrations in waterbodies that result from pesticide applications to rice paddies and apple orchard. The used models are thePRZM, EXAMS and AGRO shell (PA5), Rice Water Quality Model (RICEWQ) and Screening ConcentrationIn GROund Water (SCI-GROW). The residual concentration of water body was estimated using meteorologicaldata, crop calendar and soil series of Korea. The chosen pesticides were butachlor, carbofuran, iprobenfos andtebuconazole. It has shown the potential that the RICEWQ is possible to predict residue level in water ofbutachlor and iprobenfos, because the maximum value in water monitoring data is lower than the peakconcentration of the model, and the minimum value is lower than the average annual concentration of themodel. But RICEWQ was insufficient to predict exposure concentrations in ground water. The estimatedexposure concentrations of carbofuran in ground water is very higher than in surface water because of its lowsoil adsorption coefficient. Although tebuconazole were not detected in the water monitoring that means verylow concentration, it is possible that the PA5 can be used to predict residue level in water.Key words rice paddies, water model, RICEWQ, SCI-GROW, PA5

Azadirachta indica extract (AIE) has been regarded as a promising source of environment-friendly organic materials owing to their low mammalian toxicity. However, quite a bit of research has been reported that AIE may cause clastogens in human lymphocytes. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the antimutagenic and genotoxicity of two samples of AIE. Antimutagenic test was experimented by using bacterial reverse mutation test. In the bacterial reverse mutation test, five strains Salmonella Typhimurim of two samples of AIE in order to evaluate its mutagenic potential. Bacterial reverse mutation test was also performed on positive control and negative control groups in the presence of the metabolic activation system (S-9 mix) and metabolic non-activation system. In the chromosome aberration test, Chinese hamster lung cells were exposed to AIE for 6 or 24 h with BPS, or for 6 h with S-9 mix. Negative and positive control groups were experimented for chromosome aberration test. As a result, the number of mutated colonies induced by 4-NQO were reduced by AIE treatment in all strains, indicating that AIE may have antimutagenic effects. Bacterial reverse mutation and chromosomal aberration were not shown at all concentration of AIE, regardless of activation of the metabolic system. we concluded that two AIE samples used in this study have no genotoxic effects to human, according to the genotoxicity battery system suggested by ICH (International Conference on Harmonization).

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of green manure crops on soil fertilityand to provide informations for optimum cropping systems in Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land. Fieldtrial was established with summer [sesbania (Sesbania sesban), wild millet (Echinochloa crus-galli), andsorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor)] and winter [oat (Avena sativa L.), rye (Secale cereale L.),and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)] green manure crops at Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land in Koreafrom 2007 to 2011. Biomass of the green manure crops were 9.7-15.0 ton/ha (dry weight), and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid produced consistently greater biomass than other crops across growing years. Culti-vation and application of green manure crops increased soil organic matter contents from 1.3 to 6.0 g/kgby 1.2 g/kg per year. Green manure crops also improved bulk density from 1.44 to 1.24 Mg/m3 by addi-tion of biomass residues. Sequential cultivation of sorghum-sudangrass hybrid followed by rye was mosteffective on decreasing bulk density of soil, and sesbania cultivation was most efficient on increasing soilnitrogen content. Overall, green manure crops can be probably useful for improvement soil fertility inSaemangeum reclaimed tidal land.

This study was carried out to investigate the pesticide residue pattern among different leafyvegetables applied with foliar spraying under greenhouse and to check extrapolating from some residue trialdata to other minor crops. Leafy vegetables used in this study were: Mustard greens (Brassica juncea L.),Kale (Brassica oleracea L.), Dacheongchae (a kind of pak-choi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis L.)), Leafbroccoli (Brassica oleracea var alboglabra), Perilla leaf (Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton var. Frutescens), Leaflettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris) and Red leaf chicory (Cichoriumintybus L. var. foliosum Hegi). These are cultivated all year under indoor or outdoor and cut the leaf fromplant continuously during harvest time. The amounts of pesticide deposit in/on the continuous harvestingleafy vegetables were affected by the ratios of leaf area to weight. Ratio of perilla leaf was the largest amongcrops as 58 cm 2 /g. The residue levels of 7 pesticides in/on perilla leaf were the highest than those of othercrops through the statistical analysis from zero day to fifth day after last application. The representative cropin 8 crops was perilla leaf selected based on the amounts of daily consumption and the high residues. This studysuggest that the continuous harvesting leafy greens should be separated from the one time harvesting leafyvegetables for the pesticide recommendations because of different harvesting habits and pre-harvest intervals.Key words Extrapolation, Perilla leaf, Leafy vegetables, Pesticide residue, Continuous harvesting

