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The study investigates the translation correspondence of Czech, Polish, and French converbs (transgressive, imiesłów przysłówkowy, and gérondif), using extensive data extracted from parallel corpora of fiction. Although the three converbs share significant syntactic and semantic properties (in terms of the range and proportion of different meanings conveyed), they differ in frequency and in stylistic characteristics (archaistic in Czech). The study shows that these differences are reflected in the proportion of the convergent translation counterparts, independently of the source language (more than 65% of convergent counterparts in translations into Polish, about 30% in translations into French, and only about 6% in Czech). The analysis of target languages showing high proportion of divergent counterparts (French and Czech) reveals that the distribution of their types is shaped by the meaning of the source converb: distinction between accompanying circumstance vs. more informative meanings in Czech, and participant- vs. event-oriented content in French. This research advances our understanding of the expression of adverbial subordination across languages and demonstrates the research potential of parallel corpora, used as semantic and functional mirrors revealing distinctions within seemingly uniform categories in source languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of CIRCULO de Linguistica Aplicada a la Comunicacion is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The phenomenon of phrasal nominalization, as exemplified by the English gerund, raises a challenge for the assumption that a phrase XP is headed by a word of category X. Many proposals have been made to deal with phrasal nominalization, in both multistratal and monostratal frameworks. Some seek to fit it in the endocentric mold; others are plainly exocentric. Comparative evaluations tend to be made along partisan lines (multistratal vs. monostratal) or on the basis of methodological principles (discarding vs. allowing exocentricity). This article aims for a less aprioristic approach, taking generalizability as a criterion for evaluation. More specifically, it investigates three types of phrasal nominalization as they manifest themselves in Dutch, that is, the nominalization of infinitives, adjectives, and participles, providing first a theory-neutral description of the data and then an analysis I call 'factorial' in the sense that it captures both what the three types have in common and what differentiates them. It is cast in the framework of constructional head-driven phrase structure grammar, since the latter's hierarchy of phrase types provides a natural starting point for a factorial analysis. The resulting treatment is exocentric. In a final step I compare it to a number of endocentric alternatives, showing that it scores higher on the scale of generalizability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we study a case of diachronic and diaphasic variation consisting in a subordination strategy for expressing immediate succession present in the cultivated narrative language of Classical Spanish. This strategy is based on verbal doubling (V-doubling), a pattern also found in some contemporary Atlantic creole languages. We analyze the elements that constitute this type of sequences and examine the similarities and differences between the constructions of Classical Spanish and those of the Creoles. We also compare the constructions of Classical Spanish with similar structures without V-doubling, present in all periods of Spanish, in order to detail the link of V-doubling with focalization of the end of the first event. The strategy analyzed was a transitory way to cover the absence of subordinators expressing immediate succession in an unambiguous way during the chronological period in which it existed.

With the exception of Moortgat (1978) and Halmøy (1982 and 2003), the French gerund of the type Paul a fait une erreur en se mariant has not been recognized in grammars or in works on -ant forms, even though it is extremely common. We propose here to use the analysis given by Halmøy in his typology of gerund constructions. After highlighting the positive and negative points of her approach, we will try to show that these gerunds, which are not “like the others”, are not (partial) equivalence or inclusion gerunds, but processual specification gerunds.

Despite the recognised role of similes in cognitive and communicative processes, there is a limited understanding of their construction and use in specific contexts, such as online food reviews. The study aims to explore the use of the ‘like + gerund’ simile pattern within the Extrinsic Food-Related Frame (FrF) – comparisons with inedible objects – in online food reviews and to understand the cognitive mechanisms guiding this specific form of simile construction and interpretation. To that end, the study addresses three research questions. How do reviewers use ‘like + gerund’ similes within the Extrinsic FrF to express their perceptions and experiences? What cognitive mechanisms underpin this specific form of simile construction and interpretation? Do these hyperbolically contrastive similes function as a form of aggressive narrative? The study employed a Python-powered corpus analysis of the Amazon Fine Foods Reviews dataset, focusing on ‘like + gerund’ simile detection, refinement, and frame detection, followed by cognitive mechanism identification, allowing for a systematic exploration of the cognitive mechanisms behind simile construction within the Extrinsic FrF. Study findings suggest that reviewers often use these similes to express striking or unexpected comparisons with inedible objects, emphasising their perceptions and experiences in an engaging and memorable way. Further, the analysis identified several cognitive mechanisms underpinning this unique form of simile construction and interpretation, suggesting a complex interplay between language, cognition, and personal and cultural experiences. The study also found that these hyperbolically contrastive similes can potentially function as a form of aggressive narrative. Such linguistic aggression, however, is not viewed as necessarily harmful or negative, as it is often a tool used by reviewers to express their experiences more vividly and persuasively. Study results have exposed how figurative language, particularly similes, shape our cognitive and communicative processes, expanding our understanding of the interplay between language, cognition, and consumer behaviour in specific contexts. This has both theoretical implications for cognitive linguistics and metaphor theory, and practical implications for narrative construction in online reviews.

