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1. Coronal voids and their magnetic nature

Author

Nölke, J. D., Solanki, S. K., Hirzberger, J., Peter, H., Chitta, L. P., Kahil, F., Valori, G., Wiegelmann, T., Suárez, D. Orozco, Albert, K., Jorge, N. Albelo, Appourchaux, T., Alvarez-Herrero, A., Rodríguez, J. Blanco, Gandorfer, A., Germerott, D., Guerrero, L., Gutierrez-Marques, P., Kolleck, M., Iniesta, J. C. del Toro, Volkmer, R., Woch, J., Fiethe, B., Cama, J. M. Gómez, Pérez-Grande, I., Kilders, E. Sanchis, Jiménez, M. Balaguer, Rubio, L. R. Bellot, Calchetti, D., Carmona, M., Deutsch, W., Feller, A., Fernandez-Rico, G., Fernández-Medina, A., Parejo, P. García, Blesa, J. L. Gasent, Gizon, L., Grauf, B., Heerlein, K., Korpi-Lagg, A., Lange, T., Jiménez, A. López, Maue, T., Meller, R., Vacas, A. Moreno, Müller, R., Nakai, E., Schmidt, W., Schou, J., Schühle, U., Sinjan, J., Staub, J., Strecker, H., Torralbo, I., Berghmans, D., Kraaikamp, E., Rodriguez, L., Verbeeck, C., Zhukov, A. N., Auchere, F., Buchlin, E., Parenti, S., Janvier, M., Barczynski, K., Harra, L., Schwanitz, C., Cuadrado, R. Aznar, Mandal, S., Teriaca, L., Long, D., and Smith, P.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) observations of the quiet solar atmosphere reveal extended regions of weak emission compared to the ambient quiescent corona. The magnetic nature of these coronal features is not well understood. We study the magnetic properties of the weakly emitting extended regions, which we name coronal voids. In particular, we aim to understand whether these voids result from a reduced heat input into the corona or if they are associated with mainly unipolar and possibly open magnetic fields, similar to coronal holes. We defined the coronal voids via an intensity threshold of 75% of the mean quiet-Sun (QS) EUV intensity observed by the high-resolution EUV channel (HRIEUV) of the Extreme Ultraviolet Imager on Solar Orbiter. The line-of-sight magnetograms of the same solar region recorded by the High Resolution Telescope of the Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager allowed us to compare the photospheric magnetic field beneath the coronal voids with that in other parts of the QS. The coronal voids studied here range in size from a few granules to a few supergranules and on average exhibit a reduced intensity of 67% of the mean value of the entire field of view. The magnetic flux density in the photosphere below the voids is 76% (or more) lower than in the surrounding QS. Specifically, the coronal voids show much weaker or no network structures. The detected flux imbalances fall in the range of imbalances found in QS areas of the same size. Conclusions. We conclude that coronal voids form because of locally reduced heating of the corona due to reduced magnetic flux density in the photosphere. This makes them a distinct class of (dark) structure, different from coronal holes., Comment: 10 pages, 11 figures

Published
2023
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2. Stereoscopic disambiguation of vector magnetograms: first applications to SO/PHI-HRT data

Author

Valori, G., Calchetti, D., Vacas, A. Moreno, Pariat, É., Solanki, S. K., Löschl, P., Hirzberger, J., Parenti, S., Albert, K., Jorge, N. Albelo, Álvarez-Herrero, A., Appourchaux, T., Rubio, L. R. Bellot, Rodríguez, J. Blanco, Campos-Jara, A., Feller, A., Gandorfer, A., Parejo, P. García, Germerott, D., Gizon, L., Cama, J. M. Gómez, Guerrero, L., Gutierrez-Marques, P., Kahil, F., Kolleck, M., Korpi-Lagg, A., Suárez, D. Orozco, Pérez-Grande, I., Kilders, E. Sanchis, Schou, J., Schühle, U., Sinjan, J., Staub, J., Strecker, H., Iniesta, J. C. del Toro, Volkmer, R., and Woch, J.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Spectropolarimetric reconstructions of the photospheric vector magnetic field are intrinsically limited by the 180$^\circ$-ambiguity in the orientation of the transverse component. So far, the removal of such an ambiguity has required assumptions about the properties of the photospheric field, which makes disambiguation methods model-dependent. The basic idea is that the unambiguous line-of-sight component of the field measured from one vantage point will generally have a non-zero projection on the ambiguous transverse component measured by the second telescope, thereby determining the ``true'' orientation of the transverse field. Such an idea was developed and implemented in the Stereoscopic Disambiguation Method (SDM), which was recently tested using numerical simulations. In this work we present a first application of the SDM to data obtained by the High Resolution Telescope (HRT) onboard Solar Orbiter during the March 2022 campaign, when the angle with Earth was 27 degrees. The method is successfully applied to remove the ambiguity in the transverse component of the vector magnetogram solely using observations (from HRT and from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager), for the first time. The SDM is proven to provide observation-only disambiguated vector magnetograms that are spatially homogeneous and consistent. A discussion about the sources of error that may limit the accuracy of the method, and of the strategies to remove them in future applications, is also presented., Comment: 32 pages, 12 figures, accepted in A&A on 09/07/2023

Published
2023
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3. Wavefront error of PHI/HRT on Solar Orbiter at various heliocentric distances

Author

Kahil, F., Gandorfer, A., Hirzberger, J., Calchetti, D., Sinjan, J., Valori, G., Solanki, S. K., Van Noort, M., Albert, K., Jorge, N. Albelo, Alvarez-Herrero, A., Appourchaux, T., Rubio, L. R. Bellot, guez, J. Blanco Rodrí, Feller, A., Fiethe, B., Germerott, D., Gizon, L., Guerrero, L., Gutierrez-Marques, P., Kolleck, M., Korpi-Lagg, A., Michalik, H., Vacas, A. Moreno, arez, D. Orozco Su\', erez-Grande, I. P\', Kilders, E. Sanchis, Schou, J., uhle, U. Sch\", Staub, J., Strecker, H., iniesta, J. C. del Toro, Volkmer, R., and Woch, J.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

We use wavefront sensing to characterise the image quality of the the High Resolution Telescope (HRT) of the Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager (SO/PHI) data products during the second remote sensing window of the Solar Orbiter (SO) nominal mission phase. Our ultimate aims are to reconstruct the HRT data by deconvolving with the HRT point spread function (PSF) and to correct for the effects of optical aberrations on the data. We use a pair of focused--defocused images to compute the wavefront error and derive the PSF of HRT by means of a phase diversity (PD) analysis. The wavefront error of HRT depends on the orbital distance of SO to the Sun. At distances $>0.5$\,au, the wavefront error is small, and stems dominantly from the inherent optical properties of HRT. At distances $<0.5$\,au, the thermo-optical effect of the Heat Rejection Entrance Window (HREW) becomes noticeable. We develop an interpolation scheme for the wavefront error that depends on the thermal variation of the HREW with the distance of SO to the Sun. We also introduce a new level of image reconstruction, termed `aberration correction', which is designed to reduce the noise caused by image deconvolution while removing the aberrations caused by the HREW. The computed PSF via phase diversity significantly reduces the degradation caused by the HREW in the near-perihelion HRT data. In addition, the aberration correction increases the noise by a factor of only $1.45$ compared to the factor of $3$ increase that results from the usual PD reconstructions.

Published
2023
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4. Direct assessment of SDO/HMI helioseismology of active regions on the Sun's far side using SO/PHI magnetograms

Author

Yang, D., Gizon, L., Barucq, H., Hirzberger, J., Suárez, D. Orozco, Albert, K., Jorge, N. Albelo, Appourchaux, T., Alvarez-Herrero, A., Rodríguez, J. Blanco, Gandorfer, A., Germerott, D., Guerrero, L., Gutierrez-Marques, P., Kahil, F., Kolleck, M., Solanki, S. K., Iniesta, J. C. del Toro, Volkmer, R., Woch, J., Pérez-Grande, I., Kilders, E. Sanchis, Jiménez, M. Balaguer, Rubio, L. R. Bellot, Calchetti, D., Carmona, M., Deutsch, W., Feller, A., Fernandez-Rico, G., Fernández-Medina, A., Parejo, P. García, Blesa, J. L. Gasent, Grauf, B., Heerlein, K., Korpi-Lagg, A., Lange, T., Jiménez, A. López, Maue, T., Meller, R., Vacas, A. Moreno, Müller, R., Nakai, E., Schmidt, W., Schou, J., Schühle, U., Sinjan, J., Staub, J., Strecker, H., Torralbo, I., and Valori, G.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Earth-side observations of solar p modes can be used to image and monitor magnetic activity on the Sun's far side. Here we use magnetograms of the far side obtained by the Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager (PHI) onboard Solar Orbiter (SO) to directly assess -- for the first time -- the validity of far-side helioseismic holography. We wish to co-locate the positions of active regions in helioseismic images and magnetograms, and to calibrate the helioseismic measurements in terms of magnetic field strength. We identify three magnetograms on 18 November 2020, 3 October 2021, and 3 February 2022 displaying a total of six active regions on the far side. The first two dates are from SO's cruise phase, the third from the beginning of the nominal operation phase. We compute contemporaneous seismic phase maps for these three dates using helioseismic holography applied to time series of Dopplergrams from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). Among the six active regions seen in SO/PHI magnetograms, five active regions are identified on the seismic maps at almost the same positions as on the magnetograms. One region is too weak to be detected above the seismic noise. To calibrate the seismic maps, we fit a linear relationship between the seismic phase shifts and the unsigned line-of-sight magnetic field averaged over the active region areas extracted from the SO/PHI magnetograms. SO/PHI provides the strongest evidence so far that helioseismic imaging provides reliable information about active regions on the far side, including their positions, areas, and mean unsigned magnetic field., Comment: 10 pages, 9 figures