The objective of this study was to investigate the exposure assessment of Korean consumers toedifenphos and tricyclazole in cattle product fed the rice straw, using a probabilistic approach. We usedtricyclazole and edifenphos residue data in rice straw reported by National Academy of Agricultural Science(NAAS) for the 1998, 1999, 2001 and 2010 monitoring study and National Agricultural Products QualityManagement Service (NAQS) for 2009 monitoring study. The mean exposures of edifenphos and tricyclazole forall of Korean consumers were 0.027% and 0.0006% of ADI and 99% th percentile exposures were 0.034% and0.0007% of ADI respectively. The group of 1~6 years old consumers has the lowest exposure of edifenphos andtricyclazole. The group of 19~29 years old consumers has the highest exposure of edifenphos and tricyclazole.Key words Pesticide residue, Rice straw feed, Cattle by-product, Exposure assessment, Probabilistic approach 서론 볏짚은 우리나라에서 이용되는 가축 조사료의 40~50%를차지하는 작물로 매년 2백만 톤 안팍의 볏짚이 사료용으로이용되고 있다(MAFF, 2010). 볏짚은 쌀을 생산하는 과정에서 나오는 일종의 부산물로 벼의 병해충 방제를 위하여 사용한 농약이 볏짚에 잔류할 수 있다. WHO/FAO에서는1989년부터 식품 중 잔류농약의 오염평가 시 위해성평가기법을 도입하여 노출에 대한 안전성 여부를 판단하고 있다(FAO/WHO, 1997). 국내에서도 이러한 위해성평가기법을도입하여 식품 섭취에 의한 농약의 노출평가들이 보고되고있는데, 대부분이 농산물 섭취에 대한 평가이다(Do 등,2013; Paik 등, 2010). 사료에 대한 평가는 권 등(2000)이 볏짚의 잔류농약 모니터링결과를 농약의 일일섭취허용량과 대비하여 평가한 사례가 있으나 이 경우 볏짚을 섭취하는 소(400 kg)를 대상으로 평가한 것으로 실제 사람이 볏짚을 섭취한 소의 식육을 섭취할 경우에 대한 평가는 이루어진바없다. 농약의 인체에 대한 위해성평가는 해당 농약의 독성자료와 노출자료를 고려하여 유해물질의 유해영향 발생확률을 계산함으로써 평가하는 방법이다(Henry, 1997). 이러한위해성평가는 노출량, 섭취량, 체중 등의 변수를 단일 값만이용하여 평가하는 확정론적 접근법과 모든 변수들을 분포측면에서 고려하여 평가하는 확률적 접근법이 있다. 확정론적 접근법은 평가방법이 간단하고 이해가 쉽다는 이점 때문에 노출수준을 확인하는 일차적인 접근으로 주로 사용되고

The proficiency testing for the residue laboratories of pesticide registration was conducted in order to improve the reliability and the ability for pesticide residue analysis. On October 2011 the testing was carried out using the soil collected and kept as the moistened state for five years, which is expected to very low residue levels of pesticides. The soil was fortified with chlorpyrifos, metolachlor and procymidone in a manner similar to prepare soil sample for indoor soil degradation test, and then sub-samples were prepared for the distribution to participants. Some of them were randomly selected for confirm of homogeneity and to ensure the stability of samples at room temperature. Samples were consisted of two soil treated as different levels, one of which was used to the assesment and another used to confirm. In addition, provide three standard solutions, respectively concentration of 10 mg/L, and untreated soil. Forty seven institutions submitted results. The medians of results were used as the assigned values for pesticide residues. Fitness for purpose standard deviation of proficiency test was calculated by applying 20% RSD as the coefficient of variation allowed in the soil residue test. Z-score was applied for evaluation of individual pesticides, and the average of the absolute value of the Z-score for the overall assessment of pesticides. Laboratories evaluated the absolute value of the Z-score less than 2 to fit the case of chlorpyrifos and procymidone were 44, metolachlor 40.

