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1. Plant geographic distribution influences chemical defences in native and introduced Plantago lanceolata populations

Author

Medina-van Berkum, P, Schmockel, E, Bischoff, A, Carrasco-Farias, N, Catford, JA, Feldmann, R, Groten, K, Henry, HAL, Bucharova, A, Hanniger, S, Luong, JC, Meis, J, Oetama, VSP, Partel, M, Power, SA, Villellas, J, Welk, E, Wingler, A, Rothe, B, Gershenzon, J, Reichelt, M, Roscher, C, Unsicker, SB, Medina-van Berkum, P, Schmockel, E, Bischoff, A, Carrasco-Farias, N, Catford, JA, Feldmann, R, Groten, K, Henry, HAL, Bucharova, A, Hanniger, S, Luong, JC, Meis, J, Oetama, VSP, Partel, M, Power, SA, Villellas, J, Welk, E, Wingler, A, Rothe, B, Gershenzon, J, Reichelt, M, Roscher, C, and Unsicker, SB

Abstract

Plants growing outside their native range may be confronted by new regimes of herbivory, but how this affects plant chemical defence profiles has rarely been studied. Using Plantago lanceolata as a model species, we investigated whether introduced populations show significant differences from native populations in several growth and chemical defence traits. Plantago lanceolata (ribwort plantain) is an herbaceous plant species native to Europe and Western Asia that has been introduced to numerous countries worldwide. We sampled seeds from nine native and 10 introduced populations that covered a broad geographic and environmental range and performed a greenhouse experiment, in which we infested half of the plants in each population with caterpillars of the generalist herbivore Spodoptera littoralis. We then measured size‐related and resource‐allocation traits as well as the levels of constitutive and induced chemical defence compounds in roots and shoots of P. lanceolata. When we considered the environmental characteristics of the site of origin, our results revealed that populations from introduced ranges were characterized by an increase in chemical defence compounds without compromising plant biomass. The concentrations of iridoid glycosides and verbascoside, the major anti‐herbivore defence compounds of P. lanceolata, were higher in introduced populations than in native populations. In addition, introduced populations exhibited greater rates of herbivore‐induced volatile organic compound emission and diversity, and similar chemical diversity based on untargeted analyses of leaf methanol extracts. In conclusion, the geographic origin of the populations had a significant influence on morphological and chemical plant traits, suggesting that P. lanceolata populations are not only adapted to different environments in their native range, but also in their introduced range. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Published
2024

2. Data and R code used in: Plant geographic distribution influences chemical defenses in native and introduced Plantago lanceolata populations [Dataset]

Author

Medina-van Berkum, P., Schmöckel, E., Bischoff, A., Carrasco-Farias, N., Catford, J.A., Feldmann, Reinart, Groten, K., Henry, H.A.L., Bucharova, A., Hänniger, S., Luong, J.C., Meis, J., Oetama, V.S.P., Pärtel, M., Power, S.A., Villellas, J., Welk, E., Wingler, A., Rothe, B., Gershenzon, J., Reichelt, M., Roscher, Christiane, Unsicker, S.B., Medina-van Berkum, P., Schmöckel, E., Bischoff, A., Carrasco-Farias, N., Catford, J.A., Feldmann, Reinart, Groten, K., Henry, H.A.L., Bucharova, A., Hänniger, S., Luong, J.C., Meis, J., Oetama, V.S.P., Pärtel, M., Power, S.A., Villellas, J., Welk, E., Wingler, A., Rothe, B., Gershenzon, J., Reichelt, M., Roscher, Christiane, and Unsicker, S.B.

Abstract

Plants growing outside their native range may be confronted by new regimes of herbivory, but how this affects plant chemical defense profiles has rarely been studied. Using Plantago lanceolata as a model species, we investigated whether introduced populations show significant differences from native populations in several growth and chemical defense traits. Plantago lanceolata (ribwort plantain) is an herbaceous plant species native to Europe and Western Asia that has been introduced to numerous countries worldwide. We sampled seeds from nine native and ten introduced populations that covered a broad geographic and environmental range and performed a common garden experiment in a greenhouse, in which we infested half of the plants in each population with caterpillars of the generalist herbivore Spodoptera littoralis. We then measured size-related and resource-allocation traits as well as the levels of constitutive and induced chemical defense compounds in roots and shoots of P. lanceolata. When we considered the environmental characteristics of the site of origin, our results revealed that populations from introduced ranges were characterized by an increase of chemical defense compounds without compromising plant biomass. The concentrations of iridoid glycosides and verbascoside, the major anti-herbivore defense compounds of P. lanceolata, were higher in introduced populations than in native populations. In addition, introduced populations exhibited greater rates of herbivore-induced volatile organic compound emission and diversity, and similar chemical diversity based on untargeted analyses of leaf methanol extracts. In general, the geographic origin of the populations had a significant influence on morphological and chemical plant traits, suggesting that P. lanceolata populations are not only adapted to different environments in their native range, but also in their introduced range.

Published
2024

3. Plant geographic distribution influences chemical defences in native and introduced Plantago lanceolata populations

Author

Medina-van Berkum, P., Schmöckel, E., Bischoff, A., Carrasco-Farias, N., Catford, J.A., Feldmann, Reinart, Groten, K., Henry, H.A.L., Bucharova, A., Hänniger, S., Luong, J.C., Meis, J., Oetama, V.S.P., Pärtel, M., Power, S.A., Villellas, J., Welk, E., Wingler, A., Rothe, B., Gershenzon, J., Reichelt, M., Roscher, Christiane, Unsicker, S.B., Medina-van Berkum, P., Schmöckel, E., Bischoff, A., Carrasco-Farias, N., Catford, J.A., Feldmann, Reinart, Groten, K., Henry, H.A.L., Bucharova, A., Hänniger, S., Luong, J.C., Meis, J., Oetama, V.S.P., Pärtel, M., Power, S.A., Villellas, J., Welk, E., Wingler, A., Rothe, B., Gershenzon, J., Reichelt, M., Roscher, Christiane, and Unsicker, S.B.

Abstract

Plants growing outside their native range may be confronted by new regimes of herbivory, but how this affects plant chemical defense profiles has rarely been studied. Using Plantago lanceolata as a model species, we investigated whether introduced populations show significant differences from native populations in several growth and chemical defense traits. Plantago lanceolata (ribwort plantain) is an herbaceous plant species native to Europe and Western Asia that has been introduced to numerous countries worldwide. We sampled seeds from nine native and ten introduced populations that covered a broad geographic and environmental range and performed a common garden experiment in a greenhouse, in which we infested half of the plants in each population with caterpillars of the generalist herbivore Spodoptera littoralis. We then measured size-related and resource-allocation traits as well as the levels of constitutive and induced chemical defense compounds in roots and shoots of P. lanceolata. When we considered the environmental characteristics of the site of origin, our results revealed that populations from introduced ranges were characterized by an increase of chemical defense compounds without compromising plant biomass. The concentrations of iridoid glycosides and verbascoside, the major anti-herbivore defense compounds of P. lanceolata, were higher in introduced populations than in native populations. In addition, introduced populations exhibited greater rates of herbivore-induced volatile organic compound emission and diversity, and similar chemical diversity based on untargeted analyses of leaf methanol extracts. In general, the geographic origin of the populations had a significant influence on morphological and chemical plant traits, suggesting that P. lanceolata populations are not only adapted to different environments in their native range, but also in their introduced range.

Published
2024

7. Plant geographic distribution influences chemical defenses in native and introduced Plantago lanceolata populations

Author

Medina-van Berkum, P., Schmöckel, E., Bischoff, A., Carrasco-Farias, N., Catford, J.A., Feldmann, Reinart, Groten, K., Henry, H.A.L., Lampei Bucharova, A., Hänniger, S., Luong, J.C., Meis, J., Oetama, V.S.P., Pärtel, M., Power, S.A., Villellas, J., Welk, E., Wingler, A., Rothe, B., Gershenzon, J., Reichelt, M., Roscher, Christiane, Unsicker, S.B., Medina-van Berkum, P., Schmöckel, E., Bischoff, A., Carrasco-Farias, N., Catford, J.A., Feldmann, Reinart, Groten, K., Henry, H.A.L., Lampei Bucharova, A., Hänniger, S., Luong, J.C., Meis, J., Oetama, V.S.P., Pärtel, M., Power, S.A., Villellas, J., Welk, E., Wingler, A., Rothe, B., Gershenzon, J., Reichelt, M., Roscher, Christiane, and Unsicker, S.B.