Published
2023
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5. Spectropolarimetric investigation of magnetohydrodynamic wave modes in the photosphere: First results from PHI on board Solar Orbiter

Author

Calchetti, D., Stangalini, M., Jafarzadeh, S., Valori, G., Albert, K., Jorge, N. Albelo, Alvarez-Herrero, A., Appourchaux, T., Jiménez, M. Balaguer, Rubio, L. R. Bellot, Rodríguez, J. Blanco, Feller, A., Gandorfer, A., Germerott, D., Gizon, L., Guerrero, L., Gutierrez-Marques, P., Hirzberger, J., Kahil, F., Kolleck, M., Korpi-Lagg, A., Vacas, A. Moreno, Suárez, D. Orozco, Pérez-Grande, I., Kilders, E. Sanchis, Schou, J., Schühle, U., Sinjan, J., Solanki, S. K., Staub, J., Strecker, H., Iniesta, J. C. del Toro, Volkmer, R., and Woch, J.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

In November 2021, Solar Orbiter started its nominal mission phase. The remote-sensing instruments on board the spacecraft acquired scientific data during three observing windows surrounding the perihelion of the first orbit of this phase. The aim of the analysis is the detection of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) wave modes in an active region by exploiting the capabilities of spectropolarimetric measurements. The High Resolution Telescope (HRT) of the Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager (SO/PHI) on board the Solar Orbiter acquired a high-cadence data set of an active region. This is studied in the paper. B-$\omega$ and phase-difference analyses are applied on line-of-sight velocity and circular polarization maps and other averaged quantities. We find that several MHD modes at different frequencies are excited in all analysed structures. The leading sunspot shows a linear dependence of the phase lag on the angle between the magnetic field and the line of sight of the observer in its penumbra. The magnetic pore exhibits global resonances at several frequencies, which are also excited by different wave modes. The SO/PHI measurements clearly confirm the presence of magnetic and velocity oscillations that are compatible with one or more MHD wave modes in pores and a sunspot. Improvements in modelling are still necessary to interpret the relation between the fluctuations of different diagnostics.

Published
2023
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6. The ratio of horizontal to vertical displacement in solar oscillations estimated from combined SO/PHI and SDO/HMI observations

Author

Schou, J., Hirzberger, J., Suárez, D. Orozco, Albert, K., Jorge, N. Albelo, Appourchaux, T., Alvarez-Herrero, A., Rodríguez, J. Blanco, Gandorfer, A., Germerott, D., Guerrero, L., Gutierrez-Marques, P., Kahil, F., Kolleck, M., Solanki, S. K., Iniesta, J. C. del Toro, Volkmer, R., Woch, J., Fiethe, B., Pérez-Grande, I., Kilders, E. Sanchis, Jiménez, M. Balaguer, Rubio, L. R. Bellot, Calchetti, D., Carmona, M., Deutsch, W., Feller, A., Fernandez-Rico, G., Fernández-Medina, A., Parejo, P. García, Blesa, J. L. Gasent, Gizon, L., Grauf, B., Heerlein, K., Korpi-Lagg, A., Jiménez, A. López, Maue, T., Meller, R., Vacas, A. Moreno, Müller, R., Nakai, E., Schmidt, W., Sinjan, J., Staub, J., Strecker, H., Torralbo, I., and Valori, G.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

In order to make accurate inferences about the solar interior using helioseismology, it is essential to understand all the relevant physical effects on the observations. One effect to understand is the (complex-valued) ratio of the horizontal to vertical displacement of the p- and f-modes at the height at which they are observed. Unfortunately, it is impossible to measure this ratio directly from a single vantage point, and it has been difficult to disentangle observationally from other effects. In this paper we attempt to measure the ratio directly using 7.5 hours of simultaneous observations from the Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager on board Solar Orbiter and the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory. While image geometry problems make it difficult to determine the exact ratio, it appears to agree well with that expected from adiabatic oscillations in a standard solar model. On the other hand it does not agree with a commonly used approximation, indicating that this approximation should not be used in helioseismic analyses. In addition, the ratio appears to be real-valued., Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics. 8 pages, 8 figures

Published
2023
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7. Magnetic fields inferred by Solar Orbiter: A comparison between SO/PHI-HRT and SDO/HMI

Author

Sinjan, J., Calchetti, D., Hirzberger, J., Kahil, F., Valori, G., Solanki, S. K., Albert, K., Jorge, N. Albelo, Alvarez-Herrero, A., Appourchaux, T., Rubio, L. R. Bellot, Rodríguez, J. Blanco, Feller, A., Gandorfer, A., Germerott, D., Gizon, L., Cama, J. M. Gómez, Guerrero, L., Gutierrez-Marques, P., Kolleck, M., Korpi-Lagg, A., Michalik, H., Vacas, A. Moreno, Suárez, D. Orozco, Pérez-Grande, I., Kilders, E. Sanchis, Jiménez, M. Balaguer, Schou, J., Schühle, U., Staub, J., Strecker, H., Iniesta, J. C. del Toro, Volkmer, R., and Woch, J.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Physics - Space Physics
Abstract

The High Resolution Telescope (HRT) of the Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager on board the Solar Orbiter spacecraft (SO/PHI) and the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) both infer the photospheric magnetic field from polarised light images. SO/PHI is the first magnetograph to move out of the Sun--Earth line and will provide unprecedented access to the Sun's poles. This provides excellent opportunities for new research wherein the magnetic field maps from both instruments are used simultaneously. We aim to compare the magnetic field maps from these two instruments and discuss any possible differences between them. We used data from both instruments obtained during Solar Orbiter's inferior conjunction on 7 March 2022. The HRT data were additionally treated for geometric distortion and degraded to the same resolution as HMI. The HMI data were re-projected to correct for the $3^{\circ}$ separation between the two observatories. SO/PHI-HRT and HMI produce remarkably similar line-of-sight magnetograms, with a slope coefficient of $0.97$, an offset below $1$ G, and a Pearson correlation coefficient of $0.97$. However, SO/PHI-HRT infers weaker line-of-sight fields for the strongest fields. As for the vector magnetic field, SO/PHI-HRT was compared to both the $720$-second and $90$-second HMI vector magnetic field: SO/PHI-HRT has a closer alignment with the $90$-second HMI vector. In the weak signal regime ($< 600$ G), SO/PHI-HRT measures stronger and more horizontal fields than HMI, very likely due to the greater noise in the SO/PHI-HRT data. In the strong field regime ($\gtrsim 600$ G), HRT infers lower field strengths but with similar inclinations (a slope of $0.92$) and azimuths (a slope of $1.02$). The slope values are from the comparison with the HMI $90$-second vector., Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in A&A; manuscript is a part of Astronomy & Astrophysics special issue: Solar Orbiter First Results (Nominal Mission Phase)

Published
2023
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8. The on-ground data reduction and calibration pipeline for SO/PHI-HRT

Author

Sinjan, J., Calchetti, D., Hirzberger, J., Suárez, D. Orozco, Albert, K., Jorge, N. Albelo, Appourchaux, T., Alvarez-Herrero, A., Rodríguez, J. Blanco, Gandorfer, A., Germerott, D., Guerrero, L., Marquez, P. Gutierrez, Kahil, F., Kolleck, M., Solanki, S. K., Iniesta, J. C. del Toro, Volkmer, R., Woch, J., Fiethe, B., Cama, J. M. Gómez, Pérez-Grande, I., Kilders, E. Sanchis, Jiménez, M. Balaguer, Rubio, L. R. Bellot, Carmona, M., Deutsch, W., Fernandez-Rico, G., Fernández-Medina, A., Parejo, P. García, Blesa, J. L. Gasent, Gizon, L., Grauf, B., Heerlein, K., Korpi-Lagg, A., Lange, T., Jiménez, A. López, Maue, T., Meller, R., Michalik, H., Vacas, A. Moreno, Müller, R., Nakai, E., Schmidt, W., Schou, J., Schühle, U., Staub, J., Strecker, H., Torralbo, I., and Valori, G.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

The ESA/NASA Solar Orbiter space mission has been successfully launched in February 2020. Onboard is the Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager (SO/PHI), which has two telescopes, a High Resolution Telescope (HRT) and the Full Disc Telescope (FDT). The instrument is designed to infer the photospheric magnetic field and line-of-sight velocity through differential imaging of the polarised light emitted by the Sun. It calculates the full Stokes vector at 6 wavelength positions at the Fe I 617.3 nm absorption line. Due to telemetry constraints, the instrument nominally processes these Stokes profiles onboard, however when telemetry is available, the raw images are downlinked and reduced on ground. Here the architecture of the on-ground pipeline for HRT is presented, which also offers additional corrections not currently available on board the instrument. The pipeline can reduce raw images to the full Stokes vector with a polarimetric sensitivity of $10^{-3}\cdot I_{c}$ or better.