This study was conducted for the establishment of the analytical method of pesticide residues in rice straw for 9 pesticides; etofenprox, tricyclazole, diazinon, edifenphos, propiconazole, carbaryl, carbofuran, 3-hydroxy carbofuran and 3-keto carbofuran and for the monitoring of these pesticides in rice straw for livestock feed in Korea. These pesticides were classified into 4 groups according to analytical instrument condition. Group 1 (HPLC-UVD1) included tricyclazole and etofenprox while group 2 (HPLC-UVD2) included propiconazole and edifenphos. Group 3 (HPLC-FLD) included carbaryl, carbofuran, 3-hydroxy carbofuran and 3-keto carbofuran. Group 4 (GC-NPD) included Diazinon. The dried rice straw samples were extracted with acetone and purified by liquid-liquid partition and solid phase extraction (SPE): Combination of Florisil SPE and amino-propyl SPE was used for group 1 and group 2, amino-propyl SPE for group 3, and Florisil SPE was for group 4. Recovery was in the ranged 70~110% and the limits of quantitation (LOQ) were lower than the half of maximum residue limits. Therefore this method was proved to be efficient for monitoring of these pesticides residue in rice straw. A total of 18 rice straw samples from 6 provinces in Korea in 2010 were analyzed using established method and, only 3-keto carbofuran was detected in one sample at concentration of 0.04 mg/kg. Key ward Rice straw, Pesticide residue, Analytical method, Monitoring

Fate of acetamiprid and imidacloprid aerially sprayed to control pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) were studied in a forest of Haman area. Acetamiprid 20% SL or imidacloprid 20% DC were diluted 100 times and applied two times as rate of 50 L/ha using an aircraft of Bell 206 L helicopter. Average acetamiprid deposits on forest floor ranged from 2 to 4% of standard aerial application rate. Following to the second application, acetamiprid deposits in the pine needle ranged 1.8~8.5 mg/kg and then gradually decreased to 1.2~2.1 mg/kg after 48 days. Deposits on the plant washed off by rainfall and reached to soil surface was ca. 17% of the application rate. All of acetamiprid on the ground resided in the forest floor covering the soil surface, where acetamiprid residues were decreased to a quarter at 48 days after the second application, but they were not detected in soil beneath it. And the only low level of acetamiprid residues, 0.0003 mg/L, was detected in the reservoir nearby the experimental forest on the day of aerial application. The acetamiprid detection was presumably due to spray drift. And average imidacloprid deposits on forest floor ranged from 1 to 3% of standard aerial application rate. Following to the second application, imidacloprid deposits in the pine needle analysed very low concentration of 0.1 mg/kg, but the amount of imidacloprid in wash-off in standard and two-fold treatment were ca. 8% and 4% of the application rate, respectively. Most of imidacloprid on the ground also resided in the forest floor, where imidacloprid residues were decreased to a twentieth at 111 days after the second application, and they were detected below 0.5% of the application rate in sol beneath it. And the low level of imidacloprid, 0.0003~0.0017 mg/L, were detected in the streams in the experimental forest. It was not to the level of contamination concerns.

This study was carried out to clarify the effects of the application of pesticide by different spray nozzle types on pesticide residues. The average droplet size and discharge rate were investigated when the manual compressed sprayer with two head disk type nozzle and the knapsack engine powered sprayer with two head fan shape nozzles were used. The fan type nozzles were classified into three types by the number of orifice in the nozzle. Three type nozzles tested were fan with one orifice, fan with two orifices and fan with three orifices. Fan (trade name : D-3) with 2.4 L/min. of the discharge rate and 76 µm of the average droplet size while maintaining constant pressure 1.1 ± 0.2 MPa, and fan D-35 with 2.6 L/min. and 90 µm while maintaining constant pressure 1.0±0.2 MPa were appropriate. The orifice size of D-3 was 0.65 mm length × 0.45 mm width and the orifice size of D-35 was 0.62 mm length × 0.46 mm width. The residue levels of imidacloprid on perilla leaves among four applications by four different nozzles show significantly difference with 5% significance level. The residue levels 3.76~3.92 mg kg �1 by fan or disk type is smaller than 4.52~4.92 mg kg �1 by fan II or fan III. The residue levels of imidacloprid on perilla leaf were different

This study was carried out to clarify effects of field location and sprayer on the level of pesticide residue in chilli peppers. As confirmed by statistical analysis, the residue levels in green pepper among three greenhouses did not show significant difference at the first day after spraying with the same engine sprayer and nozzle. But the residue levels in green peppers collected from the exposed outside of crop were 2 times higher than those from the hidden inside. The sampling site was one of variation elements of pesticide residue. The residue levels after application by knapsack engine powered sprayer were 1.7 times higher than those by manual compressed sprayer. As the spraying pressure of the engine power sprayer is 2 times higher than the commonly used pressure of the manual compressed sprayer, the pressure of the sprayer and nozzles were considered to affect on the residue levels in peppers.