Abstract

Plants growing outside their native range may be confronted by new regimes of herbivory, but how this affects plant chemical defense profiles has rarely been studied. Using Plantago lanceolata as a model species, we investigated whether introduced populations show significant differences from native populations in several growth and chemical defense traits. Plantago lanceolata (ribwort plantain) is an herbaceous plant species native to Europe and Western Asia that has been introduced to numerous countries worldwide. We sampled seeds from nine native and ten introduced populations that covered a broad geographic and environmental range and performed a common garden experiment in a greenhouse, in which we infested half of the plants in each population with caterpillars of the generalist herbivore Spodoptera littoralis. We then measured size-related and resource-allocation traits as well as the levels of constitutive and induced chemical defense compounds in roots and shoots of P. lanceolata. When we considered the environmental characteristics of the site of origin, our results revealed that populations from introduced ranges were characterized by an increase of chemical defense compounds without compromising plant biomass. The concentrations of iridoid glycosides and verbascoside, the major anti-herbivore defense compounds of P. lanceolata, were higher in introduced populations than in native populations. In addition, introduced populations exhibited greater rates of herbivore-induced volatile organic compound emission and diversity, and similar chemical diversity based on untargeted analyses of leaf methanol extracts. In general, the geographic origin of the populations had a significant influence on morphological and chemical plant traits, suggesting that P. lanceolata populations are not only adapted to different environments in their native range, but also in their introduced range.

Published
2023

12. Trait‐mediated indirect interactions: Moose browsing increases sawfly fecundity through plant‐induced responses

Author

Nordkvist, M., Klapwijk, M., Edenius, L., Gershenzon, J., Schmidt, A., and Björkman, C.

Subjects
di‐terpenoid resin acids, herbivore–herbivore interactions, plant–herbivore interactions, trophic interaction modifications, lcsh:QH540-549.5, fungi, lcsh:Ecology, lateral interactions, host plant quality, Original Research
Abstract

Induced responses in plants, initiated by herbivory, create potential for trait‐mediated indirect interactions among herbivores. Responses to an initial herbivore may change a number of plant traits that subsequently alter ecological processes with additional herbivores. Although common, indirect interactions between taxonomically distant herbivores, such as mammals and insects, are less studied than between taxonomically related species (i.e., insect–insect). In terms of mammal–insect interactions, effects on insect numbers (e.g., density) are relatively well studied, whereas effects on performance (e.g., fecundity) are rarely explored. Moreover, few studies have explored mammal–insect interactions on coniferous plants.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mammalian induced responses on insect performance. We specifically investigated the effect of moose (Alces alces) browsing on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and subsequent effects on sawfly (Neodiprion sertifer) performance.Sawfly larvae were reared on browsed, clipped, and unbrowsed control pine trees in a controlled field experiment. Afterward, cocoon weight was measured. Needle C:N ratio and di‐terpene content were measured in response to browsing.Sawfly performance was enhanced on trees browsed by moose. Cocoon weight (proxy for fecundity) was 9 and 13% higher on browsed and clipped trees compared to unbrowsed trees. Cocoon weight was weakly related to needle C:N ratio, and browsed trees had lower a C:N ratio compared to unbrowsed trees. Needle di‐terpene content, known to affect sawfly performance, was neither affected by the browsing treatments nor did it correlate with sawfly weight.We conclude that mammalian herbivory can affect insect herbivore performance, with potential consequences for ecological communities and with particular importance for insect population dynamics. The measured plant variables could not fully explain the effect on sawfly performance providing a starting point for the consideration of additional plant responses induced by mammalian browsing affecting insect performance., The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mammalian induced responses on insect performance. We specifically investigated the effect of moose browsing on Scots pine trees and subsequent effects on sawfly performance. Sawfly performance was enhanced on trees browsed by moose. Cocoon weight (proxy for fecundity) was 9 and 13% higher on browsed and clipped trees compared to unbrowsed trees. We conclude that mammalian herbivory can affect insect herbivore performance.

Published
2019

17. Convergent evolution of a metabolic switch between aphid and caterpillar resistance in cereals

Author

Li, B., primary, Förster, C., additional, Robert, C. A. M., additional, Züst, T., additional, Hu, L., additional, Machado, R. A. R., additional, Berset, J.-D., additional, Handrick, V., additional, Knauer, T., additional, Hensel, G., additional, Chen, W., additional, Kumlehn, J., additional, Yang, P., additional, Keller, B., additional, Gershenzon, J., additional, Jander, G., additional, Köllner, T. G., additional, and Erb, M., additional

Published
2018
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18. Fungal Planet 322 – 10 June 2015

Author

Crous, P.W., Wingfield, M.J., Guarro, J., Hernández-Restrepo, M., Sutton, D.A., Acharya, K., Barber, P.A., Boekhout, T., Dimitrov, R.A., Dueñas, M., Dutta, A.K, Gené, J., Gouliamova, D.E., Groenewald, M., Lombard, L., Morozova, O.V., Sarkar, J., Smith, M.Th., Stchigel, A.M., Wiederhold, N.P., Alexandrova, A.V., Antelmi, I., Armengol, J., Barnes, I., Cano-Lira, J.F., Castañeda Ruiz, R.F., Contu, M., Courtecuisse, Pr.R., da Silveira, A.L., Decock, C.A., de Goes, A., Edathodu, J., Ercole, E., Firmino, A.C., Fourie, A., Fournier, J., Furtado, E.L., Geering, A.D.W., Gershenzon, J., Giraldo, A., Gramaje, D., Hammerbacher, A., He, X.-L., Haryadi, D., Khemmuk, W., Kovalenko, A.E., Krawczynski, R., Laich, F., Lechat, C., Lopes, U.P., Madrid, H., Malysheva, E.F., Marín-Felix, Y., Martín, M.P., Mostert, L., Nigro, F., Pereira, O.L., Picillo, B., Pinho, D.B., Popov, E.S., Rodas Peláez, C.A., Rooney-Latham, S., Sandoval-Denis, M., Shivas, R.G., Silva, V., Stoilova-Disheva, M.M., Telleria, M.T., Ullah, C., Unsicker, S.B., van der Merwe, N.A., Vizzini, A., Wagner, H.-G., Wong, P.T.W., Wood, A.R., Groenewald, J.Z., Crous, Pedro W., Groenewald, Johannes Z., Lombard, Lorenzo, Wingfield, Michael J., Hernández-Restrepo, Margarita, Barber, Paul A., Decock, Cony A., Wagner, Hans-Georg, Krawczynski, René, Rodas Peláez, Carlos Alberto, Wood, Alan R., Haryadi, Dedek, van der Merwe, N. Albe, Rooney-Latham, Suzanne, Nigro, Franco, Antelmi, Ilaria, Stchigel, Alberto M., Laich, Federico, Vizzini, Alfredo, Ercole, Enrico, Picillo, Bernardo, Contu, Marco, Sarkar, Jit, Dutta, Arun Kumar, Acharya, Krishnendu, Madrid, Hugo, Silva, Victor, Edathodu, Jameela, Sutton, Deanna, Pinho, Danilo B., Lopes, Ueder P., Pereira, Olinto L., da Silveira, Amanda L., de Goes, Antônio, Sandoval-Denis, Marcelo, Gené, Josepa, Guarro, Josep, Ruiz, Rafael F. Castañeda, Sutton, Deanna A., Wiederhold, Nathan P., Wong, Percy T.W., Khemmuk, Wanporn, Geering, Andrew D.W., Shivas, Roger G., Gramaje, David, Mostert, Lizel, Armengol, Josep, Morozova, Olga V., Popov, Eugene S., Alexandrova, Alina V., He, Xiao-Lan, Malysheva, Ekaterina F., Kovalenko, Alexander E., Martín, María P., Dueñas, Margarita, Telleria, M. Teresa, Giraldo, Alejandra, Lechat, Christian, Fournier, Jacques, Courtecuisse, Pr. Régis, Gouliamova, Dilnora E., Stoilova-Disheva, Margarita M., Dimitrov, Roumen A., Smith, Maudy Th., Groenewald, Marizeth, Boekhout, Teun, Marín-Felix, Yasmina, Cano-Lira, José F., Ullah, Chhana, Hammerbacher, Almuth, Unsicker, Sybille B., Gershenzon, Jonathan, Fourie, Arista, Barnes, Irene, Firmino, Ana Carolina, and Furtado, Edson L.