Published
2022
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9. The magnetic drivers of campfires seen by the Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager (PHI) on Solar Orbiter

Author

Kahil, F., Hirzberger, J., Solanki, S. K., Chitta, L. P., Peter, H., Auchère, F., Sinjan, J., Suárez, D. Orozco, Albert, K., Jorge, N. Albelo, Appourchaux, T., Alvarez-Herrero, A., Rodríguez, J. Blanco, Gandorfer, A., Germerott, D., Guerrero, L., Márquez, P. Gutiérrez, Kolleck, M., Iniesta, J. C. del Toro, Volkmer, R., Woch, J., Fiethe, B., Cama, J. M. Gómez, Pérez-Grande, I., Kilders, E. Sanchis, Jiménez, M. Balaguer, Rubio, L. R. Bellot, Calchetti, D., Carmona, M., Deutsch, W., Fernández-Rico, G., Fernández-Medina, A., Parejo, P. García, Gasent-Blesa, J. L., Gizon, L., Grauf, B., Heerlein, K., Lagg, A., Lange, T., Jiménez, A. López, Maue, T., Meller, R., Michalik, H., Vacas, A. Moreno, uller, R. M\", Nakai, E., Schmidt, W., Schou, J., Schühle, U., Staub, J., Strecker, H., Torralbo, I., Valori, G., Cuadrado, R. Aznar, Teriaca, L., Berghmans, D., Verbeeck, C., Kraaikamp, E., and Gissot, S.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Physics - Space Physics
Abstract

The Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) on board the Solar Orbiter (SO) spacecraft observed small extreme ultraviolet (EUV) bursts, termed campfires, that have been proposed to be brightenings near the apexes of low-lying loops in the quiet-Sun atmosphere. The underlying magnetic processes driving these campfires are not understood. During the cruise phase of SO and at a distance of 0.523\,AU from the Sun, the Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager on Solar Orbiter (SO/PHI) observed a quiet-Sun region jointly with SO/EUI, offering the possibility to investigate the surface magnetic field dynamics underlying campfires at a spatial resolution of about 380~km. In 71\% of the 38 isolated events, campfires are confined between bipolar magnetic features, which seem to exhibit signatures of magnetic flux cancellation. The flux cancellation occurs either between the two main footpoints, or between one of the footpoints of the loop housing the campfire and a nearby opposite polarity patch. In one particularly clear-cut case, we detected the emergence of a small-scale magnetic loop in the internetwork followed soon afterwards by a campfire brightening adjacent to the location of the linear polarisation signal in the photosphere, that is to say near where the apex of the emerging loop lays. The rest of the events were observed over small scattered magnetic features, which could not be identified as magnetic footpoints of the campfire hosting loops. The majority of campfires could be driven by magnetic reconnection triggered at the footpoints, similar to the physical processes occurring in the burst-like EUV events discussed in the literature. About a quarter of all analysed campfires, however, are not associated to such magnetic activity in the photosphere, which implies that other heating mechanisms are energising these small-scale EUV brightenings.

Published
2022
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10. The Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager on Solar Orbiter

Author

Solanki, S. K., Iniesta, J. C. del Toro, Woch, J., Gandorfer, A., Hirzberger, J., Alvarez-Herrero, A., Appourchaux, T., Pillet, V. Martínez, Pérez-Grande, I., Kilders, E. Sanchis, Schmidt, W., Cama, J. M. Gómez, Michalik, H., Deutsch, W., Fernandez-Rico, G., Grauf, B., Gizon, L., Heerlein, K., Kolleck, M., Lagg, A., Meller, R., Müller, R., Schühle, U., Staub, J., Albert, K., Copano, M. Alvarez, Beckmann, U., Bischoff, J., Busse, D., Enge, R., Frahm, S., Germerott, D., Guerrero, L., Löptien, B., Meierdierks, T., Oberdorfer, D., Papagiannaki, I., Ramanath, S., Schou, J., Werner, S., Yang, D., Zerr, A., Bergmann, M., Bochmann, J., Heinrichs, J., Meyer, S., Monecke, M., Müller, M. -F., Sperling, M., a, D. Álvarez Garcí, Aparicio, B., Jiménez, M. Balaguer, Rubio, L. R. Bellot, Carracosa, J. P. Cobos, Girela, F., Expósito, D. Hernández, Herranz, M., Labrousse, P., Jiménez, A. López, Suárez, D. Orozco, Ramos, J. L., Barandiarán, J., Bastide, L., Campuzano, C., Cebollero, M., Dávila, B., Fernández-Medina, A., Parejo, P. García, Garranzo-García, D., Laguna, H., Martín, J. A., Navarro, R., Peral, A. Núñez, Royo, M., Sánchez, A., Silva-López, M., Vera, I., Villanueva, J., Fourmond, J. -J., de Galarreta, C. Ruiz, Bouzit, M., Hervier, V., Clec'h, J. C. Le, Szwec, N., Chaigneau, M., Buttice, V., Dominguez-Tagle, C., Philippon, A., Boumier, P., Cocguen, R. Le, Baranjuk, G., Bell, A., Berkefeld, Th., Baumgartner, J., Heidecke, F., Maue, T., Nakai, E., Scheiffelen, T., Sigwarth, M., Soltau, D., Volkmer, R., Rodríguez, J. Blanco, Domingo, V., Sabater, A. Ferreres, Blesa, J. L. Gasent, Martínez, P. Rodríguez, Caudel, D. Osorno, Bosch, J., Casas, A., Carmona, M., Herms, A., Roma, D., Alonso, G., omez-Sanjuan, A. G\', Piqueras, J., Torralbo, I., Fiethe, B., Guan, Y., Lange, T., Michel, H., Bonet, J. A., Fahmy, S., Müller, D., and Zouganelis, I.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract

This paper describes the Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager on the Solar Orbiter mission (SO/PHI), the first magnetograph and helioseismology instrument to observe the Sun from outside the Sun-Earth line. It is the key instrument meant to address the top-level science question: How does the solar dynamo work and drive connections between the Sun and the heliosphere? SO/PHI will also play an important role in answering the other top-level science questions of Solar Orbiter, as well as hosting the potential of a rich return in further science. SO/PHI measures the Zeeman effect and the Doppler shift in the FeI 617.3nm spectral line. To this end, the instrument carries out narrow-band imaging spectro-polarimetry using a tunable LiNbO_3 Fabry-Perot etalon, while the polarisation modulation is done with liquid crystal variable retarders (LCVRs). The line and the nearby continuum are sampled at six wavelength points and the data are recorded by a 2kx2k CMOS detector. To save valuable telemetry, the raw data are reduced on board, including being inverted under the assumption of a Milne-Eddington atmosphere, although simpler reduction methods are also available on board. SO/PHI is composed of two telescopes; one, the Full Disc Telescope (FDT), covers the full solar disc at all phases of the orbit, while the other, the High Resolution Telescope (HRT), can resolve structures as small as 200km on the Sun at closest perihelion. The high heat load generated through proximity to the Sun is greatly reduced by the multilayer-coated entrance windows to the two telescopes that allow less than 4% of the total sunlight to enter the instrument, most of it in a narrow wavelength band around the chosen spectral line., Comment: 36 pages, 41 figures

Published
2019
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11. The second flight of the SUNRISE balloon-borne solar observatory: overview of instrument updates, the flight, the data and first results

Author

Solanki, S. K., Riethmüller, T. L., Barthol, P., Danilovic, S., Deutsch, W., Doerr, H. P., Feller, A., Gandorfer, A., Germerott, D., Gizon, L., Grauf, B., Heerlein, K., Hirzberger, J., Kolleck, M., Lagg, A., Meller, R., Tomasch, G., van Noort, M., Rodríguez, J. Blanco, Blesa, J. L. Gasent, Jiménez, M. Balaguer, Iniesta, J. C. Del Toro, Jiménez, A. C. López, Suárez, D. Orozco, Berkefeld, T., Halbgewachs, C., Schmidt, W., Álvarez-Herrero, A., Sabau-Graziati, L., Grande, I. Pérez, Pillet, V. Martínez, Card, G., Centeno, R., Knölker, M., and Lecinski, A.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

The SUNRISE balloon-borne solar observatory, consisting of a 1~m aperture telescope that provided a stabilized image to a UV filter imager and an imaging vector polarimeter, carried out its second science flight in June 2013. It provided observations of parts of active regions at high spatial resolution, including the first high-resolution images in the Mg~{\sc ii}~k line. The obtained data are of very high quality, with the best UV images reaching the diffraction limit of the telescope at 3000~\AA\ after Multi-Frame Blind Deconvolution reconstruction accounting for phase-diversity information. Here a brief update is given of the instruments and the data reduction techniques, which includes an inversion of the polarimetric data. Mainly those aspects that evolved compared with the first flight are described. A tabular overview of the observations is given. In addition, an example time series of a part of the emerging active region NOAA AR~11768 observed relatively close to disk centre is described and discussed in some detail. The observations cover the pores in the trailing polarity of the active region, as well as the polarity inversion line where flux emergence was ongoing and a small flare-like brightening occurred in the course of the time series. The pores are found to contain magnetic field strengths ranging up to 2500~G and, while large pores are clearly darker and cooler than the quiet Sun in all layers of the photosphere, the temperature and brightness of small pores approach or even exceed those of the quiet Sun in the upper photosphere., Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal

Published
2017
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12. The Wave-Front Correction System for the Sunrise Balloon-Borne Solar Observatory

Author

Berkefeld, T., Schmidt, W., Soltau, D., Bell, A., Doerr, H. P., Feger, B., Friedlein, R., Gerber, K., Heidecke, F., Kentischer, T., Lühe, O. v. d., Sigwarth, M., Wälde, E., Barthol, P., Deutsch, W., Gandorfer, A., Germerott, D., Grauf, B., Meller, R., Alvarez-Herrero, A., Knölker, M., Pillet, V. Martinez, Solanki, S. K., and Title, A. M.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

This paper describes the wave-front correction system developed for the Sunrise balloon telescope, and provides information about its in-flight performance. For the correction of low-order aberrations, a Correlating Wave-Front Sensor (CWS) was used. It consisted of a six-element Shack-Hartmann wave-front sensor (WFS), a fast tip-tilt mirror for the compensation of image motion, and an active telescope secondary mirror for focus correction. The CWS delivered a stabilized image with a precision of 0.04 arcsec (rms), whenever the coarse pointing was better than 90 arcsec peak-to-peak. The automatic focus adjustment maintained a focus stability of 0.01 waves in the focal plane of the CWS. During the 5.5 day flight, good image quality and stability was achieved during 33 hours, containing 45 sequences that lasted between 10 and 45 minutes.