We describe our digitization of a uniquely detailed study of 19th century production methods assembled by the United States Department of Labor (1899). The staff spent five years collecting and assembling data on the production of hundreds of highly specific products (as well as some services) at the production operations level using traditional artisanal (“hand”) methods and by the (then) most modern “machine” methods, measuring productivity in terms of the time taken to complete a specific task or set of tasks. The data proved too complex and voluminous to use, except as a source of anecdotes, until now. We describe how we have made these invaluable data from the first industrial revolution tractable to modern analysis and how they might be used to provide insight and perspective into the effects of robotics and artificial intelligence on labor during the third industrial revolution.

In language, which is the means of communication and self-expression, the main element of the sentence is the predicate that expresses judgment. Even if the place of the predicate in the sentence changes, its feature of being the main element does not change. In the sentence, elements such as subject, object, place complement, and adverb complement complete the meaning of the predicate from various aspects. Among these elements that complete the basic predicate, there may be phrases that are considered subordinate clauses. The way these groups of words, that is, subordinate clauses, are connected to the main sentence differs among the languages of the world. In Turkish, subordinate clauses are usually connected to the main sentence with noun verbs, participles, and gerunds. As a result of the communication and interaction with different languages in the deep history of Turkish, it is seen that the sentence-linking forms available in Indo-European languages are also copied. In these sentences, in which various prepositions are used as a connector, the place of the Turkish basic sentence predicate, which is usually at the end, can also change. Such sentences, in which the predicate of the main sentence is at the beginning, in the middle or at the end, appear in various historical written languages of the Turkish language and in contemporary written and spoken languages, as well as in Kipchak Turkish with Armenian Letter texts. The Kipchak Turkish with Armenian Letter texts contain significant original language material in terms of phonetic, morphological, lexical, semantic as well as syntactic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metalinguistic awareness has been assessed primarily throughout metalinguistic knowledge and grammaticality judgment tests. Then, very limited research has been conducted on the attempt to understand how metalinguistic awareness may be developed among adolescents or young adults in verbal group reflection tasks. The present study aims to explore the performance of university students when they reflect on gerund and infinitive complements in English as L2 while they complete consciousness-raising grammar tasks with the intention to develop their metalinguistic awareness. The study links a sociocultural framework with semi-structured stimulated recall interviews on the development of metalinguistic awareness, as both help participants reflect on usage patterns and generalizations of underlying linguistic structures through verbal interaction. The evaluated data consisted of the scores of each task and the speech analysis of the participants. The results reveal that having students identify the underlying rules of gerund and infinitive complements will indirectly contribute to their acquisition. The conclusions pointed to students paying attention to specific features of the language to be fully aware of the form of the linguistic patterns.