Subjects
LSU, Fungal Planet description sheets, novel fungal species, ITS DNA barcodes, systematics, Research Article
Abstract

Novel species of fungi described in the present study include the following from Malaysia: Castanediella eucalypti from Eucalyptus pellita, Codinaea acacia from Acacia mangium, Emarcea eucalyptigena from Eucalyptus brassiana, Myrtapenidiella eucalyptorum from Eucalyptus pellita, Pilidiella eucalyptigena from Eucalyptus brassiana and Strelitziana malaysiana from Acacia mangium. Furthermore, Stachybotrys sansevieriicola is described from Sansevieria ehrenbergii (Tanzania), Phacidium grevilleae from Grevillea robusta (Uganda), Graphium jumulu from Adansonia gregorii and Ophiostoma eucalyptigena from Eucalyptus marginata (Australia), Pleurophoma ossicola from bone and Plectosphaerella populi from Populus nigra (Germany), Colletotrichum neosansevieriae from Sansevieria trifasciata, Elsinoë othonnae from Othonna quinquedentata and Zeloasperisporium cliviae (Zeloasperisporiaceae fam. nov.) from Clivia sp. (South Africa), Neodevriesia pakbiae, Phaeophleospora hymenocallidis and Phaeophleospora hymenocallidicola on leaves of a fern (Thailand), Melanconium elaeidicola from Elaeis guineensis (Indonesia), Hormonema viticola from Vitis vinifera (Canary Islands), Chlorophyllum pseudoglobossum from a grassland (India), Triadelphia disseminata from an immunocompromised patient (Saudi Arabia), Colletotrichum abscissum from Citrus (Brazil), Polyschema sclerotigenum and Phialemonium limoniforme from human patients (USA), Cadophora vitícola from Vitis vinifera (Spain), Entoloma flavovelutinum and Bolbitius aurantiorugosus from soil (Vietnam), Rhizopogon granuloflavus from soil (Cape Verde Islands), Tulasnella eremophila from Euphorbia officinarum subsp. echinus (Morocco), Verrucostoma martinicensis from Danaea elliptica (French West Indies), Metschnikowia colchici from Colchicum autumnale (Bulgaria), Thelebolus microcarpus from soil (Argentina) and Ceratocystis adelpha from Theobroma cacao (Ecuador). Myrmecridium iridis (Myrmecridiales ord. nov., Myrmecridiaceae fam. nov.) is also described from Iris sp. (The Netherlands). Novel genera include (Ascomycetes): Budhanggurabania from Cynodon dactylon (Australia), Soloacrosporiella, Xenocamarosporium, Neostrelitziana and Castanediella from Acacia mangium and Sabahriopsis from Eucalyptus brassiana (Malaysia), Readerielliopsis from basidiomata of Fuscoporia wahlbergii (French Guyana), Neoplatysporoides from Aloe ferox (Tanzania), Wojnowiciella, Chrysofolia and Neoeriomycopsis from Eucalyptus (Colombia), Neophaeomoniella from Eucalyptus globulus (USA), Pseudophaeomoniella from Olea europaea (Italy), Paraphaeomoniella from Encephalartos altensteinii, Aequabiliella, Celerioriella and Minutiella from Prunus (South Africa). Tephrocybella (Basidiomycetes) represents a novel genus from wood (Italy). Morphological and culture characteristics along with ITS DNA barcodes are provided for all taxa.

Published
2015

19. Convergent evolution of a metabolic switch between aphid and caterpillar resistance in cereals

Author

Li, B; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1599-5605, Förster, C; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6028-3060, Robert, C A M; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3415-2371, Züst, T; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7142-8731, Hu, L; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7791-9440, Machado, R A R, Berset, J-D; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5337-7798, Handrick, V; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7232-5694, Knauer, T, Hensel, G; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5539-3097, Chen, W; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9708-5503, Kumlehn, J; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7080-7983, Yang, P, Keller, B; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2379-9225, Gershenzon, J; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1812-1551, Jander, G; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9675-934X, Köllner, T G; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7037-904X, Erb, M; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4446-9834, Li, B; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1599-5605, Förster, C; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6028-3060, Robert, C A M; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3415-2371, Züst, T; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7142-8731, Hu, L; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7791-9440, Machado, R A R, Berset, J-D; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5337-7798, Handrick, V; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7232-5694, Knauer, T, Hensel, G; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5539-3097, Chen, W; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9708-5503, Kumlehn, J; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7080-7983, Yang, P, Keller, B; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2379-9225, Gershenzon, J; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1812-1551, Jander, G; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9675-934X, Köllner, T G; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7037-904X, and Erb, M; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4446-9834

Abstract

Tailoring defense responses to different attackers is important for plant performance. Plants can use secondary metabolites with dual functions in resistance and defense signaling to mount herbivore-specific responses. To date, the specificity and evolution of this mechanism are unclear. Here, we studied the functional architecture, specificity, and genetic basis of defense regulation by benzoxazinoids in cereals. We document that DIMBOA-Glc induces callose as an aphid resistance factor in wheat. O-methylation of DIMBOA-Glc to HDMBOA-Glc increases plant resistance to caterpillars but reduces callose inducibility and resistance to aphids. DIMBOA-Glc induces callose in wheat and maize, but not in Arabidopsis, while the glucosinolate 4MO-I3M does the opposite. We identify a wheat O-methyltransferase (TaBX10) that is induced by caterpillar feeding and converts DIMBOA-Glc to HDMBOA-Glc in vitro. While the core pathway of benzoxazinoid biosynthesis is conserved between wheat and maize, the wheat genome does not contain close homologs of the maize DIMBOA-Glc O-methyltransferase genes, and TaBx10 is only distantly related. Thus, the functional architecture of herbivore-specific defense regulation is similar in maize and wheat, but the regulating biosynthetic genes likely evolved separately. This study shows how two different cereal species independently achieved herbivore-specific defense activation by regulating secondary metabolite production.

Published
2018

20. A Latex Metabolite Benefits Plant Fitness under Root Herbivore Attack

Author

Huber, M., Epping, Janina, Schulze Gronover, C., Fricke, Julia, Aziz, Zohra, Brillatz, Théo, Swyers, Michael, Kollner, T.G., Vogel, H., Hammerbacher, Almuth, Triebwasser-Freese, Daniella, Robert, Christelle A.M., Verhoeven, K.J.F., Preite, V., Gershenzon, J., Erb, M., Terrestrial Ecology (TE), and Publica

Subjects
animal structures, Latex, Taraxacum, QH301-705.5, Reproduction, fungi, food and beverages, 580 Plants (Botany), Plant Roots, Coleoptera, Lactones, Glucosides, Larva, international, parasitic diseases, Life Science, Animals, RNA Interference, Biomass, Herbivory, Laboratory of Nematology, Biology (General), Laboratorium voor Nematologie, Sesquiterpenes, Research Article
Abstract

Plants produce large amounts of secondary metabolites in their shoots and roots and store them in specialized secretory structures. Although secondary metabolites and their secretory structures are commonly assumed to have a defensive function, evidence that they benefit plant fitness under herbivore attack is scarce, especially below ground. Here, we tested whether latex secondary metabolites produced by the common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale agg.) decrease the performance of its major native insect root herbivore, the larvae of the common cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha), and benefit plant vegetative and reproductive fitness under M. melolontha attack. Across 17 T. officinale genotypes screened by gas and liquid chromatography, latex concentrations of the sesquiterpene lactone taraxinic acid β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (TA-G) were negatively associated with M. melolontha larval growth. Adding purified TA-G to artificial diet at ecologically relevant concentrations reduced larval feeding. Silencing the germacrene A synthase ToGAS1, an enzyme that was identified to catalyze the first committed step of TA-G biosynthesis, resulted in a 90% reduction of TA-G levels and a pronounced increase in M. melolontha feeding. Transgenic, TA-G-deficient lines were preferred by M. melolontha and suffered three times more root biomass reduction than control lines. In a common garden experiment involving over 2,000 T. officinale individuals belonging to 17 different genotypes, high TA-G concentrations were associated with the maintenance of high vegetative and reproductive fitness under M. melolontha attack. Taken together, our study demonstrates that a latex secondary metabolite benefits plants under herbivore attack, a result that provides a mechanistic framework for root herbivore driven natural selection and evolution of plant defenses below ground., Dandelion plants protect their roots from the larva of the common cockchafer beetle by accumulating and releasing a sesquiterpene lactone deterrent in their exuded latex., Author Summary Plant roots produce diverse and abundant blends of bioactive metabolites. One potential function of these compounds is to protect roots against the devastating effects of below ground herbivore attack. However, examples demonstrating such a protective function in native plant-herbivore systems are lacking. Here, we investigated the interaction between the dandelion (T. officinale) and its native root feeding enemy, larvae of the common cockchafer beetle (M. melolontha). Dandelion is known to release secondary metabolite-rich latex from wounded roots, thus we specifically focused on the potential defensive role of these metabolites. By combining natural variation, genetic manipulation and in vitro assays, we demonstrate that taraxinic acid glucoside, a highly concentrated chemical, deters cockchafer larvae and thereby protects the roots. Dandelion plants with high levels of taraxinic acid benefited from this protection in terms of both vegetative and reproductive fitness. Our study demonstrates that a latex metabolite benefits plant fitness under root herbivore attack, a result which provides a mechanistic framework for root herbivore driven natural selection and the evolution of root defenses.