Published
2010
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13. The Filter Imager SuFI and the Image Stabilization and Light Distribution System ISLiD of the Sunrise Balloon-Borne Observatory: Instrument Description

Author

Gandorfer, A., Grauf, B., Barthol, P., Riethmueller, T. L., Solanki, S. K., Chares, B., Deutsch, W., Ebert, S., Feller, A., Germerott, D., Heerlein, K., Heinrichs, J., Hirche, D., Hirzberger, J., Kolleck, M., Meller, R., Mueller, R., Schaefer, R., Tomasch, G., Knoelker, M., Pillet, V. Martinez, Bonet, J. A., Schmidt, W., Berkefeld, T., Feger, B., Heidecke, F., Soltau, D., Tischenberg, A., Fischer, A., Title, A., Anwand, H., and Schmidt, E.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

We describe the design of the Sunrise Filter Imager (SuFI) and the Image Stabilization and Light Distribution (ISLiD) unit onboard the Sunrise balloon borne solar observatory. This contribution provides the necessary information which is relevant to understand the instruments working principles, the relevant technical data, and the necessary information about calibration issues directly related to the science data., Comment: accepted for publication in Solar Physics on 4 September 2010

Published
2010
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14. Determination of the SO/PHI-HRT wavefront degradation using multiple defocused images

Author

Bailén, F.J., primary, Orozco Suárez, D., additional, Blanco Rodríguez, J., additional, del Toro Iniesta, J.C., additional, Strecker, H., additional, Moreno Vacas, A., additional, Santamarina Guerrero, P., additional, Hirzberger, J., additional, Albert, K., additional, Albelo Jorge, N., additional, Appourchaux, T., additional, Alvarez-Herrero, A., additional, Gandorfer, A., additional, Germerott, D., additional, Guerrero, L., additional, Gutierrez-Marques, P., additional, Kahil, F., additional, Kolleck, M., additional, Solanki, S.K., additional, Volkmer, R., additional, Woch, J., additional, Fiethe, B., additional, Gómez Cama, J.M., additional, Pérez-Grande, I., additional, Sanchis Kilders, E., additional, Balaguer Jiménez, M., additional, Bellot Rubio, L.R., additional, Calchetti, D., additional, Carmona, M., additional, Deutsch, W., additional, Feller, A., additional, Fernandez-Rico, G., additional, Fernández-Medina, A., additional, García Parejo, P., additional, Gasent Blesa, J.L., additional, Gizon, L., additional, Grauf, B., additional, Heerlein, K., additional, Korpi-Lagg, A., additional, Lange, T., additional, López Jiménez, A., additional, Maue, T., additional, Meller, R., additional, Michalik, H., additional, Müller, R., additional, Nakai, E., additional, Schmidt, W., additional, Schou, J., additional, Schühle, U., additional, Sinjan, J., additional, Staub, J., additional, Torralbo, I., additional, and Valori, G., additional

Published
2023
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15. A first rapid synoptic magnetic field map using SDO/HMI andSO/PHI data

Author

Loeschl, P., primary, Valori, G., additional, Hirzberger, J., additional, Schou, J., additional, Solanki, S.K., additional, Orozco Suarez, D., additional, Albert, K., additional, Albelo Jorge, N., additional, Appourchaux, T., additional, Alvarez-Herrero, A., additional, Blanco Rodriguez, J., additional, Gandorfer, A., additional, Germerott, D., additional, Guerrero, L., additional, Gutierrez-Marques, P., additional, Kahil, F., additional, Kolleck, M., additional, del Toro Iniesta, J.C., additional, Volkmer, R., additional, Woch, J., additional, Fiethe, B., additional, Gómez Cama, J.M., additional, Perez-Grande, I., additional, Sanchis Kilders, E., additional, Balaguer Jiménez, M., additional, Bellot Rubio, L.R., additional, Calchetti, D., additional, Carmona, M., additional, Deutsch, W., additional, Feller, A., additional, Fernandez-Rico, G., additional, Fernandez-Medina, A., additional, Garcia Perejo, P., additional, Gasent Blesa, J.L., additional, Gizon, L., additional, Grauf, B., additional, Heerlein, K., additional, Korpi-Lagg, A., additional, Lange, T., additional, Lopez Jimenez, A., additional, Maue, T., additional, Meller, R., additional, Michalik, H., additional, Moreno Vacas, A., additional, Müller, R., additional, Nakai, E., additional, Schmidt, W., additional, Schühle, U., additional, Sinjan, J., additional, Staub, J., additional, Strecker, H., additional, and Torralbo, I., additional

Published
2023
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16. Coronal voids and their magnetic nature

Author

Nölke, J. D., primary, Solanki, S. K., additional, Hirzberger, J., additional, Peter, H., additional, Chitta, L. P., additional, Kahil, F., additional, Valori, G., additional, Wiegelmann, T., additional, Orozco Suárez, D., additional, Albert, K., additional, Albelo Jorge, N., additional, Appourchaux, T., additional, Alvarez-Herrero, A., additional, Blanco Rodríguez, J., additional, Gandorfer, A., additional, Germerott, D., additional, Guerrero, L., additional, Gutierrez-Marques, P., additional, Kolleck, M., additional, del Toro Iniesta, J. C., additional, Volkmer, R., additional, Woch, J., additional, Fiethe, B., additional, Gómez Cama, J. M., additional, Pérez-Grande, I., additional, Sanchis Kilders, E., additional, Balaguer Jiménez, M., additional, Bellot Rubio, L. R., additional, Calchetti, D., additional, Carmona, M., additional, Deutsch, W., additional, Feller, A., additional, Fernandez-Rico, G., additional, Fernández-Medina, A., additional, García Parejo, P., additional, Gasent Blesa, J. L., additional, Gizon, L., additional, Grauf, B., additional, Heerlein, K., additional, Korpi-Lagg, A., additional, Lange, T., additional, López Jiménez, A., additional, Maue, T., additional, Meller, R., additional, Moreno Vacas, A., additional, Müller, R., additional, Nakai, E., additional, Schmidt, W., additional, Schou, J., additional, Schühle, U., additional, Sinjan, J., additional, Staub, J., additional, Strecker, H., additional, Torralbo, I., additional, Berghmans, D., additional, Kraaikamp, E., additional, Rodriguez, L., additional, Verbeeck, C., additional, Zhukov, A. N., additional, Auchere, F., additional, Buchlin, E., additional, Parenti, S., additional, Janvier, M., additional, Barczynski, K., additional, Harra, L., additional, Schwanitz, C., additional, Aznar Cuadrado, R., additional, Mandal, S., additional, Teriaca, L., additional, Long, D., additional, and Smith, P., additional

Published
2023
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17. Stereoscopic disambiguation of vector magnetograms: First applications to SO/PHI-HRT data

Author

Valori, G., primary, Calchetti, D., additional, Moreno Vacas, A., additional, Pariat, É., additional, Solanki, S. K., additional, Löschl, P., additional, Hirzberger, J., additional, Parenti, S., additional, Albert, K., additional, Albelo Jorge, N., additional, Álvarez-Herrero, A., additional, Appourchaux, T., additional, Bellot Rubio, L. R., additional, Blanco Rodríguez, J., additional, Campos-Jara, A., additional, Feller, A., additional, Gandorfer, A., additional, García Parejo, P., additional, Germerott, D., additional, Gizon, L., additional, Gómez Cama, J. M., additional, Guerrero, L., additional, Gutierrez-Marques, P., additional, Kahil, F., additional, Kolleck, M., additional, Korpi-Lagg, A., additional, Orozco Suárez, D., additional, Pérez-Grande, I., additional, Sanchis Kilders, E., additional, Schou, J., additional, Schühle, U., additional, Sinjan, J., additional, Staub, J., additional, Strecker, H., additional, del Toro Iniesta, J. C., additional, Volkmer, R., additional, and Woch, J., additional

Published
2023
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18. Wavefront error of PHI/HRT on Solar Orbiter at various heliocentric distances

Author

Kahil, F., primary, Gandorfer, A., additional, Hirzberger, J., additional, Calchetti, D., additional, Sinjan, J., additional, Valori, G., additional, Solanki, S. K., additional, Van Noort, M., additional, Albert, K., additional, Albelo Jorge, N., additional, Alvarez-Herrero, A., additional, Appourchaux, T., additional, Bellot Rubio, L. R., additional, Blanco Rodríguez, J., additional, Feller, A., additional, Fiethe, B., additional, Germerott, D., additional, Gizon, L., additional, Guerrero, L., additional, Gutierrez-Marques, P., additional, Kolleck, M., additional, Korpi-Lagg, A., additional, Michalik, H., additional, Moreno Vacas, A., additional, Orozco Suárez, D., additional, Pérez-Grande, I., additional, Sanchis Kilders, E., additional, Schou, J., additional, Schühle, U., additional, Staub, J., additional, Strecker, H., additional, del Toro Iniesta, J. C., additional, Volkmer, R., additional, and Woch, J., additional