The present study addresses a topic on the crossroads between contrastive linguistics and translation studies as we seek to investigate how the English verbal gerund is used in translated and non-translated English, as well as how it is translated into German and Dutch. Instead of merely analysing frequencies throughout a corpus, we aim to map out usage profiles and translation strategies through a multi-methodological and multifactorial approach, thereby offering a more contextualized approach to the English verbal gerund. On the basis of data from CroCo and DPC, two parallel and comparable corpora for the language pairs English-German and English-Dutch, a set of over 6,000 verbal gerunds was annotated. A hierarchical configural frequency analysis was conducted to uncover different usage profiles or 'types' of verbal gerunds. Second, a conditional inference tree and a random forest analysis were modelled to select the best predictors to help distinguish between a nominal or a clausal translation solution. In addition to providing more insight into the status of English verbal gerunds in translation, this paper offers new perspectives on two broader debates in contrastive linguistics and translation studies, viz. the 'loose-fit' or 'tight-fit' status of constructions and the treatment of unique items respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Linguistics / Dilbilim Dergisi is the property of Journal of Linguistics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite the recognised role of similes in cognitive and communicative processes, there is a limited understanding of their construction and use in specific contexts, such as online food reviews. The study aims to explore the use of the ‘like + gerund’ simile pattern within the Extrinsic Food-Related Frame (FrF) – comparisons with inedible objects – in online food reviews and to understand the cognitive mechanisms guiding this specific form of simile construction and interpretation. To that end, the study addresses three research questions. How do reviewers use ‘like + gerund’ similes within the Extrinsic FrF to express their perceptions and experiences? What cognitive mechanisms underpin this specific form of simile construction and interpretation? Do these hyperbolically contrastive similes function as a form of aggressive narrative? The study employed a Python-powered corpus analysis of the Amazon Fine Foods Reviews dataset, focusing on ‘like + gerund’ simile detection, refinement, and frame detection, followed by cognitive mechanism identification, allowing for a systematic exploration of the cognitive mechanisms behind simile construction within the Extrinsic FrF. Study findings suggest that reviewers often use these similes to express striking or unexpected comparisons with inedible objects, emphasising their perceptions and experiences in an engaging and memorable way. Further, the analysis identified several cognitive mechanisms underpinning this unique form of simile construction and interpretation, suggesting a complex interplay between language, cognition, and personal and cultural experiences. The study also found that these hyperbolically contrastive similes can potentially function as a form of aggressive narrative. Such linguistic aggression, however, is not viewed as necessarily harmful or negative, as it is often a tool used by reviewers to express their experiences more vividly and persuasively. Study results have exposed how figurative language, particularly similes, shape our cognitive and communicative processes, expanding our understanding of the interplay between language, cognition, and consumer behaviour in specific contexts. This has both theoretical implications for cognitive linguistics and metaphor theory, and practical implications for narrative construction in online reviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our aim is to approach the gerund from an unusual angle, that of the anaphora/cataphora opposition. Our analysis will consist of three parts. In the first part, we will question the almost total absence of the anaphora/cataphora issue in the studies on the gerund. In the second part, we will show, starting from its status as a lacunar predicate, that the gaps presented by a gerund can only be filled by "endophoric" means, i.e. anaphorically and/or cataphorically. Finally, in the last part, we will describe the different anaphoric and cataphoric configurations to which a gerund can give rise, with the emphasis on those that are cataphoric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the semantic differences and patterns in the distribution of four types of complement clauses in present-day Polish: the infinitive, the gerund, indicative clauses, and subjunctive clauses. The study uses a corpus-based method to investigate the semantic properties of these constructions and discusses the implications of the findings. The text provides insights into the distributional properties and semantic structures of complement constructions in Polish, highlighting the distinctions between deontic and epistemic domains and the diverse meanings conveyed by different complement constructions. Further research is needed to fully understand the complexities of complement constructions in Polish. [Extracted from the article]

With the exception of Moortgat (1978) and Halmøy (1982 and 2003), the French gerund of the type Paul a fait une erreur en se mariant has not been recognized in grammars or in works on -ant forms, even though it is extremely common. We propose here to use the analysis given by Halmøy in his typology of gerund constructions. After highlighting the positive and negative points of her approach, we will try to show that these gerunds, which are not “like the others”, are not (partial) equivalence or inclusion gerunds, but processual specification gerunds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While in Modern Italian, V1 is mandatory in absolute constructions, no such restriction is operative in Old Italian. On the surface, such a fact could be interpreted as a sign of residual V-to-Comp movement in Modern Italian. However, it is not: In Old Italian, participles targeted a position lower than Comp and, hence, the V1 pattern of Modern Italian is an innovation rather than a residue from the earlier stage. The difference between the two grammars lies in the interaction of independent properties of Old Italian and Modern Italian: First, in Old Italian, two arguments can be case licensed because of the presence of a Tense Phrase in the participle clause. In Modern Italian, where no Tense Phrase is projected, nominative can only be licensed by focus as an instance of default case assignment. Second, a general change relating to information structure has as its consequence that a focused argument is realized post-verbally in Modern Italian, which explains the obligatory V1 pattern.

