Search

La preeclampsia es considerada como un problema de salud público a nivel mundial, ya que esta patología condiciona un mayor riesgo de morbilidad materno perinatal. También constituye uno de los trastornos hipertensivos del embarazo que son causa principal de muerte materna. En consecuencia, la finalidad de la presente investigación es plasmar los diferentes factores de riesgo de la preeclampsia y las recomendaciones sobre las evaluaciones vigentes de estos factores. Específicamente, se abarcarán temas como la detección temprana del riesgo de preeclampsia mediante la evaluación y control de la presión arterial, aportaciones de la longitud cráneo - caudal, diagnóstico mejorado de preeclampsia con el cociente sFlt1/PIGF y predicción de la preeclamsia usando la flujometría Doppler de las arterias uterinas. La investigación se realizó bajo una metodología de tipo documental bibliográfica, bajo la modalidad de revisión. Existen factores de riesgo que predisponen a padecer de preeclamsia, en virtud de lo cual, resulta fundamental, en principio, establecer una adecuada valoración clínica para cada paciente, con el propósito de tomar las medidas preventivas necesarias y/o efectuar un diagnóstico temprano que permita minimizar los riesgos para esta entidad. La literatura disponible con base a la evidencia científica presenta cierta discrepancia de un país a otro y las complicaciones de la preeclamsia se siguen presentando como un problema de salud pública en todo el mundo. El control de la presión arterial sigue siendo a través del tiempo uno de los métodos de cribado más consistentes en el diagnóstico de la preeclampsia. Por último, es importante mencionar que el médico tratante encargado de realizar el control prenatal debe conocer los factores de riesgo y las diferentes herramientas de cribado de preeclampsia con la finalidad de brindar un abordaje precoz y oportuno, de manera de evitar las complicaciones asociadas a esta entidad.

The measurement of time in the subsecond scale is critical for many sophisticated behaviors, yet its neural underpinnings are largely unknown. Recent neurophysiological experiments from our laboratory have shown that the neural activity in the medial premotor areas (MPC) of macaques can represent different aspects of temporal processing. During interval categorization, we found that preSMA encodes a subjective category limit by reaching a peak of activity at a time that divides the set of test intervals into short and long. We also observed neural signals associated with the category selected by the subjects and the reward outcomes of the perceptual decision. On the other hand, we have studied the behavioral and neurophysiological basis of rhythmic timing. First, we have shown in different tapping tasks that macaques are able to produce predictively and accurately intervals that are cued by auditory or visual metronomes or when intervals are produced internally without sensory guidance. In addition, we found that the rhythmic timing mechanism in MPC is governed by different layers of neural clocks. Next, the instantaneous activity of single cells shows ramping activity that encode the elapsed or remaining time for a tapping movement. In addition, we found MPC neurons that build neural sequences, forming dynamic patterns of activation that flexibly cover all the produced interval depending on the tapping tempo. This rhythmic neural clock resets on every interval providing an internal representation of pulse. Furthermore, the MPC cells show mixed selectivity, encoding not only elapsed time, but also the tempo of the tapping and the serial order element in the rhythmic sequence. Hence, MPC can map different task parameters, including the passage of time, using different cell populations. Finally, the projection of the time varying activity of MPC hundreds of cells into a low dimensional state space showed circular neural trajectories whose geometry represent the internal pulse and the tapping tempo. Overall, these findings support the notion that MPC is part of the core timing mechanism for both single interval and rhythmic timing, using neural clocks with different encoding principles, probably to flexibly encode and mix the timing representation with other task parameters.

The objective was to characterize the effects of a supplemental Herbal Antibiotics Source (HAnS) on performance, blood chemistry, blood cells, and antibody counts of Holstein calves. Forty calves (initial BW 45.8 ± 7.2 kg) were randomly assigned to treatments: 0, 3, 4, and 5 g d−1 HAnS. The additive improved hip height and thoracic girth. The reduction of starter diet intake among individuals varied greatly, while milk replacer intake increased. HAnS at intermediate doses reduced the cases of pneumonia. It also linearly reduced the blood serum glucose and B-OH butyrate. Urea and monocytes showed a quadratic response, and basophils decreased. HAnS improves calf development at intermediate doses and reduces the incidence of diseases.