Published
2023
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19. Direct assessment of SDO/HMI helioseismology of active regions on the Sun’s far side using SO/PHI magnetograms

Author

Yang, D., primary, Gizon, L., additional, Barucq, H., additional, Hirzberger, J., additional, Orozco Suárez, D., additional, Albert, K., additional, Albelo Jorge, N., additional, Appourchaux, T., additional, Alvarez-Herrero, A., additional, Blanco Rodríguez, J., additional, Gandorfer, A., additional, Germerott, D., additional, Guerrero, L., additional, Gutierrez-Marques, P., additional, Kahil, F., additional, Kolleck, M., additional, Solanki, S. K., additional, del Toro Iniesta, J. C., additional, Volkmer, R., additional, Woch, J., additional, Pérez-Grande, I., additional, Sanchis Kilders, E., additional, Balaguer Jiménez, M., additional, Bellot Rubio, L. R., additional, Calchetti, D., additional, Carmona, M., additional, Deutsch, W., additional, Feller, A., additional, Fernandez-Rico, G., additional, Fernández-Medina, A., additional, García Parejo, P., additional, Gasent Blesa, J. L., additional, Grauf, B., additional, Heerlein, K., additional, Korpi-Lagg, A., additional, Lange, T., additional, López Jiménez, A., additional, Maue, T., additional, Meller, R., additional, Moreno Vacas, A., additional, Müller, R., additional, Nakai, E., additional, Schmidt, W., additional, Schou, J., additional, Schühle, U., additional, Sinjan, J., additional, Staub, J., additional, Strecker, H., additional, Torralbo, I., additional, and Valori, G., additional

Published
2023
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20. Spectropolarimetric investigation of magnetohydrodynamic wave modes in the photosphere: First results from PHI on board Solar Orbiter

Author

Calchetti, D., primary, Stangalini, M., additional, Jafarzadeh, S., additional, Valori, G., additional, Albert, K., additional, Albelo Jorge, N., additional, Alvarez-Herrero, A., additional, Appourchaux, T., additional, Balaguer Jiménez, M., additional, Bellot Rubio, L. R., additional, Blanco Rodríguez, J., additional, Feller, A., additional, Gandorfer, A., additional, Germerott, D., additional, Gizon, L., additional, Guerrero, L., additional, Gutierrez-Marques, P., additional, Hirzberger, J., additional, Kahil, F., additional, Kolleck, M., additional, Korpi-Lagg, A., additional, Moreno Vacas, A., additional, Orozco Suárez, D., additional, Pérez-Grande, I., additional, Sanchis Kilders, E., additional, Schou, J., additional, Schühle, U., additional, Sinjan, J., additional, Solanki, S. K., additional, Staub, J., additional, Strecker, H., additional, del Toro Iniesta, J. C., additional, Volkmer, R., additional, and Woch, J., additional

Published
2023
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21. The ratio of horizontal to vertical displacement in solar oscillations estimated from combined SO/PHI and SDO/HMI observations

Author

Schou, J., primary, Hirzberger, J., additional, Orozco Suárez, D., additional, Albert, K., additional, Albelo Jorge, N., additional, Appourchaux, T., additional, Alvarez-Herrero, A., additional, Blanco Rodríguez, J., additional, Gandorfer, A., additional, Germerott, D., additional, Guerrero, L., additional, Gutierrez-Marques, P., additional, Kahil, F., additional, Kolleck, M., additional, Solanki, S. K., additional, del Toro Iniesta, J. C., additional, Volkmer, R., additional, Woch, J., additional, Fiethe, B., additional, Pérez-Grande, I., additional, Sanchis Kilders, E., additional, Balaguer Jiménez, M., additional, Bellot Rubio, L. R., additional, Calchetti, D., additional, Carmona, M., additional, Deutsch, W., additional, Feller, A., additional, Fernandez-Rico, G., additional, Fernández-Medina, A., additional, García Parejo, P., additional, Gasent Blesa, J. L., additional, Gizon, L., additional, Grauf, B., additional, Heerlein, K., additional, Korpi-Lagg, A., additional, López Jiménez, A., additional, Maue, T., additional, Meller, R., additional, Moreno Vacas, A., additional, Müller, R., additional, Nakai, E., additional, Schmidt, W., additional, Sinjan, J., additional, Staub, J., additional, Strecker, H., additional, Torralbo, I., additional, and Valori, G., additional

Published
2023
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22. Magnetic fields inferred by Solar Orbiter: A comparison between SO/PHI-HRT and SDO/HMI

Author

Sinjan, J., primary, Calchetti, D., additional, Hirzberger, J., additional, Kahil, F., additional, Valori, G., additional, Solanki, S. K., additional, Albert, K., additional, Albelo Jorge, N., additional, Alvarez-Herrero, A., additional, Appourchaux, T., additional, Bellot Rubio, L. R., additional, Blanco Rodríguez, J., additional, Feller, A., additional, Gandorfer, A., additional, Germerott, D., additional, Gizon, L., additional, Gómez Cama, J. M., additional, Guerrero, L., additional, Gutierrez-Marques, P., additional, Kolleck, M., additional, Korpi-Lagg, A., additional, Michalik, H., additional, Moreno Vacas, A., additional, Orozco Suárez, D., additional, Pérez-Grande, I., additional, Sanchis Kilders, E., additional, Balaguer Jiménez, M., additional, Schou, J., additional, Schühle, U., additional, Staub, J., additional, Strecker, H., additional, del Toro Iniesta, J. C., additional, Volkmer, R., additional, and Woch, J., additional

Published
2023
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23. The ratio of horizontal to vertical displacement in solar oscillations estimated from combined SO/PHI and SDO/HMI observations

Author

Schou Jesper, Álvarez Herrero, Alberto, Hirzberger, J., Albert , Kinga, N. Albelo Jorge, T. Appourchaux, J. Blanco Rodríguez, Gandorfer , A., Germerott ,D., Guerrero ,L., Gutierrez-Marques ,P., Kahil ,F., Kolleck, M., Solanki ,S.K., del Toro Iniesta ,J.C., Volkmer, R., Woch , J., Fiethe , F., Pérez-Grande , I., Sanchis Kilders, E., Balaguer Jiménez, M, Bellot Rubio, L.R., Calchetti , Daniele, Carmona, M., Deutsch, W., Feller, A., Fernandez-Rico, G., Fernández-Medina, A., García Parejo, P., Gasent Blesa , J.L., Gizon , L., Grauf, B., Heerlein , K., Korpi-Lagg , A., López Jiménez, A., Maue, T., Meller, R., Moreno Vacas ,A., Müller, R., Nakai, E., Schmidt, W., Sinjan, J., Staub, J., Strecker, H, Torralbo, I., Valori, G., Schou Jesper, Álvarez Herrero, Alberto, Hirzberger, J., Albert , Kinga, N. Albelo Jorge, T. Appourchaux, J. Blanco Rodríguez, Gandorfer , A., Germerott ,D., Guerrero ,L., Gutierrez-Marques ,P., Kahil ,F., Kolleck, M., Solanki ,S.K., del Toro Iniesta ,J.C., Volkmer, R., Woch , J., Fiethe , F., Pérez-Grande , I., Sanchis Kilders, E., Balaguer Jiménez, M, Bellot Rubio, L.R., Calchetti , Daniele, Carmona, M., Deutsch, W., Feller, A., Fernandez-Rico, G., Fernández-Medina, A., García Parejo, P., Gasent Blesa , J.L., Gizon , L., Grauf, B., Heerlein , K., Korpi-Lagg , A., López Jiménez, A., Maue, T., Meller, R., Moreno Vacas ,A., Müller, R., Nakai, E., Schmidt, W., Sinjan, J., Staub, J., Strecker, H, Torralbo, I., and Valori, G.

Abstract

Received: 19 January; 2023 Accepted: 15 March 2023, In order to make accurate inferences about the solar interior using helioseismology, it is essential to understand all the relevant physical effects on the observations. One effect to understand is the (complex-valued) ratio of the horizontal to vertical displacement of the p- and f-modes at the height at which they are observed. Unfortunately, it is impossible to measure this ratio directly from a single vantage point, and it has been difficult to disentangle observationally from other effects. In this paper we attempt to measure the ratio directly using 7.5 h of simultaneous observations from the Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager on board Solar Orbiter and the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory. While image geometry problems make it difficult to determine the exact ratio, it appears to agree well with that expected from adiabatic oscillations in a standard solar model. On the other hand it does not agree with a commonly used approximation, indicating that this approximation should not be used in helioseismic analyses. In addition, the ratio appears to be real-valued. © The Authors 2023., Agencia Española de Investigación, Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) (Alemania), Max Planck Gesellschaft (MPG) (Alemania), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación de España, Centro Nacional de Estudios Espaciales (Francia), Depto. de Óptica, Fac. de Óptica y Optometría, TRUE, pub

Published
2023

24. Wavefront error of PHI/HRT on Solar Orbiter at various heliocentric distances

Author

Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Kahil, F., Gandorfer, A., Hirzberger, J., Calchetti, D., Sinjan, J., Valori, G., Solanki, S. K., Van Noort, M., Albert, K., Albelo Jorge, N., Alvarez-Herrero, A., Appourchaux, T., Bellot Rubio, Luis R., Blanco Rodríguez, J., Feller, A., Fiethe, B., Germerott, D., Gizon, L., Guerrero, L., Gutierrez-Marques, P., Kolleck, M., Korpi-Lagg, A., Michalik, H., Moreno Vacas, Alejandro, Orozco Suárez, David, Pérez Grande, Isabel, Sanchis Kilders, Esteban, Schou, J., Schühle, U., Staub, J., Strecker, H., Toro, José Carlos del, Volkmer, R., Woch, J., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Kahil, F., Gandorfer, A., Hirzberger, J., Calchetti, D., Sinjan, J., Valori, G., Solanki, S. K., Van Noort, M., Albert, K., Albelo Jorge, N., Alvarez-Herrero, A., Appourchaux, T., Bellot Rubio, Luis R., Blanco Rodríguez, J., Feller, A., Fiethe, B., Germerott, D., Gizon, L., Guerrero, L., Gutierrez-Marques, P., Kolleck, M., Korpi-Lagg, A., Michalik, H., Moreno Vacas, Alejandro, Orozco Suárez, David, Pérez Grande, Isabel, Sanchis Kilders, Esteban, Schou, J., Schühle, U., Staub, J., Strecker, H., Toro, José Carlos del, Volkmer, R., and Woch, J.

