64 results on '"Gerhard Steenkamp"'
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2. 23rd Sharjah International Conservation Forum for Arabia's biodiversity
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Philip Seddon, Johannes Els, Gerhard Steenkamp, David Mallon, Helen Senn, Sarah May, and Jane Budd
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General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution ,QH1-199.5 - Published
- 2024
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3. Responses to Reduced Feeding Frequency in Captive-Born Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus): Implications for Behavioural and Physiological Stress and Gastrointestinal Health
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Kelsey Lee Brown, André Ganswindt, Gerhard Steenkamp, and Adrian Stephen Wolferstan Tordiffe
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cheetah ,captive diet ,wildlife husbandry ,gastrointestinal health ,stress ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 ,Zoology ,QL1-991 - Abstract
Unnatural diet composition and frequent feeding regimes may play an aetiological role in the multiple diseases prevalent in captive cheetahs. This study investigated the responses of captive-born (hand-reared) cheetahs (n = 6) to a reduced feeding frequency schedule distinguished by offering larger quantities of food less frequently. The study cheetahs were fed four once-daily meals per week during the 3-week treatment period, followed by a 3-week control period in which they were fed two daily rations six days a week. Total weekly food intake was maintained throughout the study. Variations in behaviour, faecal consistency score (FCS), and faecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentration were measured. Less frequent feeding resulted in higher FCS (p < 0.01) and locomotory behaviour (p < 0.05) among the studied cheetahs. Faecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentration demonstrated an initial acute stress response to the change in feeding frequency (p < 0.05) and subsequent adaptation. The results of the FCS analysis suggest that the more natural feeding pattern could have benefited the studied cheetahs’ gastrointestinal health without a significant behavioural or physiological stress response overall to the change in feeding frequency.
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- 2023
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4. Editorial: Veterinary Dentistry and Oromaxillofacial Surgery in Wild and Exotic Animals
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Gerhard Steenkamp, Adrian S. W. Tordiffe, and Ana Nemec
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wildlife ,exotic animal ,dentistry ,skull ,surgery ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Published
- 2022
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5. Focal Palatitis (Previously Focal Palatine Erosions) in Captive Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus)
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Gerhard Steenkamp, Sonja C. Boy, Paul J. van Staden, and Marthán N. Bester
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focal palatine erosions ,palatitis ,molar ,palatal depressions ,teeth ,cheetah ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
Focal palatine erosion (FPE) is a misleading term that is used in the literature to describe inflammatory lesions associated with depressions of the palatal mucosa in cheetah. Cheetahs have large cheek teeth and these depressions are formed to accommodate them. Previously FPE was only described as a mandibular molar tooth malocclusion on the hard palate due to suspected rotation and super eruption of the mandibular molar teeth of cheetahs aged 18 months and older. Two hundred and fifty six cheetahs (135 male, 121 female), originating from two independent facilities, had their oral cavities evaluated as part of an annual health visit over a decade. Ninety-nine cheetahs were seen once, 59 cheetahs were seen twice, 33 were seen three times, 43 on four occasions, 16 on five occasions, 5 on six occasions, and 1 cheetah was seen seven times. Apart from these clinical cases a prospective study on 5 cheetah cubs (3 male and 2 female) was conducted to document their skull development and mandibular molar tooth eruption over a period of 25 months. Of the 261 cheetahs observed none developed rotation or super eruption of their mandibular molar teeth. The term FPE is a misnomer as these inflammatory lesions were found in palatal depressions opposing any of the cusps of all of the cheetah mandibular cheek teeth. It consisted mainly of deep ulcerations, inflammation and oedema and also micro abscess formation. In severe cases oro-nasal fistulas were present. Of all the depressions present on the cheetah's palate, the large one palatal to the 4th maxillary premolar tooth was most commonly affected. In the five cubs evaluated prospectively, focal palatitis was evident from the 7 month evaluation, before all the permanent teeth erupted. Conservative treatment of the inflamed depressions by removing the foreign material through curettage and copious flushing reduced the grade of the inflammation when observed on follow-up. Focal palatine erosion is an incorrect term used to describe focal palatitis that occurs randomly in cheetahs. This focal palatitis is often associated with foreign material trapped in the palatal depressions. Conservative management is sufficient to treat these animals without odontoplasties.
