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Hartmut Timmermann,1 Katrin Milger,2 Johann Christian Virchow,3 Olaf Schmidt,4 Karl-Christian Bergmann,5 Dirk Koschel,6 Claus Neurohr,7 Florian Scholz,8 Sebastian Heck,9 Dirk Skowasch10 1Schwerpunktpraxis Colonnaden, Hamburg, Germany; 2Medicine V, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Munich, Germany; 3Abteilungen für Pneumologie / Intensivmedizin, Universitätmedizin Rostock, Rostock, Germany; 4Studienzentrum KPPK, Pneumologische Gemeinschaftspraxis, Koblenz, Germany; 5Institute of Allergology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; 6Fachkrankenhaus Coswig, Lung Centre, Coswig, and Division of Pulmonology, Medical Department I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany; 7Abteilung für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus Lungenzentrum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany; 8IQVIA Commercial GmbH & Co. OHG, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; 9GlaxoSmithKline GmbH & Co. KG, Munich, Germany; 10Department of Internal Medicine II – Pneumology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, GermanyCorrespondence: Hartmut Timmermann, Schwerpunktpraxis Colonnaden 72, Hamburg, 20354, Germany, Tel +49 4086648880, Fax +49 40866488824, Email timmermann@allergopraxis.dePurpose: It has been estimated that, in 2019, 54,000 patients in Germany had uncontrolled GINA step 4/5 asthma. In the current study we analyzed which health care providers were involved in the management of these patients and their role in disease phenotyping.Patients and Methods: The year 2019 was retrospectively analyzed using the IQVIATM LRx, a longitudinal anonymized prescription database, and the electronic, anonymized medical records database, the IQVIA Disease Analyzer.Results: Of 54,000 uncontrolled GINA step 4/5 asthma patients in Germany, 52% had consulted both general practitioners (GPs) and pulmonologists, and 48% were seen exclusively by a GP. Of these 54,000 patients, 45% were being prescribed and were thus overusing short-acting β 2-agonists (SABAs) and oral corticosteroids (OCS) for ≥ 2 years, 26% for ≥ 3 years, and 16% for ≥ 4 years. In most regions, pulmonologists saw one of their uncontrolled GINA step 4/5 asthma patients per week. Laboratory tests from consultations with a GP were available for only 10% of patients referred to a pulmonologist. In 50% of uncontrolled asthma patients treated according to GINA step 4/5, these were initiated by the pulmonologist, and 34% received laboratory testing within the first year (in GINA step 4/5 asthma, the numbers are 20% and 18%, respectively).Conclusion: Fifty percent of uncontrolled asthma patients treated according to GINA step 4/5 were regularly seen by pulmonologists, who performed most of the phenotyping confirming their importance in the management of severe, uncontrolled asthma in Germany. To understand treatment pathways for these patients, further studies are needed.Keywords: prescription database, biological treatment, laboratory test, uncontrolled GINA step 4/5 asthma, Germany

The object of this study is to examine the response of economic growth in Germany to 2006 FIFA World Cup hosting (represented by the heavily influenced variables of this huge event: Growth of Infrastructure Spending, Tourism Revenues, and Foreign Direct investment) during the period (2000 – 2017). The study employed Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS) approach to estimate the long-run equilibrium relationships amongst the variables. The results indicate that there is a co-integrating long-run relationship among the studied variables and provide empirical evidence showing that an increase in the growth of infrastructure spending (GINFR) 1 unit leads to an increase in the growth of GDP (GGDP) by 0.374 unit, an increase in the tourism revenues (TR) 1 unit leads to increase in the growth of GDP (GGDP) by 0.155 unit, and an increase in foreign direct investment (FDI) 1 unit leads to an increase in the growth of GDP (GGDP) by 0.055 unit. What distinguishes this paper is that it is one of the rare studies that went beyond the short effect of mega-events on the host country and investigated the long-term economic impact of the most important macro variables associated with mega-events on economic growth. Doi: 10.28991/esj-2021-01323 Full Text: PDF

This article offers insight into the image of women in German conservative congregations, especially in the Brethren movement. It also describes the author’s personal journey to a position of strongly supporting female preaching and female leadership in churches. The article combines empirical facts and personal insights. It gives examples of androcentrism in German academic theology. The case study is on the Brethren movement in Germany and their teaching on women, which was very much influenced by certain Pauline texts from the New Testament. Unfortunately, ‘women’s role in the church’ became the shibboleth for biblical correctness. While living and working in this context, the author discovered inconsistencies in practice, which finally led to this paradigm shift. Contribution: It is argued that if women are not allowed to participate publicly in the church services, it is like driving a car with four cylinders but turning off two cylinders.