Abstract

Aims. We use wavefront sensing to characterise the image quality of the High Resolution Telescope (HRT) of the Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager (SO/PHI) data products during the second remote sensing window of the Solar Orbiter (SO) nominal mission phase. Our ultimate aims are to reconstruct the HRT data by deconvolving with the HRT point spread function (PSF) and to correct for the effects of optical aberrations on the data. Methods. We use a pair of focused–defocused images to compute the wavefront error and derive the PSF of HRT by means of a phase diversity (PD) analysis. Results. The wavefront error of HRT depends on the orbital distance of SO to the Sun. At distances > 0.5 au, the wavefront error is small, and stems dominantly from the inherent optical properties of HRT. At distances < 0.5 au, the thermo-optical effect of the Heat Rejection Entrance Window (HREW) becomes noticeable. We develop an interpolation scheme for the wavefront error that depends on the thermal variation of the HREW with the distance of SO to the Sun. We also introduce a new level of image reconstruction, termed ‘aberration correction’, which is designed to reduce the noise caused by image deconvolution while removing the aberrations caused by the HREW. Conclusions. The computed PSF via phase diversity significantly reduces the degradation caused by the HREW in the near-perihelion HRT data. In addition, the aberration correction increases the noise by a factor of only 1.45 compared to the factor of 3 increase that results from the usual PD reconstructions. © The Authors 2023.

Published
2023

25. The magnetic drivers of campfires seen by the Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager (PHI) on Solar Orbiter

Author

Kahil, F., primary, Hirzberger, J., additional, Solanki, S. K., additional, Chitta, L. P., additional, Peter, H., additional, Auchère, F., additional, Sinjan, J., additional, Orozco Suárez, D., additional, Albert, K., additional, Albelo Jorge, N., additional, Appourchaux, T., additional, Alvarez-Herrero, A., additional, Blanco Rodríguez, J., additional, Gandorfer, A., additional, Germerott, D., additional, Guerrero, L., additional, Gutiérrez Márquez, P., additional, Kolleck, M., additional, del Toro Iniesta, J. C., additional, Volkmer, R., additional, Woch, J., additional, Fiethe, B., additional, Gómez Cama, J. M., additional, Pérez-Grande, I., additional, Sanchis Kilders, E., additional, Balaguer Jiménez, M., additional, Bellot Rubio, L. R., additional, Calchetti, D., additional, Carmona, M., additional, Deutsch, W., additional, Fernández-Rico, G., additional, Fernández-Medina, A., additional, García Parejo, P., additional, Gasent-Blesa, J. L., additional, Gizon, L., additional, Grauf, B., additional, Heerlein, K., additional, Lagg, A., additional, Lange, T., additional, López Jiménez, A., additional, Maue, T., additional, Meller, R., additional, Michalik, H., additional, Moreno Vacas, A., additional, Müller, R., additional, Nakai, E., additional, Schmidt, W., additional, Schou, J., additional, Schühle, U., additional, Staub, J., additional, Strecker, H., additional, Torralbo, I., additional, Valori, G., additional, Aznar Cuadrado, R., additional, Teriaca, L., additional, Berghmans, D., additional, Verbeeck, C., additional, Kraaikamp, E., additional, and Gissot, S., additional

Published
2022
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29. The Sunrise Mission

Author

Barthol, P., Gandorfer, A., Solanki, S. K., Schüssler, M., Chares, B., Curdt, W., Deutsch, W., Feller, A., Germerott, D., Grauf, B., Heerlein, K., Hirzberger, J., Kolleck, M., Meller, R., Müller, R., Riethmüller, T. L., Tomasch, G., Knölker, M., Lites, B. W., Card, G., Elmore, D., Fox, J., Lecinski, A., Nelson, P., Summers, R., Watt, A., Martínez Pillet, V., Bonet, J. A., Schmidt, W., Berkefeld, T., Title, A. M., Domingo, V., Gasent Blesa, J. L., del Toro Iniesta, J. C., López Jiménez, A., Álvarez-Herrero, A., Sabau-Graziati, L., Widani, C., Haberler, P., Härtel, K., Kampf, D., Levin, T., Pérez Grande, I., Sanz-Andrés, A., and Schmidt, E.

Published
2011
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30. The Filter Imager SuFI and the Image Stabilization and Light Distribution System ISLiD of the Sunrise Balloon-Borne Observatory: Instrument Description

Author

Gandorfer, A., Grauf, B., Barthol, P., Riethmüller, T. L., Solanki, S. K., Chares, B., Deutsch, W., Ebert, S., Feller, A., Germerott, D., Heerlein, K., Heinrichs, J., Hirche, D., Hirzberger, J., Kolleck, M., Meller, R., Müller, R., Schäfer, R., Tomasch, G., Knölker, M., Martínez Pillet, V., Bonet, J. A., Schmidt, W., Berkefeld, T., Feger, B., Heidecke, F., Soltau, D., Tischenberg, A., Fischer, A., Title, A., Anwand, H., and Schmidt, E.

Published
2011
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31. OSIRIS – The Scientific Camera System Onboard Rosetta

Author

Keller, H. U., Barbieri, C., Lamy, P., Rickman, H., Rodrigo, R., Wenzel, K.-P., Sierks, H., A’Hearn, M. F., Angrilli, F., Angulo, M., Bailey, M. E., Barthol, P., Barucci, M. A., Bertaux, J.-L., Bianchini, G., Boit, J.-L., Brown, V., Burns, J. A., Büttner, I., Castro, J. M., Cremonese, G., Curdt, W., Deppo, V. Da, Debei, S., Cecco, M. De, Dohlen, K., Fornasier, S., Fulle, M., Germerott, D., Gliem, F., Guizzo, G. P., Hviid, S. F., Ip, W.-H., Jorda, L., Koschny, D., Kramm, J. R., Kührt, E., Küppers, M., Lara, L. M., Llebaria, A., López, A., López-Jimenez, A., López-Moreno, J., Meller, R., Michalik, H., Michelena, M. D., Müller, R., Naletto, G., Origné, A., Parzianello, G., Pertile, M., Quintana, C., Ragazzoni, R., Ramous, P., Reiche, K.-U., Reina, M., Rodríguez, J., Rousset, G., Sabau, L., Sanz, A., Sivan, J.-P., Stöckner, K., Tabero, J., Telljohann, U., Thomas, N., Timon, V., Tomasch, G., Wittrock, T., and Zaccariotto, M.

Published
2007
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32. The Filter Imager SuFI and the Image Stabilization and Light Distribution System ISLiD of the Sunrise Balloon-Borne Observatory: Instrument Description

Author

Gandorfer, A., primary, Grauf, B., additional, Barthol, P., additional, Riethmüller, T. L., additional, Solanki, S. K., additional, Chares, B., additional, Deutsch, W., additional, Ebert, S., additional, Feller, A., additional, Germerott, D., additional, Heerlein, K., additional, Heinrichs, J., additional, Hirche, D., additional, Hirzberger, J., additional, Kolleck, M., additional, Meller, R., additional, Müller, R., additional, Schäfer, R., additional, Tomasch, G., additional, Knölker, M., additional, Martínez Pillet, V., additional, Bonet, J. A., additional, Schmidt, W., additional, Berkefeld, T., additional, Feger, B., additional, Heidecke, F., additional, Soltau, D., additional, Tischenberg, A., additional, Fischer, A., additional, Title, A., additional, Anwand, H., additional, and Schmidt, E., additional

Published
2010
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33. The Wave-Front Correction System for the Sunrise Balloon-Borne Solar Observatory

Author

Berkefeld, T., primary, Schmidt, W., additional, Soltau, D., additional, Bell, A., additional, Doerr, H. P., additional, Feger, B., additional, Friedlein, R., additional, Gerber, K., additional, Heidecke, F., additional, Kentischer, T., additional, v. d. Lühe, O., additional, Sigwarth, M., additional, Wälde, E., additional, Barthol, P., additional, Deutsch, W., additional, Gandorfer, A., additional, Germerott, D., additional, Grauf, B., additional, Meller, R., additional, Álvarez-Herrero, A., additional, Knölker, M., additional, Martínez Pillet, V., additional, Solanki, S. K., additional, and Title, A. M., additional

Published
2010
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34. The Sunrise Mission