The characteristics of chlorpyrifos was studied to clarify the effect of the cultivation season,spray intervals, spray volume and concentration on residues in chilli and sweet peppers cultivated undergreenhouse condition. Residue levels of chlorpyrifos detected in chilli pepper fruit cultivated were 1.5 to 2.7times higher in winter(February-March) than those in summer(June-July). During winter season residue levelsof chlorpyrifos in chilli peppers were 6.9~3.2 times higher than those in sweet peppers for 10 days after 3times application with 7 days interval. Residue levels in chilli pepper were from 2.070 mg/kg at 1 day to0.929 mg/kg at 10 day, while those in sweet pepper were from 0.302 mg/kg to 0.291 mg/kg. Residue levels insweet pepper to which are 3 times applied with 7 days interval were from 0.302 mg/kg at 1 day to 0.291 mg/kg at 7 day, and the residue levels in sweet pepper which are 3 times applied with 3 days interval were from0.498 mg/kg at 1 day to 0.470 mg/kg at 7 day. Residue levels of chlorpyrifos in the sweet peppers applied bydouble concentration were 2.5 times higher than those sprayed by normal standard amounts diluted in doublevolume. Key words Chlorpyrifos, Sweet pepper, Chilli pepper, Pesticide residue

BACKGROUND: With increasing public awareness to environment-friendly agriculture, many efforts have been run to develop organic farming technologies in Korea as of late 90s. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different organic farming practices on soil chemical properties and water quality in paddy fields. METHODS AND RESULTS: Total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were monitored for a two-year period (2006 to 2007) from the study organic paddy fields located in Wan-ju, Jeonbuk Province in Korea. TN and TP of organic paddy water were gradually increased for 2~3 weeks after organic manure application and then gra- dually decreased afterward. The overall variation of TP in the paddy fields was much greater than that of TN. The phosphorus content in organic paddy field appeared to increase with the organic farming period. CONCLUSION(s): This indicates that long-term organic farming is likely to cause phosphorus accumulation in soils and increase vulnerability to rainfall runoff. Thus, appropriate phosphorus management needs to be imple- mented, particularly, to reduce excessive phosphorus supply owing to nitrogen-based determination of organic manure application amount.

This study was conducted to develop more convenient simultaneous determination method by matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) and HPLC for sulfonamides such as sulfamerazine (SMR), sulfamethazine (SMT), sulfamonomethoxine (SMM), sulfadimethoxine (SDM), sulfaquinoxaline (SQX), and tetracyclines including oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TC) chlortetracycline (CTC) in prok and flatfish. The limits of detection were 0.047 for OTC, TC, SMR, SMT and SMM, and 0.033 for CTC, SDM, and SQX, respectively. So it is sufficiently possible to detect the eight tetracyclines and sulfonamides under their MRLs (). The average percentage recoveries of sulfonamides and tetracyclines from pig muscle and flatfish spiked standard solution were approximately and , respectively. Therefore this method was efficient for simultaneous analysis of eight tetracyclines and sulfonamides.

Energy efficiency and nutrient balance are good methods for environmental assessment of the environmentally-friendly agriculture. The objectives of this study were 1) to estimate the energy efficiency and nutrient balance of the organic rice farming, and 2) to suggest a solution to improvement the energy efficiency and nutrient balance. The set of estimation was performed at the organic rice farming area (8.9 ha) in Wanju-gun during the paddy cultivation period from 2006 to 2007. The organic farming complex consists of four weeding methods using 1) duck, 2) apple snail, 3) duck and apple snail and 4) hands and machinery. Results from this estimation should that the organic rice farming area was less efficient than conventional rice farming. The efficiency of organic farming area in 2006 was higher than in 2007. For the calculation of the nutrient balance, the N, P and K contents of input materials (cattle manure, milk vetch, mixed oilcake, rice bran, rice straw and barley straw) and output (farm products) were analysed. Annual environmental loads of N, P2O5 and K2O were estimated at 4.4 kg/10a, 13.8 kg/10a and 14.5 kg/10a, respectively. Cattle manure had the largest portion among the inputs items and nutrient concentration of cattle manure was high. Thus energy efficiency and nutrient balance depend on cattle manure input. Therefore it is necessary to control the manure input to improve the efficiency of organic rice farming.

The residue patterns of procymidone, chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin in peaches were examined. The pesticides were sprayed at 15 days before harvest and then were determined the residue at 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 days after pesticide application and calculated their . Also, the degradation patterns at and during storage period were compared. Biological half-lives of procymidone, chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin in peaches during the cultivation period were 3.1, 7.2 and 10.4 days, respectively. The biological half -life of procymidone was shorter than the others. During the storage period, half-lives of procymidone, chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin were 16.0, 14.3 and 13.1 days at and 4.6, 10.2 and 12.9 days at , respectively. The degradation rates of these three pesticides in storage period were slower than them in cultivation period. Removal rates were by tap water, and by detergent solution.