Based on an analysis of published works by American researchers (historians, political scientists, lawyers, sociologists, philosophers), the majority of whom was involved in the preparation and implementation of the process of re-education of Germans in the first postwar years, the authors aim to identify the main trends, approaches, assessments of the progress and future prospects of denazification of Germany from the point of view of American scientists and politicians of the first postwar decade. Denazification became one of the main public topics that was widely discussed in American society in the second half of the 1940s and 1950s, but these publications have not yet been the subject of a separate historiographical analysis in either ukrainian or foreign scientific literature that determines the novelty of the proposed article. Discussions were formed by those who were involved in its implementation and did not always express the views of academics alone. Based on the methods of historiographic analysis and problem-chronological approach, it was found that the program of «re-education» of Germany and its implementation were ambiguously perceived and evaluated by different researchers, which led to the formation of two directions in historiography of this problem. The first and a little earlier formed direction showed a balanced positive assessment of the denazification policy even if certain problems, shortcomings or even partially negative results were stated. Another trend, which crystallized a little later, articulated a more critical, skeptical, and even negative view of US policy in occupied Germany. In American historiography there is a thesis that the Germans must solve their own problems. The assessment of denazification took place at a time of critical geopolitical change in Europe, interest in which waned in the 1950s. Exacerbation of the confrontation with the USSR, fear of possible radicalization of Germany, problems of postwar economic recovery forced the United States to reconsider approaches to methods and rates of denazification policy and transfer control over its implementation to the newly formed Germany, an American ally.

The aim of the research. The article researches the book movement at German camps (Rastatt, Wetzlar, Salzwedel), where Ukrainian prisoners of war (POWs) were located during the World War I, as well as traces the impact on forming POWs' mindset on the national and state issues. The research methodology is based on problemoriented, chronological, historical, comparative, and retrospective research methods, the combination of which allows to provide fundamental insights into the peculiarities of the book movement development at Ukrainian POWs camps. The scientific novelty lies in recognizing the contribution of the Union for the Liberation of Ukraine (ULU) to the organizational process of the book movement at the Ukrainian POWs camps in Germany along with determining the ways for its activation and popularization outside of the camps, particularly among workgroups. Chosen among Ukrainian activists, authorized delegates from camp communities ("trusted men") were responsible for this mission, especially by helping with the delivery of Ukrainian periodicals and books to Ukrainian POWs for public access for reading. The idea of the "travelling libraries" appeared to be particularly efficient as these libraries were transported from one workgroup to another, which contributed to the expansion of Ukrainian literature readers. Conclusions. The research proves the Ukrainian book concept to have played an essential role in the matter of POWs' national identity formation. Through participating in camp educational activities along with attending the Ukrainian national theatre and camp library, POWs were aroused and inspired to join active social and political life in Ukraine which required their efforts in national and state development.

Objectives: While several factors have been shown to influence operating room (OR) turnaround times, few comparisons of planned and actual OR turnaround times have been performed. This study aimed to compare planned and actual OR turnaround times at a large rural hospital in Northern Germany. Methods: This retrospective study examined the OR turnaround data of 875 elective surgery cases scheduled at the Marienhospital, Vechta, Germany, between July and October 2014. The frequency distributions of planned and actual OR turnaround times were compared and correlations between turnaround times and various factors were established, including the time of day of the procedure, patient age and the planned duration of the surgery. Results: There was a significant difference between mean planned and actual OR turnaround times (0.32 versus 0.64 hours; P