Author

Barthol, P., primary, Gandorfer, A., additional, Solanki, S. K., additional, Schüssler, M., additional, Chares, B., additional, Curdt, W., additional, Deutsch, W., additional, Feller, A., additional, Germerott, D., additional, Grauf, B., additional, Heerlein, K., additional, Hirzberger, J., additional, Kolleck, M., additional, Meller, R., additional, Müller, R., additional, Riethmüller, T. L., additional, Tomasch, G., additional, Knölker, M., additional, Lites, B. W., additional, Card, G., additional, Elmore, D., additional, Fox, J., additional, Lecinski, A., additional, Nelson, P., additional, Summers, R., additional, Watt, A., additional, Martínez Pillet, V., additional, Bonet, J. A., additional, Schmidt, W., additional, Berkefeld, T., additional, Title, A. M., additional, Domingo, V., additional, Gasent Blesa, J. L., additional, del Toro Iniesta, J. C., additional, López Jiménez, A., additional, Álvarez-Herrero, A., additional, Sabau-Graziati, L., additional, Widani, C., additional, Haberler, P., additional, Härtel, K., additional, Kampf, D., additional, Levin, T., additional, Pérez Grande, I., additional, Sanz-Andrés, A., additional, and Schmidt, E., additional

Published
2010
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35. OSIRIS: The Scientific Camera System Onboard Rosetta

Author

Keller, H. U., primary, Barbieri, C., additional, Lamy, P., additional, Rickman, H., additional, Rodrigo, R., additional, Wenzel, K. -P., additional, Sierks, H., additional, A’Hearn, M. F., additional, Angrilli, F., additional, Angulo, M., additional, Bailey, M. E., additional, Barthol, P., additional, Barucci, M. A., additional, Bertaux, J.-L., additional, Bianchini, G., additional, Boit, J.-L., additional, Brown, V., additional, Burns, J. A., additional, Büttner, I., additional, Castro, J. M., additional, Cremonese, G., additional, Curdt, W., additional, Deppo, V. Da, additional, Debei, S., additional, Cecco, M. De, additional, Dohlen, K., additional, Fornasier, S., additional, Fulle, M., additional, Germerott, D., additional, Gliem, F., additional, Guizzo, G. P., additional, Hviid, S. F., additional, Ip, W.-H., additional, Jorda, L., additional, Koschny, D., additional, Kramm, J. R., additional, Kührt, E., additional, Küppers, M., additional, Lara, L. M., additional, Llebaria, A., additional, López, A., additional, López-Jimenez, A., additional, López-Moreno, J., additional, Meller, R., additional, Michalik, H., additional, Michelena, M. D., additional, Müller, R., additional, Naletto, G., additional, Origné, A., additional, Parzianello, G., additional, Pertile, M., additional, Quintana, C., additional, Ragazzoni, R., additional, Ramous, P., additional, Reiche, K.-U., additional, Reina, M., additional, Rodríguez, J., additional, Rousset, G., additional, Sabau, L., additional, Sanz, A., additional, Sivan, J.-P., additional, Stöckner, K., additional, Tabero, J., additional, Telljohann, U., additional, Thomas, N., additional, Timon, V., additional, Tomasch, G., additional, and Wittrock, T., additional

Published
2009
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36. The Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager on Solar Orbiter

Author

Solanki, S. K., primary, del Toro Iniesta, J. C., additional, Woch, J., additional, Gandorfer, A., additional, Hirzberger, J., additional, Alvarez-Herrero, A., additional, Appourchaux, T., additional, Martínez Pillet, V., additional, Pérez-Grande, I., additional, Sanchis Kilders, E., additional, Schmidt, W., additional, Gómez Cama, J. M., additional, Michalik, H., additional, Deutsch, W., additional, Fernandez-Rico, G., additional, Grauf, B., additional, Gizon, L., additional, Heerlein, K., additional, Kolleck, M., additional, Lagg, A., additional, Meller, R., additional, Müller, R., additional, Schühle, U., additional, Staub, J., additional, Albert, K., additional, Alvarez Copano, M., additional, Beckmann, U., additional, Bischoff, J., additional, Busse, D., additional, Enge, R., additional, Frahm, S., additional, Germerott, D., additional, Guerrero, L., additional, Löptien, B., additional, Meierdierks, T., additional, Oberdorfer, D., additional, Papagiannaki, I., additional, Ramanath, S., additional, Schou, J., additional, Werner, S., additional, Yang, D., additional, Zerr, A., additional, Bergmann, M., additional, Bochmann, J., additional, Heinrichs, J., additional, Meyer, S., additional, Monecke, M., additional, Müller, M.-F., additional, Sperling, M., additional, Álvarez García, D., additional, Aparicio, B., additional, Balaguer Jiménez, M., additional, Bellot Rubio, L. R., additional, Cobos Carracosa, J. P., additional, Girela, F., additional, Hernández Expósito, D., additional, Herranz, M., additional, Labrousse, P., additional, López Jiménez, A., additional, Orozco Suárez, D., additional, Ramos, J. L., additional, Barandiarán, J., additional, Bastide, L., additional, Campuzano, C., additional, Cebollero, M., additional, Dávila, B., additional, Fernández-Medina, A., additional, García Parejo, P., additional, Garranzo-García, D., additional, Laguna, H., additional, Martín, J. A., additional, Navarro, R., additional, Núñez Peral, A., additional, Royo, M., additional, Sánchez, A., additional, Silva-López, M., additional, Vera, I., additional, Villanueva, J., additional, Fourmond, J.-J., additional, de Galarreta, C. Ruiz, additional, Bouzit, M., additional, Hervier, V., additional, Le Clec’h, J. C., additional, Szwec, N., additional, Chaigneau, M., additional, Buttice, V., additional, Dominguez-Tagle, C., additional, Philippon, A., additional, Boumier, P., additional, Le Cocguen, R., additional, Baranjuk, G., additional, Bell, A., additional, Berkefeld, Th., additional, Baumgartner, J., additional, Heidecke, F., additional, Maue, T., additional, Nakai, E., additional, Scheiffelen, T., additional, Sigwarth, M., additional, Soltau, D., additional, Volkmer, R., additional, Blanco Rodríguez, J., additional, Domingo, V., additional, Ferreres Sabater, A., additional, Gasent Blesa, J. L., additional, Rodríguez Martínez, P., additional, Osorno Caudel, D., additional, Bosch, J., additional, Casas, A., additional, Carmona, M., additional, Herms, A., additional, Roma, D., additional, Alonso, G., additional, Gómez-Sanjuan, A., additional, Piqueras, J., additional, Torralbo, I., additional, Fiethe, B., additional, Guan, Y., additional, Lange, T., additional, Michel, H., additional, Bonet, J. A., additional, Fahmy, S., additional, Müller, D., additional, and Zouganelis, I., additional

Published
2020
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37. The on-ground data reduction and calibration pipeline for SO/PHI-HRT

Author

Ibsen, Jorge, Chiozzi, Gianluca, Sinjan, J., Calchetti, D., Hirzberger, J., Orozco Suárez, D., Albert, K., Albelo Jorge, N., Appourchaux, T., Alvarez-Herrero, A., Blanco Rodríguez, J., Gandorfer, A., Germerott, D., Guerrero, L., Gutierrez Marquez, P., Kahil, F., Kolleck, M., Solanki, S. K., del Toro Iniesta, J. C., Volkmer, R., Woch, J., Fiethe, B., Gómez Cama, J. M., Pérez-Grande, I., Sanchis Kilders, E., Balaguer Jiménez, M., Bellot Rubio, L. R., Carmona, M., Deutsch, W., Fernandez-Rico, G., Fernández-Medina, A., García Parejo, P., Gasent Blesa, J. L., Gizon, L., Grauf, B., Heerlein, K., Korpi-Lagg, A., Lange, T., López Jiménez, A., Maue, T., Meller, R., Michalik, H., Moreno Vacas, A., Müller, R., Nakai, E., Schmidt, W., Schou, J., Schühle, U., Staub, J., Strecker, H., Torralbo, I., and Valori, G.

Published
2022
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38. Image quality of data products of the high resolution telescope of the polarimetric and helioseismic imager

Author

Coyle, Laura E., Matsuura, Shuji, Perrin, Marshall D., Kahil, F., Gandorfer, A., Hirzberger, J., Orozco Suárez, D., Albert, K., Albelo Jorge, N., Appourchaux, T., Álvarez-Herrero, A., Blanco Rodríguez, J., Germerott, D., Guerrero, L., Gutierrez Marquez, P., Sinjan, J., Calchetti, D., Kolleck, M., Solanki, S. K., del Toro Iniesta, J. C., Volkmer, R., Woch, J., Fiethe, B., Gómez Cama, J. M., Pérez-Grande, I., Sanchis Kilders, E., Balaguer Jiménez, M., Bellot Rubio, L. R., Carmona, M., Deutsch, W., Fernandez-Rico, G., Fernández-Medina, A., García Parejo, P., Gasent Blesa, J. L., Gizon, L., Grauf, B., Heerlein, K., Korpi-Lagg, A., Lange, T., López Jiménez, A., Maue, T., Meller, R., Michalik, H., Moreno Vacas, A., Müller, R., Nakai, E., Schmidt, W., Schou, J., Schühle, U., Staub, J., Strecker, H., Torralbo, I., and Valori, G.