espanolEl cancer de mama es una de las enfermedades que mas afectan a las mujeres, y que tiene una importante morbilidad, en los casos en donde es detectado a tiempo, se utilizan tecnicas que no necesariamente deben incluir un procedimiento quirurgico (quimioterapia y radioterapia). Pero independientemente de ello, la mejor tecnica a utilizar la va a dar la localizacion del cancer y lo avanzado que este. La metodologia de la investigacion, es una revision bibliografica, que se ha obtenido de ubicacion por medios electronicos de trabajos de investigacion que se han publicado sobre el tema de estudio, y lo que se busca es generar una sintesis de todo lo recopilado, que pueda generar a futuro nuevas investigaciones. Las conclusiones generales a las que se ha podido llegar, es que existen muchas tecnicas quirurgicas para afrontar el cancer mamario, dependiendo de que tan avanzado no o este. Las mas severas son las mastectomias, encontrandose tecnicas mas conservadoras y no tan invasivas, sin embargo, las cirugias oncoplasticas han estado ganado terreno por que han logrado preservar las glandulas mamarias. EnglishBreast cancer is one of the diseases that most affect women, and that has significant morbidity, in cases where it is detect-ed early, techniques are used that do not necessarily include a surgical procedure (chemotherapy and radiotherapy). But regardless, the best technique to use is the location of the cancer and how advanced it is. The research methodology is a bibliographic review, which has been obtained from the location by electronic means of research works that have been published on the subject of study, and what is sought is to generate a synthesis of everything collected, which can gen-erate future research. The general conclusions that have been reached is that there are many surgical techniques to deal with breast cancer, depending on how advanced or not it is. The most severe are mastectomies, finding more conservative and not so invasive techniques, however oncoplastic surgeries have been gaining ground because they have managed to preserve the mammary glands. portuguesO cancro da mama e uma das doencas que mais afectam as mulheres, e que tem uma morbilidade significativa, nos casos em que e detectado precocemente, sao utilizadas tecnicas que nao incluem necessariamente um procedimento cirurgico (quimioterapia e radioterapia). Mas, independentemente disso, a melhor tecnica a utilizar e a localizacao do cancro e o seu grau de avanco. A metodologia de investigacao e uma revisao bibliografica, que foi obtida a partir do local por meios electronicos de trabalhos de investigacao que foram publicados sobre o tema de estudo, e o que se procura e gerar uma sintese de tudo o que foi recolhido, o que pode gerar investigacao futura. As conclusoes gerais a que se chegou e que existem muitas tecnicas cirurgicas para lidar com o cancro da mama, dependendo do seu grau de avanco ou nao. As mais severas sao as mastectomias, encontrando tecnicas mais conservadoras e nao tao invasivas, contudo as cirurgias oncoplasicas tem vindo a ganhar terreno porque tem conseguido preservar as glândulas mamarias.

Las enfermedades de transmisión sexual (ETS) tienen una importancia significativa para la salud pública. Después de la aparición del síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (SIDA), aumentó la incidencia de ETS. La comprensión de las ETS es fundamental para prescribir el tratamiento correcto, por lo que la evaluación de un paciente que padece algún tipo de ETS requiere consideraciones específicas, sus debidas precauciones y necesitan una evaluación exhaustiva mediante una anamnesis cuidadosa, un examen físico detallado con especial atención al examen local (examen de la lesión y los genitales) y una investigación microbiológic. Existe la necesidad de un enfoque colaborativo entre el microbiólogo y los médicos para la evaluación de los pacientes con enfermedades de transmisión sexual. La carga de salud global de las infecciones de transmisión sexual, incluido el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), es grande y está en constante aumento. La organización mundial de la salud estima que hay alrededor de 498 millones de personas de entre 15 y 49 años que se infectan cada año con clamidia, gonorrea, sífilis y chancroide. Varios tabúes y estigmas asociados con estas enfermedades impactan negativamente en el comportamiento de búsqueda de tratamiento produciendo retraso en el mismo.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of feeding different levels concentrations of dietary calcium propionate (CaPr) on lambs’ growth performance, ruminal fermentation parameters, glucose–insulin concentration, and hypothalamic mRNA expression for neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related peptide (AgRP), and proopiomelanocortin (POMC). Thirty-two individually fed lambs were randomly assigned to four treatments: (1) control diet (0 g/kg of CaPr), (2) low CaPr, (30 g/kg dry matter (DM)), (3) medium CaPr, (35 g/kg DM), and (4) high CaPr (40 g/kg DM). After 42 days of feeding, lambs were slaughtered for collecting samples of the hypothalamus. Data were analyzed as a complete randomized design, and means were separated using linear and quadratic polynomial contrast. Growth performance was not affected (p ≥ 0.11) by dietary CaPr inclusion. The ruminal concentration of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) increased linearly (p = 0.04) as dietary CaPr increased. Likewise, a linear increase in plasma insulin concentration (p = 0.03) as dietary CaPr concentration increased. The relative mRNA expression of NPY exhibited a quadratic effect (p &lt, 0.01), but there were significant differences in the mRNA expression of AgRP and POMC (p ≥ 0.10). Dietary calcium propionate did not improve lamb growth performance in lambs feed with only forage diets. Intake was not correlated with feed intake with mRNA expression of neuropeptides.