Published
2016
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21. CYP79D enzymes contribute to jasmonic acid-induced formation of aldoximes and other nitrogenous volatiles in two Erythroxylum species

Author

Luck, K., Jirschitzka, J., Irmisch, S., Huber, M., Gershenzon, J., Köllner, T.G., and Publica

Subjects
Volatiles, Coca, Volatile Organic Compounds, Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, Plant Science, Cyclopentanes, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Erythroxylum, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Species Specificity, CYP79, Oximes, Amino Acid Sequence, Oxylipins, Nitrogen Compounds, Sequence Alignment, Phylogeny, Research Article, Aldoxime, Plant Proteins
Abstract

Background Amino acid-derived aldoximes and nitriles play important roles in plant defence. They are well-known as precursors for constitutive defence compounds such as cyanogenic glucosides and glucosinolates, but are also released as volatiles after insect feeding. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP) of the CYP79 family catalyze the formation of aldoximes from the corresponding amino acids. However, the majority of CYP79s characterized so far are involved in cyanogenic glucoside or glucosinolate biosynthesis and only a few have been reported to be responsible for nitrogenous volatile production. Results In this study we analysed and compared the jasmonic acid-induced volatile blends of two Erythroxylum species, the cultivated South American crop species E. coca and the African wild species E. fischeri. Both species produced different nitrogenous compounds including aliphatic aldoximes and an aromatic nitrile. Four isolated CYP79 genes (two from each species) were heterologously expressed in yeast and biochemically characterized. CYP79D62 from E. coca and CYP79D61 and CYP79D60 from E. fischeri showed broad substrate specificity in vitro and converted L-phenylalanine, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-tryptophan, and L-tyrosine into the respective aldoximes. In contrast, recombinant CYP79D63 from E. coca exclusively accepted L-tryptophan as substrate. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that CYP79D60, CYP79D61, and CYP79D62 were significantly upregulated in jasmonic acid-treated Erythroxylum leaves. Conclusions The kinetic parameters of the enzymes expressed in vitro coupled with the expression patterns of the corresponding genes and the accumulation and emission of (E/Z)-phenylacetaldoxime, (E/Z)-indole-3-acetaldoxime, (E/Z)-3-methylbutyraldoxime, and (E/Z)-2-methylbutyraldoxime in jasmonic acid-treated leaves suggest that CYP79D60, CYP79D61, and CYP79D62 accept L-phenylalanine, L-leucine, L-isoleucine, and L-tryptophan as substrates in vivo and contribute to the production of volatile and semi-volatile nitrogenous defence compounds in E. coca and E. fischeri. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-016-0910-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Published
2016

24. Light and Nutrient Dependent Responses in Secondary Metabolites of Plantago lanceolata Offspring Are Due to Phenotypic Plasticity in Experimental Grasslands

Author

Miehe-Steier, A., Roscher, C., Reichelt, M., Gershenzon, J., and Unsicker, S.

Subjects
Light, Nitrogen, lcsh:R, food and beverages, lcsh:Medicine, lcsh:Q, Biomass, Glycosides, Photosynthesis, lcsh:Science, Plantago, Ecosystem, Research Article
Abstract

A few studies in the past have shown that plant diversity in terms of species richness and functional composition can modify plant defense chemistry. However, it is not yet clear to what extent genetic differentiation of plant chemotypes or phenotypic plasticity in response to diversity-induced variation in growth conditions or a combination of both is responsible for this pattern. We collected seed families of ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata) from six-year old experimental grasslands of varying plant diversity (Jena Experiment). The offspring of these seed families was grown under standardized conditions with two levels of light and nutrients. The iridoid glycosides, catalpol and aucubin, and verbascoside, a caffeoyl phenylethanoid glycoside, were measured in roots and shoots. Although offspring of different seed families differed in the tissue concentrations of defensive metabolites, plant diversity in the mothers' environment did not explain the variation in the measured defensive metabolites of P. lanceolata offspring. However secondary metabolite levels in roots and shoots were strongly affected by light and nutrient availability. Highest concentrations of iridoid glycosides and verbascoside were found under high light conditions, and nutrient availability had positive effects on iridoid glycoside concentrations in plants grown under high light conditions. However, verbascoside concentrations decreased under high levels of nutrients irrespective of light. The data from our greenhouse study show that phenotypic plasticity in response to environmental variation rather than genetic differentiation in response to plant community diversity is responsible for variation in secondary metabolite concentrations of P. lanceolata in the six-year old communities of the grassland biodiversity experiment. Due to its large phenotypic plasticity P. lanceolata has the potential for a fast and efficient adjustment to varying environmental conditions in plant communities of different species richness and functional composition.

Published
2015

25. An optimal defense strategy for phenolic glycoside production in Populus trichocarpa--isotope labeling demonstrates secondary metabolite production in growing leaves

Author

Massad, TJ, Trumbore, SE, Ganbat, G, Reichelt, M, Unsicker, S, Boeckler, A, Gleixner, G, Gershenzon, J, and Ruehlow, S

Subjects
Carbon Isotopes, tradeoff, Carbohydrates, Secondary Metabolism, salicinoid, secondary metabolite, Carbon, Plant Leaves, Populus, Glucosides, phenolic glycoside, carbon allocation, Isotope Labeling, Carbohydrate Metabolism, Glycosides, Seasons, optimal defense, Benzyl Alcohols
Abstract

Large amounts of carbon are required for plant growth, but young, growing tissues often also have high concentrations of defensive secondary metabolites. Plants' capacity to allocate resources to growth and defense is addressed by the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis and the optimal defense hypothesis, which make contrasting predictions. Isotope labeling can demonstrate whether defense compounds are synthesized from stored or newly fixed carbon, allowing a detailed examination of these hypotheses. Populus trichocarpa saplings were pulse-labeled with 13CO2 at the beginning and end of a growing season, and the 13C signatures of phenolic glycosides (salicinoids), sugars, bulk tissue, and respired CO2 were traced over time. Half of the saplings were also subjected to mechanical damage. Populus trichocarpa followed an optimal defense strategy, investing 13C in salicinoids in expanding leaves directly after labeling. Salicinoids turned over quickly, and their production continued throughout the season. Salicin was induced by early-season damage, further demonstrating optimal defense. Salicinoids appear to be of great value to P. trichocarpa, as they command new C both early and late in the growing season, but their fitness benefits require further study. Export of salicinoids between tissues and biochemical pathways enabling induction also needs research. Nonetheless, the investigation of defense production afforded by isotope labeling lends new insights into plants' ability to grow and defend simultaneously.

Published
2014
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28. 1-Deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate synthase controls flux through the 2-C-methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana

Author

Wright, L.P., Rohwer, J.M., Ghirardo, A., Hammerbacher, A., Ortiz, M., Raguschke, B., Schnitzler, J.-P., Gershenzon, J., and Phillips, M.A.

Abstract

The 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway supplies precursors for plastidial isoprenoid biosynthesis including carotenoids, redox cofactor side chains, and biogenic volatile organic compounds. We examined the first enzyme of this pathway, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate (DXP) synthase (DXS), using metabolic control analysis. Multiple Arabidopsis lines presenting a range of DXS activities were dynamically labeled with 13CO2 in an illuminated, climate-controlled, gas exchange cuvette. C was rapidly assimilated into MEP pathway intermediates, but not into the mevalonate pathway. A flux control coefficient (FCC) of 0.82 was calculated for DXS by correlating absolute flux to enzyme activity under photosynthetic steady state conditions, indicating that DXS is the major controlling enzyme of the MEP pathway. DXS manipulation also revealed a second pool of a downstream metabolite, 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate (MEcDP), metabolically isolated from the MEP pathway. DXS overexpression led to a 3-4 fold increase in MEcDP pool size but to a two-fold drop in maximal labeling. The existence of this pool was supported by residual MEcDP levels detected in dark-adapted transgenic plants. Both pools of MEcDP are closely modulated by DXS activity, as shown by the fact that the concentration control coefficient of DXS was twice as high for MEcDP (0.74) as for DXP (0.35) or dimethylallyl diphosphate (0.34). Despite the high FCC for DXS, its overexpression led to only modest increases in isoprenoid end products and photosynthetic rate. Diversion of flux via MEcDP may partly explain these findings and suggests new opportunities to engineer the MEP pathway.