Published
2022
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39. The Second Flight of the Sunrise Balloon-borne Solar Observatory: Overview of Instrument Updates, the Flight, the Data, and First Results

Author

Solanki, S. K., primary, Riethmüller, T. L., additional, Barthol, P., additional, Danilovic, S., additional, Deutsch, W., additional, Doerr, H.-P., additional, Feller, A., additional, Gandorfer, A., additional, Germerott, D., additional, Gizon, L., additional, Grauf, B., additional, Heerlein, K., additional, Hirzberger, J., additional, Kolleck, M., additional, Lagg, A., additional, Meller, R., additional, Tomasch, G., additional, Noort, M. van, additional, Rodríguez, J. Blanco, additional, Blesa, J. L. Gasent, additional, Jiménez, M. Balaguer, additional, Iniesta, J. C. Del Toro, additional, Jiménez, A. C. López, additional, Suarez, D. Orozco, additional, Berkefeld, T., additional, Halbgewachs, C., additional, Schmidt, W., additional, Álvarez-Herrero, A., additional, Sabau-Graziati, L., additional, Grande, I. Pérez, additional, Pillet, V. Martínez, additional, Card, G., additional, Centeno, R., additional, Knölker, M., additional, and Lecinski, A., additional

Published
2017
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40. The Sunrise Mission

Author

Barthol, P., Gandorfer, A., Solanki, S. K., Schüssler, M., Chares, B., Curdt, W., Deutsch, W., Feller, A., Germerott, D., Grauf, B., Heerlein, K., Hirzberger, J., Kolleck, M., Meller, R., Müller, R., Riethmüller, T. L., Tomasch, G., Knölker, M., Lites, B. W., Card, G., Elmore, D., Fox, J., Lecinski, A., Nelson, P., Summers, R., Watt, A., Martínez Pillet, V., Bonet, J. A., Schmidt, W., Berkefeld, T., Title, A. M., Domingo, V., Gasent Blesa, J. L., Toro Iniesta, J. C. del, López Jiménez, A., Álvarez Herrero, A., Sabau Graziati, L., Widani, C., Haberler, P., Härtel, K., Kampf, D., Levin, T., Pérez Grande, María Isabel, Sanz Andres, Angel Pedro, Schmidt, E., Barthol, P., Gandorfer, A., Solanki, S. K., Schüssler, M., Chares, B., Curdt, W., Deutsch, W., Feller, A., Germerott, D., Grauf, B., Heerlein, K., Hirzberger, J., Kolleck, M., Meller, R., Müller, R., Riethmüller, T. L., Tomasch, G., Knölker, M., Lites, B. W., Card, G., Elmore, D., Fox, J., Lecinski, A., Nelson, P., Summers, R., Watt, A., Martínez Pillet, V., Bonet, J. A., Schmidt, W., Berkefeld, T., Title, A. M., Domingo, V., Gasent Blesa, J. L., Toro Iniesta, J. C. del, López Jiménez, A., Álvarez Herrero, A., Sabau Graziati, L., Widani, C., Haberler, P., Härtel, K., Kampf, D., Levin, T., Pérez Grande, María Isabel, Sanz Andres, Angel Pedro, and Schmidt, E.

Abstract

The first science flight of the balloon-borne Sunrise telescope took place in June 2009 from ESRANGE (near Kiruna/Sweden) to Somerset Island in northern Canada. We describe the scientific aims and mission concept of the project and give an overview and a description of the various hardware components: the 1-m main telescope with its postfocus science instruments (the UV filter imager SuFI and the imaging vector magnetograph IMaX) and support instruments (image stabilizing and light distribution system ISLiD and correlating wavefront sensor CWS), the optomechanical support structure and the instrument mounting concept, the gondola structure and the power, pointing, and telemetry systems, and the general electronics architecture. We also explain the optimization of the structural and thermal design of the complete payload. The preparations for the science flight are described, including AIV and ground calibration of the instruments. The course of events during the science flight is outlined, up to the recovery activities. Finally, the in-flight performance of the instrumentation is discussed.

Published
2010

41. The SUMER Data in the SOHO Archive

Author

Curdt, W., primary, Germerott, D., additional, Wilhelm, K., additional, Schühle, U., additional, Teriaca, L., additional, Innes, D., additional, Bocchialini, K., additional, and Lemaire, P., additional

Published
2013
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43. Bursts of Explosive Events in the Solar Network.

Author

Innes, D., Brekke, P., Germerott, D., and Wilhelm, K.

Abstract

Observations of the quiet-Sun network in the UV emission line Siiv 1393 Å over a time period of two hours are presented. Bursts of explosive events, highly Doppler-shifted emission, seem to be sporadically emitted from the brighter regions of the network lanes. Individual events have typical lifetimes of ≈ 1–6 min and come in bursts of up to 30 min. The most spectacular burst in this dataset, shown in the accompanying movie, lasts ≈ 30 min and shows a wide variety of line profiles with both red and blue shifts ≈180 km s1. There appears to be no characteristic form or evolutionary pattern to the line profiles in either the individual events or series of events. There are about twice as many blue shifts as red shifts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1997
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44. The Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager on Solar Orbiter

Author

Solanki, S., Del Toro Iniesta, J., Woch, J., Gandorfer, A., Hirzberger, J., Alvarez-Herrero, A., Appourchaux, T., Pillet, V., Pérez-Grande, I., Kilders, E., Schmidt, W., Gómez Cama, J., Michalik, H., Deutsch, W., Fernandez-Rico, G., Grauf, B., Gizon, L., Heerlein, K., Kolleck, M., Lagg, A., Meller, R., Müller, R., Schühle, U., Staub, J., Albert, K., Alvarez Copano, M., Beckmann, U., Bischoff, J., Busse, D., Enge, R., Frahm, S., Germerott, D., Guerrero, L., Löptien, B., Meierdierks, T., Oberdorfer, D., Papagiannaki, I., Ramanath, S., Schou, J., Werner, S., Yang, D., Zerr, A., Bergmann, M., Bochmann, J., Heinrichs, J., Meyer, S., Monecke, M., Müller, M. -F, Sperling, M., Álvarez García, D., Aparicio, B., Balaguer Jiménez, M., Bellot Rubio, L., Cobos Carracosa, J., Girela, F., Hernández, D., Herranz, M., Labrousse, P., López Jiménez, A., Orozco Suárez, D., Ramos, J., Barandiarán, J., Bastide, L., Campuzano, C., Cebollero, M., Dávila, B., Fernández-Medina, A., García Parejo, P., Garranzo-García, D., Laguna, H., Martin, J., Navarro, R., Peral, A., Royo, M., Sánchez, A., Silva-López, M., Vera, I., Villanueva, J., Fourmond, J. -J, Ruiz Galarreta, C., Bouzit, M., Hervier, V., Le Clec H, J., Szwec, N., Chaigneau, M., Buttice, V., Dominguez-Tagle, C., Philippon, A., Boumier, P., Le Cocguen, R., Baranjuk, G., Bell, A., Berkefeld, Th, Baumgartner, J., Heidecke, F., Maue, T., Nakai, E., Scheiffelen, T., Sigwarth, M., Soltau, D., Volkmer, R., Blanco Rodríguez, J., Domingo, V., Ferreres Sabater, A., Gasent Blesa, J., Rodríguez Martínez, P., Osorno Caudel, D., Bosch, J., Casas, A., Manuel Carmona, Herms, A., Roma, D., Alonso, G., Gómez-Sanjuan, A., Piqueras, J., Torralbo, I., Fiethe, B., Guan, Y., Lange, T., Michel, H., Bonet, J., Fahmy, S., Zouganelis, I., Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Solar Observatory, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Universitat de Valencia Dpt. Ingenieria Electronica, Kiepenheuer-Institut für Sonnenphysik (KIS), Institut für Geophysik und Extraterrestrische Physik [Braunschweig] (IGEP), Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], University of Barcelona, Department of Electronic, Institut für Astrophysik [Göttingen], Georg-August-University [Göttingen], Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Grupo de Astronomia y Ciencias del Espacio (GACE), Laboratorio de Procesado de Imagenes [Valencia] (LPI), Universitat de València (UV)-Universitat de València (UV), Institut für Datentechnik und Kommunikationsnetze, European Space Agency (ESA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], and PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract

International audience; Aims. This paper describes the Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager on the Solar Orbiter mission (SO/PHI), the first magnetograph and helioseis-mology instrument to observe the Sun from outside the Sun-Earth line. It is the key instrument meant to address the top-level science question: How does the solar dynamo work and drive connections between the Sun and the heliosphere? SO/PHI will also play an important role in answering the other top-level science questions of Solar Orbiter, as well as hosting the potential of a rich return in further science. Methods. SO/PHI measures the Zeeman effect and the Doppler shift in the Fe i 617.3 nm spectral line. To this end, the instrument carries out narrow-band imaging spectro-polarimetry using a tunable LiNbO 3 Fabry-Perot etalon, while the polarisation modulation is done with liquid crystal variable retarders (LCVRs). The line and the nearby continuum are sampled at six wavelength points and the data are recorded by a 2k × 2k CMOS detector. To save valuable telemetry, the raw data are reduced on board, including being inverted under the assumption of a Milne-Eddington atmosphere, although simpler reduction methods are also available on board. SO/PHI is composed of two telescopes; one, the Full Disc Telescope (FDT), covers the full solar disc at all phases of the orbit, while the other, the High Resolution Telescope (HRT), can resolve structures as small as 200 km on the Sun at closest perihelion. The high heat load generated through proximity to the Sun is greatly reduced by the multilayer-coated entrance windows to the two telescopes that allow less than 4% of the total sunlight to enter the instrument, most of it in a narrow wavelength band around the chosen spectral line. Results. SO/PHI was designed and built by a consortium having partners in Germany, Spain, and France. The flight model was delivered to Airbus Defence and Space, Stevenage, and successfully integrated into the Solar Orbiter spacecraft. A number of innovations were introduced compared with earlier space-based spectropolarimeters, thus allowing SO/PHI to fit into the tight mass, volume, power and telemetry budgets provided by the Solar Orbiter spacecraft and to meet the (e.g. thermal) challenges posed by the mission's highly elliptical orbit.

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