Objective. Evaluate multinutritional blocks with and without calcium propionate (Pr-Ca) in digestibility and live weight changes of lambs and in the green house emission in vitro. Materials and methods. Twelve sheep were used (20.17 ± 2.35 Katahdin x criollo) in three treatments: Basal diet (BD 70% oat straw, 30% concentrate), BD+ Block without Ca-Pr and BD+ Block with 1.5% Ca-Pr, it was evaluated for 50 days. In vitro gas production (GP) and kinetic parameters were estimated (Vmax, S, Lag) according to consumption. Digestibility, CH4 and CO2 in vitro and in vivo were estimated. Results. The dry matter intake was the lowest (p, Objetivo. Evaluar dos bloques multinutricionales formulados para mejorar el crecimiento de los corderos alimentados con una dieta basal de bajo valor nutritivo, con y sin propionato de calcio (Pr-Ca), evaluando el crecimiento de los corderos, digestibilidad y las emisiones de gases efecto invernadero in vivo e in vitro. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron doce borregos (20.17 ± 2.35 Katahdin x criollo) en tres tratamientos: Dieta basal (DB 70% paja de avena; 30% concentrado), DB+ Bloque sin Pr-Ca y DB + Bloque con 1.5% de Pr-Ca, por 50 días. Se midió producción de gas (PG) in vitro y se estimaron los parámetros de cinética (Vmax, S, Lag). Se estimaron la digestibilidad, CH4 y CO2 in vitro e in vivo. Resultados. El consumo fue menor (P

Background: The effects of the probiotics vary with the doses and strains used for this reason, a study was conducted over 35 days to determine the effect of live yeast supplementation in the diet of growing rabbits on growth performance and apparent nutrient digestibility.Methods: A total of 60 New Zealand and California rabbits (5 weeks old, average body weight 0.881±0.015 kg) were housed in 30 cages. They were fed with a control diet based on alfalfa and maize or barley grains and supplemented with Procreatin®7 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I 1077) or Biosaf® SC47 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC Sc47) at three doses, namely 0, 6.4, or 12.8 ×109 CFU per kg basal diet.Result: The higher yeast concentration had a positive effect (P less than 0.01) on final body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG) and carcass weight (CW). However, there were no significant differences in dry matter intake. As a result of this, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreased (P less than 0.01). Significant increases (P less than 0.05) in nutrient digestibility (DM, OM, NDF and ADF) were observed with both grains. The use of yeast in maize and barley-based diets of rabbits has positive effects on growth performance and nutrient digestibility.

We evaluated current uses of wild mammals by indigenous and mestizo communities in Mexico by extracting data from 59 sources published or produced between 1987–2017, covering data from 240 localities and 3,905 questionnaires. We then calculated a Cultural Value Index (CVI) previously applied to plants to quantify resource use and assess the cultural significance of each mammal. A total of 82 species were reported, and the animals with the highest cultural importance according to their CVI (in brackets) were two species of deer (Odocoileus virginianus [18.32] and Mazama temama [10.04]), as well as the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus [14.18]), white-nosed coati (Nasua narica [14.75]), collared peccary (Pecari tajaccu [11.90]), northern raccoon (Procyon lotor [11.28]) and spotted paca (Cuniculus paca [9.84]). The most common uses were for food, to reduce the damage or harm they cause, and for medicinal purposes, with O. virginianus, P. lotor, N. narica, and D. novemcinctus frequently hunted for all these reasons. Our analysis also highlighted the hunting of rarer species of national conservation concern, including commercial trading of body parts of the felids Panthera onca, Leopardus pardalis, and Leopardus wiedii. By quantifying the ethnozoological significance of wildlife to indigenous communities, indices such as CVI provide a robust measure of the extent of use and preference for particular species or taxa. This adds to the body of evidence used to develop effective regulations and laws related to harvesting and hunting, and helps promote a more sustainable and long-term approach to the use of natural resources.