Published
2014

29. Fungal Planet description sheets: 320–370

Author

Crous, P.W., Wingfield, M.J., Guarro, J., Hernández-Restrepo, M., Sutton, D.A., Acharya, K., Barber, P.A., Boekhout, T., Dimitrov, R.A., Dueñas, M., Dutta, A.K., Gené, J., Gouliamova, D.E., Groenewald, M., Lombard, L., Morozova, O.V., Sarkar, J., Smith, M.TH., Stchigel, A.M., Wiederhold, N.P., Alexandrova, A.V., Antelmi, I., Armengol, J., Barnes, I., Cano-Lira, J.F., Ruiz, R.F.C., Contu, M., Courtecuisse, Pr.R., da Silveira, A.L., Decock, C.A., de Goes, A., Edathodu, J., Ercole, E., Firmino, A.C., Fourie, A., Fournier, J., Furtado, E.L., Geering, A.D.W., Gershenzon, J., Giraldo, A., Gramaje, D., Hammerbacher, A., He, X.-L., Haryadi, D., Khemmuk, W., Kovalenko, A.E., Krawczynski, R., Laich, F., Lechat, C., Lopes, U.P., Madrid, H., Malysheva, E.F., Marín-Felix, Y., Martín, M.P., Mostert, L., Nigro, F., Pereira, O.L., Picillo, B., Pinho, D.B., Popov, E.S., Peláez, C.A.R., Rooney-Latham, S., Sandoval-Denis, M., Shivas, R.G., Silva, V., Stoilova-Disheva, M.M., Telleria, M.T., Ullah, C., Unsicker, S.B., van der Merwe, N.A., Vizzini, A., Wagner, H-G., Wong, P.T.W., Wood, A.R., Groenewald, J.Z., Crous, P.W., Wingfield, M.J., Guarro, J., Hernández-Restrepo, M., Sutton, D.A., Acharya, K., Barber, P.A., Boekhout, T., Dimitrov, R.A., Dueñas, M., Dutta, A.K., Gené, J., Gouliamova, D.E., Groenewald, M., Lombard, L., Morozova, O.V., Sarkar, J., Smith, M.TH., Stchigel, A.M., Wiederhold, N.P., Alexandrova, A.V., Antelmi, I., Armengol, J., Barnes, I., Cano-Lira, J.F., Ruiz, R.F.C., Contu, M., Courtecuisse, Pr.R., da Silveira, A.L., Decock, C.A., de Goes, A., Edathodu, J., Ercole, E., Firmino, A.C., Fourie, A., Fournier, J., Furtado, E.L., Geering, A.D.W., Gershenzon, J., Giraldo, A., Gramaje, D., Hammerbacher, A., He, X.-L., Haryadi, D., Khemmuk, W., Kovalenko, A.E., Krawczynski, R., Laich, F., Lechat, C., Lopes, U.P., Madrid, H., Malysheva, E.F., Marín-Felix, Y., Martín, M.P., Mostert, L., Nigro, F., Pereira, O.L., Picillo, B., Pinho, D.B., Popov, E.S., Peláez, C.A.R., Rooney-Latham, S., Sandoval-Denis, M., Shivas, R.G., Silva, V., Stoilova-Disheva, M.M., Telleria, M.T., Ullah, C., Unsicker, S.B., van der Merwe, N.A., Vizzini, A., Wagner, H-G., Wong, P.T.W., Wood, A.R., and Groenewald, J.Z.

Abstract

Novel species of fungi described in the present study include the following from Malaysia: Castanediella eucalypti from Eucalyptus pellita, Codinaea acacia from Acacia mangium, Emarcea eucalyptigena from Eucalyptus brassiana, Myrtapenidiella eucalyptorum from Eucalyptus pellita, Pilidiella eucalyptigena from Eucalyptus brassiana and Strelitziana malaysiana from Acacia mangium. Furthermore, Stachybotrys sansevieriicola is described from Sansevieria ehrenbergii (Tanzania), Phacidium grevilleae from Grevillea robusta (Uganda), Graphium jumulu from Adansonia gregorii and Ophiostoma eucalyptigena from Eucalyptus marginata (Australia), Pleurophoma ossicola from bone and Plectosphaerella populi from Populus nigra (Germany), Colletotrichum neosansevieriae from Sansevieria trifasciata, Elsinoë othonnae from Othonna quinquedentata and Zeloasperisporium cliviae (Zeloasperisporiaceae fam. nov.) from Clivia sp. (South Africa), Neodevriesia pakbiae, Phaeophleospora hymenocallidis and Phaeophleospora hymenocallidicola on leaves of a fern (Thailand), Melanconium elaeidicola from Elaeis guineensis (Indonesia), Hormonema viticola from Vitis vinifera (Canary Islands), Chlorophyllum pseudoglobossum from a grassland (India), Triadelphia disseminata from an immunocompromised patient (Saudi Arabia), Colletotrichum abscissum from Citrus (Brazil), Polyschema sclerotigenum and Phialemonium limoniforme from human patients (USA), Cadophora vitícola from Vitis vinifera (Spain), Entoloma flavovelutinum and Bolbitius aurantiorugosus from soil (Vietnam), Rhizopogon granuloflavus from soil (Cape Verde Islands), Tulasnella eremophila from Euphorbia officinarum subsp. echinus (Morocco), Verrucostoma martinicensis from Danaea elliptica (French West Indies), Metschnikowia colchici from Colchicum autumnale (Bulgaria), Thelebolus microcarpus from soil (Argentina) and Ceratocystis adelpha from Theobroma cacao (Ecuador). Myrmecridium iridis (Myrmecridiales ord. nov., Myrmecridiaceae fam. nov.) is also desc

Published
2015

30. Fungal Planet description sheets: 320–370

Author

Crous, P.W. (Pedro Willem), Wingfield, M.J., Guarro, J., Hernández-Restrepo, M., Sutton, D.A., Acharya, K., Barber, P.A., Boekhout, T. (Teun), Dimitrov, R.A., Dueñas, M., Dutta, A.K., Gené, J., Gouliamova, D.E., Groenewald, M., Lombard, L., Morozova, O.V., Sarkar, J., Smith, M.Th., Stchigel, A.M., Wiederhold, N.P., Alexandrova, A.V., Antelmi, I., Armengol, J., Barnes, I., Cano-Lira, J.F., Castañeda-Ruiz, R.F., Contu, M., Courtecuisse, R. (Régis), da Silveira, A.L., Decock, C.A., Goes, A. de, Edathodu, J., Ercole, E., Firmino, A.C., Fourie, A., Fournier, J., Furtado, E.L., Geering, A.D.W., Gershenzon, J., Giraldo, A., Gramaje, D., Hammerbacher, A., He, X.-L., Haryadi, D., Khemmuk, W., Kovalenko, A.E., Krawczynski, R., Laich, F., Lechat, C., Lopes, U.P., Madrid, H., Malysheva, E.F., Marín-Felix, Y., Martín, M.P., Mostert, L., Nigro, F., Pereira, O.L., Picillo, B., Pinho, D.B., Popov, E.S., Rodas Peláez, C.A., Rooney-Latham, S., Sandoval-Denis, M., Shivas, R.G., Silva, V., Stoilova-Disheva, M.M., Telleria, M.T., Ullah, C., Unsicker, S.B., Merwe, N.A. van der, Vizzini, A., Wagner, H.-G., Wong, P.T.W., Wood, A.R., Groenewald, J.Z., Crous, P.W. (Pedro Willem), Wingfield, M.J., Guarro, J., Hernández-Restrepo, M., Sutton, D.A., Acharya, K., Barber, P.A., Boekhout, T. (Teun), Dimitrov, R.A., Dueñas, M., Dutta, A.K., Gené, J., Gouliamova, D.E., Groenewald, M., Lombard, L., Morozova, O.V., Sarkar, J., Smith, M.Th., Stchigel, A.M., Wiederhold, N.P., Alexandrova, A.V., Antelmi, I., Armengol, J., Barnes, I., Cano-Lira, J.F., Castañeda-Ruiz, R.F., Contu, M., Courtecuisse, R. (Régis), da Silveira, A.L., Decock, C.A., Goes, A. de, Edathodu, J., Ercole, E., Firmino, A.C., Fourie, A., Fournier, J., Furtado, E.L., Geering, A.D.W., Gershenzon, J., Giraldo, A., Gramaje, D., Hammerbacher, A., He, X.-L., Haryadi, D., Khemmuk, W., Kovalenko, A.E., Krawczynski, R., Laich, F., Lechat, C., Lopes, U.P., Madrid, H., Malysheva, E.F., Marín-Felix, Y., Martín, M.P., Mostert, L., Nigro, F., Pereira, O.L., Picillo, B., Pinho, D.B., Popov, E.S., Rodas Peláez, C.A., Rooney-Latham, S., Sandoval-Denis, M., Shivas, R.G., Silva, V., Stoilova-Disheva, M.M., Telleria, M.T., Ullah, C., Unsicker, S.B., Merwe, N.A. van der, Vizzini, A., Wagner, H.-G., Wong, P.T.W., Wood, A.R., and Groenewald, J.Z.