This study is about the verb complementation pattern of Pakistani English. Corpus based approach was adopted to conduct the diachronic study. Corpus from 1947 to 1986 was collected and divided into the four decades. Main concern of the study was to conduct the comparative study about the use of (to infinitive) and gerund as verb complement and to see the change with the passage of time about these complementation patterns. Twenty verbs were selected with the help of grammars and the research conducted by (Aziz 2010) and reported the verbs which carry (to infinitive) pattern. Those twenty common verbs were selected with on the basis of research and with the help of grammar which carry both these patterns. Corpus was analyzed with the help of Antconc concordance lines were developed of these verbs and each verb with its concordance and all forms of verbs were studied separately. Results of the study showed Pakistani writers use (to infinitive) pattern at a higher frequency than gerund as verb complementation and this tendency changed with the passage of time. Results of the 1st corpus higher frequency of gerund but with the passage of time this tendency changed and frequency of (to infinitive) increased. It can be concluded from the study that use of gerund which works as noun makes the process of nominalization. Nominalization makes the writing more complex, Pakistani being non-native avoid the use of gerund and use (to infinitive) at a higher frequency and keep the writing simple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of RumeliDE Journal of Language & Literature Research / RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of RumeliDE Uluslararasi Hakemli Dil & Edebiyat Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines constructions formed by the verb need taking a passivized complement. While previous dialectological, sociolinguistic, and micro-syntactic analyses have focused primarily on the past-participle complement (need +ED) as a regional syntactic variable, this study expands the purview of need -passives to examine gerund-participle (need +ING) and infinitival (need +TO) complements. It also looks beyond purported need +ED regions to examine need -passive variation in Englishes spoken around the world. Data from Twitter confirm previous findings that need +ED is a productive feature of the US Midland, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Tyneside, England. However, tweets also show that need +ING is produced disproportionately frequently in England and Wales. These results reveal a more complex pattern of need -passive variation in global Englishes than has previously been reported. Additionally, a transitive construction formed with need as a matrix verb is examined and found to co-vary regionally with need +ING. Syntactic analyses of tweets reveal similarities in the ways that need +ED and need +ING vary with need +TO. These findings lead to a proposed syntactic analysis that need +ED and need +ING share the same derivational structure. More generally, the work argues for greater attention in linguistic research to low-frequency features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a reflection on the French gerund phrases ce disant / ce faisant. Our aim is to show how this gerund expression (neutral pronoun CE + non finite verb form) constitutes a privileged marker of informational continuity in discourse sequences. We will also identify the antecedent of the demonstrative pronoun CE in the left context. The corpus reveals that the role of these expressions is comparable to that of framing adverbs. They set a framework within which the matrix clause is interpreted. We will see that this semantic value is generated both by the thematic nature of such expressions and the syntactic dislocation in their host sentences.

Copyright of Journal of Dil Araştırmaları is the property of Journal of Dil Arastirmalari and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The gerund is a defective verbal noun and the gerundive is a passive verbal adjective in -ndus, -a, -um with necessitative meaning. This paper presents some results obtained from a comparison of the various uses gerunds and gerundives in the Annals of Tacitus and in the Letters of Pliny the Younger, i.e. in such different literary forms as epistolography and history. The difference in the frequency of use of certain constructions by the two authors is very interesting and noticeable. The use of a gerund or of a gerundive is also the result of selection in stylistic presentation. In general Tacitus is much more free in his usage than Pliny. In the Annals we found 191 cases of the use of the gerund and 331 of the gerundive. However, in Pliny the gerunds are slightly in excess of the gerundive (152 to 106). Another very noticeable point of difference between our two authors is that in Tacitus the dative of gerundive makes a large per cent (37) of all the gerundive uses, a much larger proportion than is found in Pliny (3 per cent). The same case is with the use of the ablative of the gerund without a preposition. In the Annals this construction occurs 57 times, against only nine cases of the ablative of the gerund in Pliny. However, an analysis and classification of all occurrences of the gerund and gerundive in Pliny and Tacitus may also confirm the similarity of the use of these verbal forms in the Annals and in the Letters.