Perceptual categorization depends on the assignment of different stimuli to specific groups based, in principle, on the notion of flexible categorical boundaries. To determine the neural basis of categorical boundaries, we record the activity of pre-SMA neurons of monkeys executing an interval categorization task in which the limit between short and long categories changes between blocks of trials within a session. A large population of cells encodes this boundary by reaching a constant peak of activity close to the corresponding subjective limit. Notably, the time at which this peak is reached changes according to the categorical boundary of the current block, predicting the monkeys’ categorical decision on a trial-by-trial basis. In addition, pre-SMA cells also represent the category selected by the monkeys and the outcome of the decision. These results suggest that the pre-SMA adaptively encodes subjective duration boundaries between short and long durations and contains crucial neural information to categorize intervals and evaluate the outcome of such perceptual decisions., Grouping stimuli into categories often depends on a subjective determination of category boundaries. Here the authors report a neuronal population in pre-supplementary motor area whose peak activity predicts the categorical decision boundary between long and short time intervals on a trial-by-trial basis.

To evaluate phenolic compounds and whether the combination of a tanniferous fruit and soybean oil could improve the performance, meat characteristics, and fatty acid (FA) profile in lambs, an experiment was conducted over 40 days with twenty creole male lambs (23.71±3.46 kg). The lambs were allotted in a completely randomised design, with factorial arrangement 2 × 2, with the following dietary treatments: (1) control diet, (2) 2%Caesalpinia coriariaground fruit dry matter (DM), (3) 2% soybean oil DM, and (4) 2%Caesalpinia coriariafruit plus 2% soybean oil. The concentration of condensed tannins (CT) inCaesalpinia coriaceawas 21.71 g/kg DM. No interactions were detected (P>0.05) among soybean oil andCaesalpinia coriaria, and there were no differences in daily gain, intake, and feed conversion. Soybean oil reduced (P<0.05) DM digestibility (68.05 versus 59.56%). In fat from thelongissimus thoracis et lumborum(LTL) muscle, only linoleic acid presented differences (P<0.05) between treatments. The combination ofCaesalpinia coriaceafruit and soybean oil did not improve lamb performance at the included levels.

The effects of a mineral block for horses on in vivo digestibility and in vitro fermentability with equine fecal inoculum were evaluated. Fifty healthy horses from three groups (lactating mares n=19, working horses n=18, and maintenance horses n=13) were randomly assigned to two treatment groups (with or without the mineral block; Ca 10.0%, P 12.0%, Zn 12.1 mg/kg, Cu 2,050 mg/kg, Mn 4,050 mg/kg, Se 30 mg/kg, and I 105 mg/kg). Dry matter digestibility was estimated with an internal marker. Samples of diet were incubated with equine fecal bacteria with varying amounts of mineral block (0, 1.1, 3.6, and 6.2 mg/g dry matter [DM]) to record gas production and to estimate in vitro DM digestibility. The results showed that mineral supplementation with the blocks increased in vivo DM digestibility ( P P P = .10) to improve the in vitro DM digestibility (37.01% vs. 38.34%). Mineral block supplementation increased dry matter digestibility in horses. The unsupplemented control diet was deficient in several minerals, and block intake was not proportional to the mineral requirements.