Abstract

Novel species of fungi described in the present study include the following from Malaysia: Castanediella eucalypti from Eucalyptus pellita, Codinaea acacia from Acacia mangium, Emarcea eucalyptigena from Eucalyptus brassiana, Myrtapenidiella eucalyptorum from Eucalyptus pellita, Pilidiella eucalyptigena from Eucalyptus brassiana and Strelitziana malaysiana from Acacia mangium. Furthermore, Stachybotrys sansevieriicola is described from Sansevieria ehrenbergii (Tanzania), Phacidium grevilleae from Grevillea robusta (Uganda), Graphium jumulu from Adansonia gregorii and Ophiostoma eucalyptigena from Eucalyptus marginata (Australia), Pleurophoma ossicola from bone and Plectosphaerella populi from Populus nigra (Germany), Colletotrichum neosansevieriae from Sansevieria trifasciata, Elsinoë othonnae from Othonna quinquedentata and Zeloasperisporium cliviae (Zeloasperisporiaceae fam. nov.) from Clivia sp. (South Africa), Neodevriesia pakbiae, Phaeophleospora hymenocallidis and Phaeophleospora hymenocallidicola on leaves of a fern (Thailand), Melanconium elaeidicola from Elaeis guineensis (Indonesia), Hormonema viticola from Vitis vinifera (Canary Islands), Chlorophyllum pseudoglobossum from a grassland (India), Triadelphia disseminata from an immunocompromised patient (Saudi Arabia), Colletotrichum abscissum from Citrus (Brazil), Polyschema sclerotigenum and Phialemonium limoniforme from human patients (USA), Cadophora vitícola from Vitis vinifera (Spain), Entoloma flavovelutinum and Bolbitius aurantiorugosus from soil (Vietnam), Rhizopogon granuloflavus from soil (Cape Verde Islands), Tulasnella eremophila from Euphorbia officinarum subsp. echinus (Morocco), Verrucostoma martinicensis from Danaea elliptica (French West Indies), Metschnikowia colchici from Colchicum autumnale (Bulgaria), Thelebolus microcarpus from soil (Argentina) and Ceratocystis adelpha from Theobroma cacao (Ecuador). Myrmecridium iridis (Myrmecridiales ord. nov., Myrmecridiaceae fam. nov.) is also desc

Published
2015

31. Fungal Planet description sheets: 320-370

Author

Crous, P W, Wingfield, M J, Guarro, J, Hernández-Restrepo, M, Sutton, D A, Acharya, K, Barber, P A, Boekhout, T, Dimitrov, R A, Dueñas, M, Dutta, A K, Gené, J, Gouliamova, D E, Groenewald, M, Lombard, L, Morozova, O V, Sarkar, J, Smith, M Th, Stchigel, A M, Wiederhold, N P, Alexandrova, A V, Antelmi, I, Armengol, J, Barnes, I, Cano-Lira, J F, Castañeda Ruiz, R F, Contu, M, Courtecuisse, Pr R, da Silveira, A L, Decock, C A, de Goes, A, Edathodu, J, Ercole, E, Firmino, A C, Fourie, A, Fournier, J, Furtado, E L, Geering, A D W, Gershenzon, J, Giraldo, A, Gramaje, D, Hammerbacher, A, He, X-L, Haryadi, D, Khemmuk, W, Kovalenko, A E, Krawczynski, R, Laich, F, Lechat, C, Lopes, U P, Madrid, H, Malysheva, E F, Marín-Felix, Y, Martín, M P, Mostert, L, Nigro, F, Pereira, O L, Picillo, B, Pinho, D B, Popov, E S, Rodas Peláez, C A, Rooney-Latham, S, Sandoval-Denis, M, Shivas, R G, Silva, V, Stoilova-Disheva, M M, Telleria, M T, Ullah, C, Unsicker, S B, van der Merwe, N A, Vizzini, A, Wagner, H-G, Wong, P T W, Wood, A R, Groenewald, J Z, Crous, P W, Wingfield, M J, Guarro, J, Hernández-Restrepo, M, Sutton, D A, Acharya, K, Barber, P A, Boekhout, T, Dimitrov, R A, Dueñas, M, Dutta, A K, Gené, J, Gouliamova, D E, Groenewald, M, Lombard, L, Morozova, O V, Sarkar, J, Smith, M Th, Stchigel, A M, Wiederhold, N P, Alexandrova, A V, Antelmi, I, Armengol, J, Barnes, I, Cano-Lira, J F, Castañeda Ruiz, R F, Contu, M, Courtecuisse, Pr R, da Silveira, A L, Decock, C A, de Goes, A, Edathodu, J, Ercole, E, Firmino, A C, Fourie, A, Fournier, J, Furtado, E L, Geering, A D W, Gershenzon, J, Giraldo, A, Gramaje, D, Hammerbacher, A, He, X-L, Haryadi, D, Khemmuk, W, Kovalenko, A E, Krawczynski, R, Laich, F, Lechat, C, Lopes, U P, Madrid, H, Malysheva, E F, Marín-Felix, Y, Martín, M P, Mostert, L, Nigro, F, Pereira, O L, Picillo, B, Pinho, D B, Popov, E S, Rodas Peláez, C A, Rooney-Latham, S, Sandoval-Denis, M, Shivas, R G, Silva, V, Stoilova-Disheva, M M, Telleria, M T, Ullah, C, Unsicker, S B, van der Merwe, N A, Vizzini, A, Wagner, H-G, Wong, P T W, Wood, A R, and Groenewald, J Z

Abstract

Novel species of fungi described in the present study include the following from Malaysia: Castanediella eucalypti from Eucalyptus pellita, Codinaea acacia from Acacia mangium, Emarcea eucalyptigena from Eucalyptus brassiana, Myrtapenidiella eucalyptorum from Eucalyptus pellita, Pilidiella eucalyptigena from Eucalyptus brassiana and Strelitziana malaysiana from Acacia mangium. Furthermore, Stachybotrys sansevieriicola is described from Sansevieria ehrenbergii (Tanzania), Phacidium grevilleae from Grevillea robusta (Uganda), Graphium jumulu from Adansonia gregorii and Ophiostoma eucalyptigena from Eucalyptus marginata (Australia), Pleurophoma ossicola from bone and Plectosphaerella populi from Populus nigra (Germany), Colletotrichum neosansevieriae from Sansevieria trifasciata, Elsinoë othonnae from Othonna quinquedentata and Zeloasperisporium cliviae (Zeloasperisporiaceae fam. nov.) from Clivia sp. (South Africa), Neodevriesia pakbiae, Phaeophleospora hymenocallidis and Phaeophleospora hymenocallidicola on leaves of a fern (Thailand), Melanconium elaeidicola from Elaeis guineensis (Indonesia), Hormonema viticola from Vitis vinifera (Canary Islands), Chlorophyllum pseudoglobossum from a grassland (India), Triadelphia disseminata from an immunocompromised patient (Saudi Arabia), Colletotrichum abscissum from Citrus (Brazil), Polyschema sclerotigenum and Phialemonium limoniforme from human patients (USA), Cadophora vitícola from Vitis vinifera (Spain), Entoloma flavovelutinum and Bolbitius aurantiorugosus from soil (Vietnam), Rhizopogon granuloflavus from soil (Cape Verde Islands), Tulasnella eremophila from Euphorbia officinarum subsp. echinus (Morocco), Verrucostoma martinicensis from Danaea elliptica (French West Indies), Metschnikowia colchici from Colchicum autumnale (Bulgaria), Thelebolus microcarpus from soil (Argentina) and Ceratocystis adelpha from Theobroma cacao (Ecuador). Myrmecridium iridis (Myrmecridiales ord. nov., Myrmecridiaceae fam. nov.) is also d

Published
2015

33. The diversion of 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate from the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway to hemiterpene glycosides mediates stress responses in Arabidopsis thaliana

Author

Gonzalez-Cabanelas, D., Wright, L.P., Paetz, C., Onkokesung, N., Gershenzon, J., Rodriguez-Concepcion, M., Phillips, M.A., Gonzalez-Cabanelas, D., Wright, L.P., Paetz, C., Onkokesung, N., Gershenzon, J., Rodriguez-Concepcion, M., and Phillips, M.A.

