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O aprimoramento na aditivação e no empacotamento de partículas, associado ao surgimento de novas matérias-primas como microssílica e aluminas calcinadas especiais tem promovido um grande desenvolvimento tecnológico na classe dos materiais refratários. Em especial, a microssílica tem mostrado ser um importante componente na evolução dos concretos refratários. Seu tamanho micrométrico, forma arredondada e pureza proporcionam concretos com elevada densidade de empacotamento, possibilitam a auto-escoabilidade e ainda a formação da mulita in-situ em temperaturas próximas a 1400 ºC, melhorando consideravelmente as propriedades a altas temperaturas desses produtos. Neste trabalho foi investigada a possível substituição da microssílica em concretos aluminosos auto-escoantes e sem-cimento (0,07% de CaO) de alto desempenho a quente, por caulim e meta-caulim, ambos de alta pureza e tamanho micrométrico, similares à microssílica. O menor custo destas matérias-primas, associado ao fato de formarem mulita em temperaturas próximas a 1200 ºC, muito inferiores à da microssílica, são fatores que os tornam muito promissores para aplicações em concretos aluminosos. Os resultados mostram que a utilização do caulim promove características de fluidez e empacotamento muito similares às dos concretos com microssílica, enquanto que o uso de meta-caulim não proporciona valores tão expressivos. A formação de mulita ocorre próximo a 1200 ºC, muito inferior àquela observada para a microssílica (1400 ºC). Contudo, a resistência mecânica a quente dos concretos com caulim/meta-caulim foi afetada pela formação de trincas na matriz, provavelmente decorrente da superior sinterabilidade dessas matérias-primas silico-aluminosas. The improvement in the use of additives and in the packing of particles, associated with the development of new raw materials, such as microsilica and special calcined aluminas, have promoted a great technological advance in the processing of refractory castables in the last decades. Microsilica in particular has been verified to be an important component in the refractory castables evolution. The micrometric size, roundness and high purity allow the processing of castables with high packing density, self-flow behaviour and also the formation of in-situ mullite at temperatures around 1400 ºC, improving considerably the high-temperature properties of such materials. The substitution of microsilica by high-purity kaolin and meta-kaolin in free-cement aluminate refractory castables has been investigated in this work. The lower cost and the fact that this raw material yields mullite at lower temperatures (around 1200 ºC) make the use of kaolin very promising for refractory castable applications. The results have shown that the use of kaolin promotes flowability as high as those shown by castables containing microsilica, whereas the use of meta-kaolin has not yielded equally expressive results. The mullite formation occurred at temperature around 1200 ºC, which is inferior to that observed with microsilica (1400 ºC). The hot mechanical strength was affected by the formation of microcracks in the matrix, most likely due to the higher sinterability of these alumino-silicate raw materials.

Coinfection by hepatotropic viruses can occur due to the fact that hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) share similar routes of transmission. Different clinical features of liver disease can be observed in infected patients, ranging from fulminant, acute and chronic hepatitis to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The relative role of the infecting viruses in determining the final clinical picture is not yet well defined. Several reports indicate that clinical and pathological severity of liver disease among coinfected patients is increased and in patients with HCC, co-occurrence of both viruses is a common event. The potential mechanism of tumour development still remains speculative, although direct and indirect roles for both HBV and HCV have been proposed. At the molecular level, reciprocal interference of virus replication has been repeatedly described and the extent of interference is influenced by the infecting HCV genotype, genotype 1 of HCV having more efficient inhibitory activity on HBV than genotype 2. Sequence similarities between an arginine-rich nucleocapsid motif of both viruses could support these clinical observations. Concerning response rates to interferon therapy, no satisfactory results have been achieved to date, although identification of effective therapeutic schemes, based on virological status of both viruses are warranted.

To verify its value with regard to the outcome of therapy in chronic hepatitis C, serum interferon-alpha (IFN) was measured by ELISA in 70 patients (43 male, 27 female) with chronic hepatitis C, treated with IFN 9 MU/week subcutaneously for up to one year. Serum IFN was detectable in 49/70 patients, 16 of whom had IFN values125 pg/ml. Only 1/22 patients who maintained a sustained response six months after the end of treatment had pretreatment serum IFN125 pg/ml, in comparison to 15/48 patients who did not respond or who relapsed (chi2 6.1, P0.02). At multivariate analysis the predictive value of serum IFN was independent of age, sex, presence of cirrhosis, infection by genotype 1b (improvement chi2 7.1, P0.01). In patients with chronic hepatitis C, measurement of serum IFN at baseline might be useful for the selection of patients with higher probability of long-term response.