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of an herbal choline feed plant additive on the productive parameters and blood metabolites of finishing lambs. Forty male Hampshire × Suffolk lambs (initial body weight of 30.36±3.75 kg) were assigned according to a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of dietary inclusion of the herbal additive BioCholine at 0, 3, 6, and 9 g/kg dry matter for 56 days. A linear response for herbal choline dose was observed for daily gain, final body weight, feed conversion, blood glucose, and blood phosphatidylcholine as herbal choline level was increased in the diet. Total protein, globulins, and low-density lipoproteins showed a quadratic effect, and there were no effects on intake, Longissimus dorsi area, back fat, blood cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins, or albumins. The inclusion of the herbal choline feed plant additive improved daily gain and feed efficiency of finishing lambs. The choline feed plant additive is a source that can be used to meet choline requirements in small ruminants, as demonstrated by blood phosphatidylcholine and lamb performance.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate four levels of a natural vitamin E on lamb performance, blood metabolites, rumen metabolism and meat quality characteristics. Thirty-six male lambs (29.24 SD 2.54 kg Hampshire x Suffolk) were used in a completely randomized experimental design. Treatments consisted of dietary inclusion of Herbal E-50 (Nuproxa) at 0, 1, 2 and 3 g/kg dry matter (DM) for for 60 days in lambs that did not receive any additional source of vitamin E. A quadratic response was observed on daily gain, final body weight, feed conversion, intake blood cholesterol and glucose. The estimated optimal level of herbal E obtained of herbal E levels for average daily gain was 1.76 ± 0.10 g/kg and 1.84 ± 0.77 g/kg for feed conversion. Ruminal pH and the major volatile fatty acids were not affected by herbal E. A quadratic response was observed on blood cholesterol (P < 0.10) and glucose (P < 0.01). Dietary herbal E increased linearly counts of erythrocytes (P < 0.05), platelet (P < 0.10), proteins and globulins (P < 0.01) whereas the albumin/globulin ratio was linearly reduced (P < 0.01). Meat texture was improved (quadratic; P < 0.05) and the reducing/antioxidant capacity was improved linearly (P < 0.001) with herbal E. Redness measured at 7 d was also improved with herbal E (P < 0.05; lineal effect). The lamb performance can be improved with 1.8 g/kg Herbal E 50 in finishing lamb diets. The inclusion of herbal E feed plant additive improved the daily gain in finishing lambs, feed efficiency and improved meat oxidative stability.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of natural zeolite on the performance and nitrogen metabolism of Rambouillet ewe lambs. Forty Rambouillet ewe lambs with an initial weight of 41.06 ± 3.9 kg were randomly assigned to one of four experimental diets, namely 0, 20, 40 and 60 g of natural zeolite (Comercializadora Omega® Mexico) per kg dietary dry matter in a completely randomized design and sixteen ewe lambs were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square metabolism study. Performance was not modified by natural zeolite levels in the diet, and daily gain showed a quadratic response. Ammonia concentration at 8 and 12 hours increased linearly with zeolite. Zeolite increased ruminal pH linearly at 8 and 12 hours. Acetate and butyrate presented a quadratic response, and total ruminal volatile fatty acid concentration was linearly increased by zeolite. Nitrogen retention showed a linear and quadratic response to zeolite. The estimated fractions of protein digested in the small intestine, when rumen-fermentable energy was limiting (PDIE) and when rumen-fermentable nitrogen was limiting, showed a linear and quadratic response to zeolite. PDIE was positively correlated (r = 0.96) with average daily gain. Keywords : Sheep, ammonium, ruminal fermentation, productive, soluble nitrogen

"Objetive. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the feed intake, digestibility and growth of pigs fed with two feeds (A and K) specially formulated for this species and a commercial feed for growing rabbits with supplementation of vitamin C (RF+VC). Materials and methods. Eighteen Guinea pigs of 248±38 g initial body weight were distributed in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement 3×2 (dietary treatments and sex). Feed and neutral detergent fiber intake, weight gain, feed/gain, and morphometric variables were measured individually for 30 days. Dry matter and neutral detergent fiber digestibility were measured during the last seven days of the experiment. Results. There were no differences on feed intake (p=0.88); however, the dry matter digestibility was higher (p0.05). There were no differences (p>0.01) in the morphometric variables among dietary treatments, but there were sex differences as the males were bigger than the females (p

The study was carried out in a median stature tropical forest in the north of Quintana Roo during 2008, 2010-2012, using camera traps to record activity and habitat use by jaguar and other vertebrates. Spatial and temporal variations in habitat use, activity patterns, and species associations were analyzed using a chi-squared test (x2). Generalized\ud linear models (GLM) were used to determine which variables influenced the presence of jaguars in the study area. Jaguars were most frequently recorded in acahual (80%) and on roads (66.9%). There were significant differences between years, with selection for particular habitat and trail types in 2008 and 2011 (all χ2 p

Aim: Intestinal parasites are one of the most common problems in sheep production systems. However, the strategies used to eliminate these parasites have not yielded satisfactory results. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of five anthelmintics (with different active ingredients) on the parasite load in sheep. Materials and Methods: In this study, 107 Rambouillet breed sheep were randomly assigned to five groups. Next, fecal samples were taken directly from the rectum and sent to the laboratory for analysis. We then dewormed each group of sheep using different anthelmintic products: Ivermectin 1%/clorsulon 10%, levamisole 12%, closantel sodium 5%, ivermectin 10%, and closantel 5%/albendazole 3.75% with a dosage corresponding to each sheep. At 15 days post-treatment, we took fecal samples and performed a coproparasitoscopic study, using the Faust flotation technique to assess the presence or absence of parasite eggs and the McMaster technique to quantify eggs. Results: Ivermectin/clorsulon was more effective in eliminating parasites than other anthelmintics used, especially in Haemonchus spp. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that using ivermectin/clorsulon decreases the number of eggs in feces and is one alternative in controlling parasites in sheep, leading to a reduction in the incidence of health problems, and consequently, improved productivity.