This article proposes a novel account for the overuse of free morphemes and underuse of bound morphemes in English as a second language (L2) based on the framework of Distributed Morphology. It will be argued that an Economy Principle 'Do everything in Narrow Syntax (DENS)' operates in the L2 learner's computational system. Consequently, derivation in Morphology becomes as limited as possible except when applying Vocabulary Items to syntactic objects (Vocabulary Insertion). This results in non-target-like use/acceptance of certain morphemes: Bound morphemes are often omitted in early L2 grammar, and alternative free morphemes may apparently be used instead. Two types of data, namely the overuse of be reported in previous research, and the preference of to- infinitives over -ing gerunds in early L2 grammar, will be presented in support of the proposal, and the plausibility of the operation of DENS will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of RumeliDE Journal of Language & Literature Research / RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of RumeliDE Uluslararasi Hakemli Dil & Edebiyat Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Language Academy is the property of Rota Kariyer and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper contrasts, on one side, the works which see the French gerund as a bi-morphemic structure, composed of the preposition en and the present participle (Waugh, 1976; Kindt, 1999; Anscombre, 2001; Lipsky, 2003; Khammari, 2006; Wilmet, 2007; Cuniţă, 2011; Rihs, 2013) and, on the other, the critique of this position by G. Kleiber (2007a et b), who proposes to consider gerund as a mono-morphemic structure, consequent to the grammaticalization of the sequence preposition EN + participial -ANT, the latter no longer being, for Kleiber, equivalent to the modern French present participle. Focusing on two main points - the identity of en in the gerund and the progressive aspect of the present participle - we argue the necessity to assemble both diachronic and synchronic facts so as to obtain a synthetic and conciliatory view on gerund, where en still retains the essence of its meaning and modifies to a decisive degree the aspectual features of the participial -ant. In this way is formed a complex fixed structure whose function is to introduce a temporal and logical frame for the main predicate, on which it imposes various degrees of coalescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to revealing of the various forms of expression of the subject of the gerundsand participial constructions in the K. Erendzhenovs prose. There were found out that gerunds and participial constructions in the novel play a lead part in the creation of the individual style of the writer.

This text is an attempt to apply the concept of a legal text unit to the description of strictly defined structures of legal texts, namely the gerund strings. The main attention is focused on the methods used to identify multi-segment terminological structures and on distinguishing them from strings that constitute a combination of linguistic expressions. The overall conclusion of such analysis is based on the indication of the mechanism used for connecting and limiting gerund structures in this scope. Therefore, this work includes, among others, the formal procedure of verification, which allows for distinguishing, with significant precision, the syntactic constructions with gerund forms and similar sequences of terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Language & Linguistics Studies is the property of Journal of Language & Linguistics Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study present a corpus-based comparison of two aspectual-sematic classification models proposed in theoretical literature (unidimensional vs. bidimensional) by applying them to a set of nominal and verbal gerunds from the Modern English period. It (i) summarises the differences between unidimensional and bidimensional classification models and (ii) the potential problems associated with them. Despite the difficulties of studying semantic aspect in Present-day as well as historical data, this study will argue that, (iii) at least for deverbal nominalization patterns, it is possible to take a bidimensional approach and maintain a clear distinction between, on the one hand, aspect features of the nominalized situation (stativity/dynamicity, durativity/punctuality, and telicity/atelicity), and temporal boundedness of that situation. The question of which semantic classification model to use, then, is not so much one of which one is practically feasible in a corpus analysis, but rather which one is best suited to describe the attested variation. In order to determine the best model (in terms of parsimony and descriptive accuracy), (iv) the models were compared by means of 'akaike weights'. To describe the variation between nominal and verbal gerunds in Early and Late Modern English, the bidimensional model outperformed the unidimensional one, showing that (v) the aspectual-semantic distinctions between Modern English nominal and verbal gerunds are a matter of both aspect and temporal boundedness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the research presented in the paper is to conduct an analysis of the use of infinitive or gerund as a complement to the phasal (aspectual) verbs in English such as begin, start, finish, stop, by the Macedonian learners of English. For that purpose, a questionnaire was made based on the Likert scale in which the respondents were supposed to judge the acceptability of the use of an infinitive or a gerund complement with phasal verbs. The respondents were divided in two groups: native speakers of English and Macedonian learners of English. In addition, the Macedonian learners’ group was divided into subgroups according to their level of mastering the language. Since in Macedonian the phasal verbs are used with the da-construction as a complement, the hypothesis is that Macedonian learners of English will use the infinitive form much more than the native speakers. The results from this research should show whether and how the mother tongue influences the process of complement acquisition. This will help in the analysis of the process of acquisition of these constructions by Macedonian learners of English, hence to contribute to their easier learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals both with action nouns as a semantic class of word formation and with nominalization as a derivational process via offering a lot of relevant data in a kind of typological confrontation. Oswald Panagl investigates Latin examples applying criteria such as productivity, regularity, semantic transparency and syntactic behavior. As a result, he denotes derivations in -tiōn as the most vivid and active type of action noun delivering almost countless tokens. As a special case he treats the nominalizations in -tu becoming productive when they establish the grammatical category of supine in -tum. This procedure of a switch from derivation to inflection represents a sort of grammaticalization. He offers a scale model of increasing concretization (action–result–instrument–location–agents) exemplified with items from a variety of languages. Fritz Schweiger's research presents a series of data from the Australian languages (Alyawarra, Bunuba, Diyari, Djapu, Gumbaynggir, Guugu Yimidhirr, Kalkatungu, Uradhi, Wambaya, and Wardaman). The author defines and analyzes the morpholo gical principles of word formation in his linguistic material and classifies the data arte legis. Because of the specific situation and the complex interrelations within this linguistic group of tongues investigated in this paper, it seems nearly impossible to develop and apply criteria of the common sort for uncovering genealogical kinship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the extent to which there is individuality in how structural variation is conditioned over time. Earlier research already classified the diachronically unstable gerund variation as involving a high fraction of mixed-usage speakers throughout the change, whereby the proportion of the conservative variant versus the progressive variant as observable in the linguistic output of individual language users superficially resembles the mean proportion as observable at the population level. However, this study sets out to show that there can still be heterogeneity within such a centralized population in terms of how each individual conditions the observed variation. A random forest and conditional inference tree analysis of over 14,000 gerunds uttered by nineteen seventeenth-century authors is presented to show that, while the most important language-internal factors conditioning the gerund variation are adopted by (and shared between) all authors, we can still attest inter-individual variation (i) at lower levels of variable importance, and (ii) in the breadth of the range of contexts individual authors employ to condition the attested variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I explore the bases of a 'distributionalist' approach to syntactic categories, that is, an approach that makes distinctions on the basis of purely syntactic (as opposed to, say, semantic) criteria. I focus on the phenomenon of 'mixed projections', where a syntactic phrase appears to display properties of more than one syntactic category, as analysed within the framework of Lexical-Functional Grammar. I argue that of the three syntactic criteria called upon in the definition of syntactic categories within this approach, only one, the internal syntactic structure of a phrase, is a sufficient criterion for syntactic categorization. This leads to a more restricted definition of category mixing and implies a more restricted approach to categorization in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Рассматривается совокупность способов и приемов передачи герундия, герундиальных оборотов и комплексов в художественном произведении с учетом специфики указанного литературного жанра. Проводится сравнительный анализ оригинального текста и соответствующего русского. Исследуются семантические, лексические, грамматические и синтаксические закономерности перевода, в результате было выявлено несколько переводческих приемов, присущих данной русскоязычной версии романа. Статья может представлять интерес для всех изучающих переводоведение.

