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Y. enterocoliticatranslocates virulence proteins, called Yop effectors, into the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. Here we investigated whether Y. enterocoliticacould translocate Yops into a range of eukaryotic cells including neurons and insect cells. Y. enterocoliticatranslocated the hybrid reporter protein YopE-Cya into each of the eukaryotic cell types tested. In addition, Y. enterocoliticawas cytotoxic for each of the adherent cell types. Thus we detected no limit to the range of eukaryotic cells into which Y. enterocoliticacan translocate Yops. The Yop effectors YopE, YopH and YopT were each cytotoxic for the adherent cell types tested, showing that not only is Y. enterocoliticanot selective in its translocation of particular Yop effectors into each cell type, but also that the action of these Yop effectors is not cell type specific. Invasin and/or YadA, two powerful adhesins were required for translocation of Yop into non-phagocytic cells but not for translocation into macrophages. To use the Yersiniatranslocation system for broad applications, a Y. enterocoliticatranslocation strain and vector for the delivery of heterologous proteins into eukaryotic cells was constructed. This strain+vector combination lacks the translocated Yop effectors and allows delivery into eukaryotic cells of heterologous proteins fused to the minimal N-terminal secretion/translocation signal of YopE. Using this strategy translocation of a YopE-Diphtheria toxin subunit A hybrid protein into several cell types has been shown.