Abstract

2-C-Methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate (MEcDP) is an intermediate of the plastid-localized 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway which supplies isoprenoid precursors for photosynthetic pigments, redox co-factor side chains, plant volatiles, and phytohormones. The Arabidopsis hds-3 mutant, defective in the 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl-4-diphosphate synthase step of the MEP pathway, accumulates its substrate MEcDP as well as the free tetraol 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol (ME) and glucosylated ME metabolites, a metabolic diversion also occurring in wild type plants. MEcDP dephosphorylation to the free tetraol precedes glucosylation, a process which likely takes place in the cytosol. Other MEP pathway intermediates were not affected in hds-3. Isotopic labeling, dark treatment, and inhibitor studies indicate that a second pool of MEcDP metabolically isolated from the main pathway is the source of a signal which activates salicylic acid induced defense responses before its conversion to hemiterpene glycosides. The hds-3 mutant also showed enhanced resistance to the phloem-feeding aphid Brevicoryne brassicae due to its constitutively activated defense response. However, this MEcDP-mediated defense response is developmentally dependent and is repressed in emerging seedlings. MEcDP and ME exogenously applied to adult leaves mimics many of the gene induction effects seen in the hds-3 mutant. In conclusion, we have identified a metabolic shunt from the central MEP pathway that diverts MEcDP to hemiterpene glycosides via ME, a process linked to balancing plant responses to biotic stress.

Published
2015

34. Fungal Planet description sheets: 320–370

Author

Crous, P. W., Wingfield, M. J., Guarro, J., Hernández Restrepo, M., Sutton, D. A., Acharya, K., Barber, P. A., Boekhout, T., Dimitrov, R. A., Dueñas, Margarita, Dutta, A. K., Gené, J., Gouliamova, D. E., Groenewald, M., Lombard, L., Morozova, O. V., Sarkar, J., Smith, M. Th., Stchigel, A. M., Wiederhold, N. P., Alexandrova, A. V., Antelmi, I., Armengol, Josep, Barnes, I., Cano Lira. J. F., Castañeda Ruiz, R. F., Contu, M., Courtecuisse, Pr. R., Silveira, A. L. da, Decock, C. A., Goes, A. de, Edathodu, J., Ercole, E., Firmino, A. C., Fourie, A., Fournier, J., Furtado, E. L., Geering, A. D. W., Gershenzon, J., Giraldo, A., Gramaje, David, Hammerbacher, A., He, X. L., Haryadi, D., Khemmuk, W., Kovalenko, A. E., Krawczynski, R., Laich, F., Lechat, C., Lopes, U. P., Madrid, H., Malysheva, E. F., Marín Felix, Y., Martín, María P., Mostert L, Nigro, F., Pereira, O. L., Picillo, B., Pinho, E. S., Popov, D. B., Rodas Peláez CA, Rooney-Latham S, Sandoval Denis, M., Shivas, R. G., Silva, V., Stoilova Disheva, M. M., Telleria, M. T., Ullah, C., Unsicker, S. B., Merwe, N. A. van der, Vizzini, Alfredo, Wagner, H. G., Groenewald, J. Z., Wong, P. T. W., Wood, A. R., Crous, P. W., Wingfield, M. J., Guarro, J., Hernández Restrepo, M., Sutton, D. A., Acharya, K., Barber, P. A., Boekhout, T., Dimitrov, R. A., Dueñas, Margarita, Dutta, A. K., Gené, J., Gouliamova, D. E., Groenewald, M., Lombard, L., Morozova, O. V., Sarkar, J., Smith, M. Th., Stchigel, A. M., Wiederhold, N. P., Alexandrova, A. V., Antelmi, I., Armengol, Josep, Barnes, I., Cano Lira. J. F., Castañeda Ruiz, R. F., Contu, M., Courtecuisse, Pr. R., Silveira, A. L. da, Decock, C. A., Goes, A. de, Edathodu, J., Ercole, E., Firmino, A. C., Fourie, A., Fournier, J., Furtado, E. L., Geering, A. D. W., Gershenzon, J., Giraldo, A., Gramaje, David, Hammerbacher, A., He, X. L., Haryadi, D., Khemmuk, W., Kovalenko, A. E., Krawczynski, R., Laich, F., Lechat, C., Lopes, U. P., Madrid, H., Malysheva, E. F., Marín Felix, Y., Martín, María P., Mostert L, Nigro, F., Pereira, O. L., Picillo, B., Pinho, E. S., Popov, D. B., Rodas Peláez CA, Rooney-Latham S, Sandoval Denis, M., Shivas, R. G., Silva, V., Stoilova Disheva, M. M., Telleria, M. T., Ullah, C., Unsicker, S. B., Merwe, N. A. van der, Vizzini, Alfredo, Wagner, H. G., Groenewald, J. Z., Wong, P. T. W., and Wood, A. R.

Abstract

Novel species of fungi described in the present study include the following from Malaysia: Castanediella eucalypti from Eucalyptus pellita, Codinaea acacia from Acacia mangium, Emarcea eucalyptigena from Eucalyptus brassiana, Myrtapenidiella eucalyptorum from Eucalyptus pellita, Pilidiella eucalyptigena from Eucalyptus brassiana and Strelitziana malaysiana from Acacia mangium. Furthermore, Stachybotrys sansevieriicola is described from Sansevieria ehrenbergii (Tanzania), Phacidium grevilleae from Grevillea robusta (Uganda), Graphium jumulu from Adansonia gregorii and Ophiostoma eucalyptigena from Eucalyptus marginata (Australia), Pleurophoma ossicola from bone and Plectosphaerella populi from Populus nigra (Germany), Colletotrichum neosansevieriae from Sansevieria trifasciata, Elsinoë othonnae from Othonna quinquedentata and Zeloasperisporium cliviae (Zeloasperisporiaceae fam. nov.) from Clivia sp. (South Africa), Neodevriesia pakbiae, Phaeophleospora hymenocallidis and Phaeophleospora hymenocallidicola on leaves of a fern (Thailand), Melanconium elaeidicola from Elaeis guineensis (Indonesia), Hormonema viticola from Vitis vinifera (Canary Islands), Chlorophyllum pseudoglobossum from a grassland (India), Triadelphia disseminata from an immunocompromised patient (Saudi Arabia), Colletotrichum abscissum from Citrus (Brazil), Polyschema sclerotigenum and Phialemonium limoniforme from human patients (USA), Cadophora vitícola from Vitis vinifera (Spain), Entoloma flavovelutinum and Bolbitius aurantiorugosus from soil (Vietnam), Rhizopogon granuloflavus from soil (Cape Verde Islands), Tulasnella eremophila from Euphorbia officinarum subsp. echinus (Morocco), Verrucostoma martinicensis from Danaea elliptica (French West Indies), Metschnikowia colchici from Colchicum autumnale (Bulgaria), Thelebolus microcarpus from soil (Argentina) and Ceratocystis adelpha from Theobroma cacao (Ecuador). Myrmecridium iridis (Myrmecridiales ord. nov., Myrmecridiaceae fam. nov.) is also desc