Linguistic corpora have changed the research paradigm in many linguistic disciplines, allowing researchers to exploit large data based on real occurrences in authentic contexts. Using a large multilingual corpus (InterCorp, available online), this paper aims to present the changes of research paradigms brought on by corpora in two domains: contrastive linguistics and translation studies. On the basis of research results obtained by using this corpus, we demonstrate new research possibilities offered by parallel corpora, in particular bi-directional (multidirectional) analysis and the study of the specific features of the language of translation (translation universals).

In this paper, we propose a reflection on the French gerund phrases ce disant / ce faisant. Our aim is to show how this gerund expression (neutral pronoun CE + non finite verb form) constitutes a privileged marker of informational continuity in discourse sequences. We will also identify the antecedent of the demonstrative pronoun CE in the left context. The corpus reveals that the role of these expressions is comparable to that of framing adverbs. They set a framework within which the matrix clause is interpreted. We will see that this semantic value is generated both by the thematic nature of such expressions and the syntactic dislocation in their host sentences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al Zakra / Dakira is the property of University of Kasdi Merbah Ouargla and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A cursory overview of how the ‑ing forms of a small sample of verbs (see, take, do) are translated in various types of European documents as presented on Linguee (http://www.linguee.com/) indicates a surprising variety of possible equivalents in Romanian: infinitive and nominalized infinitive, conjunctive (preceded by marker să), verbs in the various tenses of the indicative, nominal groups, gerunziu ‑ind/ ‑ând forms etc. Translators often have to compensate for the fact that both English participles and gerunds are potentially ambiguous without complements. Translating any ‑ing forms often involves obligatory or optional grammatical transformations. The present paper proposes the creation of a (preliminary) inventory of interlinguistic correspondences of gerund forms and their equivalents in Romanian based on real corpus (reports of the parliamentary committees) to point out the various translational options, evaluate them quantitatively (the most/least frequently used solutions) and to reveal potential difficulties arising from such an array of options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Letras (Lima) is the property of Letras, Facultad de Letras y Ciencias Humanas. Universidad Nacional Mayor De San Marcos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)