11 páginas, 6 tablas., The effect of feeding two levels of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the performance of crossbred Friesian calves was investigated. Twenty-four neonatal male Friesian × Baladi calves (35·5 ± 0·25 kg of initial body weight) were randomly assigned in a completely randomized design into three experimental groups for 90 days (eight calves per group). Calves fed their diets without yeast (S. cerevisiae) were considered as Control, while the diets of other calves were supplemented daily either with 2·5 g (YL diet) or with 5 g (YH diet) of yeast per calf. Calves fed the YH diet showed increased feed intake, while dry matter and fibre digestibilities were increased in calves fed YH and YL diets. Calves fed YL and YH diets showed lower ruminal ammonia-N and higher total volatile fatty acids, acetate and propionate concentrations than Control calves. Both YH and YL calves showed increased plasma concentrations of total protein, globulin and glucose and decreased cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations. Calves' final weight and daily gain were increased with S. cerevisiae yeast supplemented diets. After 42 days of experiment, Clostridium spp., Escherichia coli and Enterobacteria spp. counts were down to undetectable levels in the faeces of calves fed S. cerevisiae additive. It could be concluded that adding S. cerevisiae to milk-fed calves increased feed utilization and improved pre-weaned calf performance and health status, reducing faecal pathogenic bacteria. Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016.

The objective of this study was to evaluate if short-term dietary concentrate supplementation increased IGF-I serum concentration and resulted in a reproductive response during estrus synchronization treatment in non-lactating beef cows. Thirty non-lactating beef cows (Bos indicus × Bos taurus) were allocated to the same pastureland and fed native tropical grasses as a basal diet. Cows were synchronized using a 7-day CO-Synch plus controlled internal drug release (CIDR) protocol and received fixed time artificial insemination (FTAI). Cows were divided into two groups; the control group (n = 16) received 0.5 kg of concentrate/cow/day, whereas the supplemented group (n = 14) received 4.0 kg of concentrate/cow/day. The period of supplementation was 10 days from the day of CIDR insert to FTAI. The concentration of IGF-I increased (P 0.05) in the supplemented group, while no significant changes were observed in the control group. Moreover, at the time of insemination, IGF-I serum concentrations were higher in supplemented cows compared with control cows (P 0.05). Notably, metabolite and insulin concentrations did not differ (P 0.05) between treatment groups or sampling day. The response to estrus induction, measured as estrus presentation, ovulation rate, and pregnancy rate, was similar between experimental groups (P 0.05). In conclusion, our results indicated that supplementation with dietary concentrate for 10 days in non-lactating beef cows changed the endocrine milieu, specifically increasing IGF-I serum concentration. However, these endocrine changes did not affect response to estrous induction treatment.

Activity patterns have been explained as one of the axes that allow the niche segregation, which helps explain the coexistence of species, researchers have overlooked the relevance of these and their effects on the community dynamics. At northern Quintana Roo, Mexico, activity patterns of jaguar ( Panthera onca ), puma ( Puma concolor ) and 18 potential preys were evaluated by camera trapping in 2008, 2010 - 2012. The objectives were determining the overlap in circadian cycles between pumas, jaguars and potential prey to know if their activity patterns change over time. For the study only independent records of all species were considered, the overlap in activity patterns was evaluated using the coefficient of overlap ( d ). Bootstrap confidence intervals for coefficient of overlap were calculated at 95 % level based on 1,000 bootstrap replicates of the observed overlap coefficient. It is assumed that the activity data are generated by a circular distribution; thus activity patterns between pairs of species were compared by the nonparametric statistical test of Watson and Wheeler. Both predators were active throughout the day but are primarily nocturnal-twilight with estimated overlap coefficient of 0.87, their activity patterns changed over the years, factors like human activity and fair near to the reserve affect the activity, this factors modified the activity of both cats. Both cats had a temporal association with seven potential preys. The temporal segregation was given by the peaks of activity and spatial evasion. This study allows us understand temporal segregation strategies between felines and the factors that influencing changes in their activity patterns, although both cats have a high overlap in time. A detailed analysis shows that they modified their activity patterns through the years, this resulted after changes in the environment (human activity, fair near to the reserve, distribution and abundance prey), and this in turn causes a change in activity patterns of both felines evading each other.