Published
2015

35. Fungal Planet description sheets: 320–370

Author

Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Crous P; Wingfield M; Guarro J; Hernández-Restrepo M; Sutton D; Acharya K; Barber P; Boekhout T; Dimitrov R; Dueñas M; Dutta A; Gené J; Gouliamova D; Groenewald M; Lombard L; Morozova O; Sarkar J; Th Smith M; Stchigel A; Wiederhold N; Alexandrova A; Antelmi I; Armengol J; Barnes I; Cano-Lira J; Castañeda Ruiz R; Contu M; Courtecuisse P; Dasilveira A; Decock C; Degoes A; Edathodu J; Ercole E; Firmino A; Fourie A; Fournier J; Furtado E; Geering A; Gershenzon J; Giraldo A, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, and Crous P; Wingfield M; Guarro J; Hernández-Restrepo M; Sutton D; Acharya K; Barber P; Boekhout T; Dimitrov R; Dueñas M; Dutta A; Gené J; Gouliamova D; Groenewald M; Lombard L; Morozova O; Sarkar J; Th Smith M; Stchigel A; Wiederhold N; Alexandrova A; Antelmi I; Armengol J; Barnes I; Cano-Lira J; Castañeda Ruiz R; Contu M; Courtecuisse P; Dasilveira A; Decock C; Degoes A; Edathodu J; Ercole E; Firmino A; Fourie A; Fournier J; Furtado E; Geering A; Gershenzon J; Giraldo A

Abstract

© 2014-2015, Naturalis Biodiversity Center & Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures. Novel species of fungi described in the present study include the following from Malaysia: Castanediella eucalypti from Eucalyptus pellita, Codinaea acacia from Acacia mangium, Emarcea eucalyptigena from Eucalyptus brassiana, Myrtapenidiella eucalyptorum from Eucalyptus pellita, Pilidiella eucalyptigena from Eucalyptus brassiana and Strelitziana malaysiana from Acacia mangium. Furthermore, Stachybotrys sansevieriicola is described from Sansevieria ehrenbergii (Tanzania), Phacidium grevilleae from Grevillea robusta (Uganda), Graphium jumulu from Adansonia gregorii and Ophiostoma eucalyptigena from Eucalyptus marginata (Australia), Pleurophoma ossicola from bone and Plectosphaerella populi from Populus nigra (Germany), Colletotrichum neosansevieriae from Sansevieria trifasciata, Elsinoë othonnae from Othonna quinquedentata and Zeloasperisporium cliviae (Zeloasperisporiaceae fam. nov.) from Clivia sp. (South Africa), Neodevriesia pakbiae, Phaeophleospora hymenocallidis and Phaeophleospora hymenocallidicola on leaves of a fern (Thailand), Melanconium elaeidicola from Elaeis guineensis (Indonesia), Hormonema viticola from Vitis vinifera (Canary Islands), Chlorophyllum pseudoglobossum from a grassland (India), Triadelphia disseminata from an immunocompromised patient (Saudi Arabia), Colletotrichum abscissum from Citrus (Brazil), Polyschema sclerotigenum and Phialemonium limoniforme from human patients (USA), Cadophora vitícola from Vitis vinifera (Spain), Entoloma flavovelutinum and Bolbitius aurantiorugosus from soil (Vietnam), Rhizopogon granuloflavus from soil (Cape Verde Islands), Tulasnella eremophila from Euphorbia officinarum subsp. echinus (Morocco), Verrucostoma martinicensis from Da

Published
2015

36. The organ-specific expression of terpene synthase genes contributes to the terpene hydrocarbon composition of chamomile essential oils

Author

Irmisch, S., Krause, S., Kunert, G., Gershenzon, J., Degenhardt, J., and Köllner, T.

Subjects
Alkyl and Aryl Transferases, Terpenes, Molecular Sequence Data, Chamomile, Plant Science, Plant Components, Aerial, Plant Roots, lcsh:QK1-989, Lactones, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Organ Specificity, lcsh:Botany, Oils, Volatile, Plant Oils, Amino Acid Sequence, Cloning, Molecular, Sequence Alignment, Phylogeny, Research Article, Plant Proteins
Abstract

Background The essential oil of chamomile, one of the oldest and agronomically most important medicinal plant species in Europe, has significant antiphlogistic, spasmolytic and antimicrobial activities. It is rich in chamazulene, a pharmaceutically active compound spontaneously formed during steam distillation from the sesquiterpene lactone matricine. Chamomile oil also contains sesquiterpene alcohols and hydrocarbons which are produced by the action of terpene synthases (TPS), the key enzymes in constructing terpene carbon skeletons. Results Here, we present the identification and characterization of five TPS enzymes contributing to terpene biosynthesis in chamomile (Matricaria recutita). Four of these enzymes were exclusively expressed in above-ground organs and produced the common terpene hydrocarbons (−)-(E)-β-caryophyllene (MrTPS1), (+)-germacrene A (MrTPS3), (E)-β-ocimene (MrTPS4) and (−)-germacrene D (MrTPS5). A fifth TPS, the multiproduct enzyme MrTPS2, was mainly expressed in roots and formed several Asteraceae-specific tricyclic sesquiterpenes with (−)-α-isocomene being the major product. The TPS transcript accumulation patterns in different organs of chamomile were consistent with the abundance of the corresponding TPS products isolated from these organs suggesting that the spatial regulation of TPS gene expression qualitatively contribute to terpene composition. Conclusions The terpene synthases characterized in this study are involved in the organ-specific formation of essential oils in chamomile. While the products of MrTPS1, MrTPS2, MrTPS4 and MrTPS5 accumulate in the oils without further chemical alterations, (+)-germacrene A produced by MrTPS3 accumulates only in trace amounts, indicating that it is converted into another compound like matricine. Thus, MrTPS3, but also the other TPS genes, are good markers for further breeding of chamomile cultivars rich in pharmaceutically active essential oils.

Published
2012

39. Fungal Planet description sheets: 320–370

Author

Crous, P.W., primary, Wingfield, M.J., additional, Guarro, J., additional, Hernández-Restrepo, M., additional, Sutton, D.A., additional, Acharya, K., additional, Barber, P.A., additional, Boekhout, T., additional, Dimitrov, R.A., additional, Dueñas, M., additional, Dutta, A.K., additional, Gené, J., additional, Gouliamova, D.E., additional, Groenewald, M., additional, Lombard, L., additional, Morozova, O.V., additional, Sarkar, J., additional, Smith, M.TH., additional, Stchigel, A.M., additional, Wiederhold, N.P., additional, Alexandrova, A.V., additional, Antelmi, I., additional, Armengol, J., additional, Barnes, I., additional, Cano-Lira, J.F., additional, Ruiz, R.F. Castañeda, additional, Contu, M., additional, Courtecuisse, Pr.R., additional, da Silveira, A.L., additional, Decock, C.A., additional, de Goes, A., additional, Edathodu, J., additional, Ercole, E., additional, Firmino, A.C., additional, Fourie, A., additional, Fournier, J., additional, Furtado, E.L., additional, Geering, A.D.W., additional, Gershenzon, J., additional, Giraldo, A., additional, Gramaje, D., additional, Hammerbacher, A., additional, He, X.-L., additional, Haryadi, D., additional, Khemmuk, W., additional, Kovalenko, A.E., additional, Krawczynski, R., additional, Laich, F., additional, Lechat, C., additional, Lopes, U.P., additional, Madrid, H., additional, Malysheva, E.F., additional, Marín-Felix, Y., additional, Martín, M.P., additional, Mostert, L., additional, Nigro, F., additional, Pereira, O.L., additional, Picillo, B., additional, Pinho, D.B., additional, Popov, E.S., additional, Peláez, C.A. Rodas, additional, Rooney-Latham, S., additional, Sandoval-Denis, M., additional, Shivas, R.G., additional, Silva, V., additional, Stoilova-Disheva, M.M., additional, Telleria, M.T., additional, Ullah, C., additional, Unsicker, S.B., additional, van der Merwe, N.A., additional, Vizzini, A., additional, Wagner, H.-G., additional, Wong, P.T.W., additional, Wood, A.R., additional, and Groenewald, J.Z., additional

Published
2015
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44. Characterization of a BAHD acyltransferase responsible for producing the green leaf volatile (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate in Arabidopsis thaliana

Author

D'Auria, J., Pichersky, E., Schaub, A., Hansel, A., and Gershenzon, J.

Subjects
fungi, food and beverages
Abstract

Green-leaf volatiles are commonly emitted from mechanically and herbivore-damaged plants. Derived from the lipoxygenase pathway, these compounds may serve as attractants to predators and parasitoids of herbivores, prevent the spread of bacteria and fung

Published
2007

50. An Arabidopsis thaliana gene for methylsalicylate biosynthesis, identified by a biochemical genomics approach, has a role in defense

Author

Chen, F., D'Auria, J., Tholl, D., Ross, J., Gershenzon, J., Noel, J., and Pichersky, E.

Abstract

Emission of methylsalicylate (MeSA), and occasionally of methylbenzoate (MeBA), from Arabidopsis thaliana leaves was detected following the application of some forms of both biotic and abiotic stresses to the plant. Maximal emission of MeSA was observed

Published
2003

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