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- 2021
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6. Radiographic analysis of the thickness of the cranial bones in captive compared to wild-living cheetahs and in cheetahs with hypovitaminosis A
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Martin J. Schmidt, Gerhard Steenkamp, Peter Caldwell, Klaus Failing, and Robert M. Kirberger
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Captive cheetahs often demonstrate a high incidence of diseases in which vitamin A imbalances are implicated. These can occur even under controlled and optimised feeding regimens, which is why surveillance of vitamin A status is mandatory in the successful health management of cheetahs. Serum levels of the vitamin do not reflect the true vitamin A status and liver tissue analysis is rather impractical for routine application in large felids. A biomarker for evaluating overt and subclinical vitamin A deficiency in cheetahs is needed. This study evaluates whether increased calvarial bone thickness can be detected on routine skull radiographs of vitamin A deficient cheetahs compared to unaffected animals, and secondly, evaluates whether there is increased bone thickness in clinically sound captive cheetahs in general compared to wild-living controls. Bone thickness in the neuro- and splanchnocranium was measured in 138 skull radiographs. Significant thickening of the parietal bones was found in latero-lateral radiographs of immature cheetahs (< 12 months) with vitamin A deficiency. This finding may allow a presumptive diagnosis of hypovitaminosis A in immature cheetahs. A general difference in skull thickness between free-living and captive cheetahs was not found.
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- 2021
7. Treatment of Canine Oral Melanomas: A Critical Review of the Literature
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Paolo Pazzi, Gerhard Steenkamp, and Anouska J. Rixon
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oral ,melanoma ,dog ,surgery ,radiotherapy ,immunotherapy ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
Critical appraisal of the available literature for the treatment of canine oral malignant melanoma (OMM) is lacking. This critical review aimed to evaluate the current literature and provide treatment recommendations and possible suggestions for future canine OMM research. PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar were searched in June 2021, for terms relevant to treatment of OMM. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied and information on clinical response and outcome extracted. Eighty-one studies were included. The overall level of evidence supporting the various canine OMM treatment options was low. The majority of studies included confounding treatment modalities and lacked randomization, control groups and consistency in reporting clinical response and outcomes. Within these limitations, surgery remains the mainstay of therapy. Adjunctive radiotherapy provided good local control and improved median survival times (MST), chemotherapy did not offer survival benefit beyond that of surgery, while electrochemotherapy may offer a potential alternative to radiotherapy. Immunotherapy holds the most promise in extending MST in the surgical adjunctive setting, in particular the combination of gene therapy and autologous vaccination. Prospective, randomized, double-blinded clinical trials, with a lack of confounding factors and reporting based on established guidelines would allow comparison and recommendations for the treatment of canine OMM.
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- 2022
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8. Assessment of the Acute Phase Response in Healthy and Injured Southern White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum)
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Emma H. Hooijberg, Carolyn Cray, Gerhard Steenkamp, Peter Buss, Amelia Goddard, and Michele Miller
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acute phase ,Ceratotherium simum ,fibrinogen ,haptoglobin ,iron ,SAA ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
Acute phase reactants (APRs) have not been investigated in white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum). This study aimed to identify clinically useful APRs in this species. Reference intervals (RIs) were generated for albumin, fibrinogen, haptoglobin, iron and serum amyloid A (SAA) from 48 free-ranging animals, except for SAA (n = 23). APR concentrations between healthy animals and those with tissue injury (inflammation) (n = 30) were compared. Diagnostic performance was evaluated using receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curve and logistic regression analyses. RIs were: albumin 18–31 g/L, fibrinogen 1.7–2.9 g/L, haptoglobin 1.0–4.3 g/L, iron 9.7–35.0 μmol/L, SAA 4.7 g/L were significant predictors of inflammatory status and together correctly predicted the clinical status of 91% of cases. SAA > 20 mg/L had a specificity of 100%. In conclusion, albumin and iron are negative and fibrinogen, haptoglobin and SAA positive APRs in the white rhinoceros. The combination of iron and haptoglobin had an excellent diagnostic accuracy for detecting inflammation.
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- 2020
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9. Longitudinal Radiographic Study of Cranial Bone Growth in Young Cheetah
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Gerhard Steenkamp, Martin J. Schmidt, Paul J. van Staden, and Marthàn N. Bester
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cheetah ,skull ,facial growth ,molar ,mandible ,radiograph ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
Focal palatitis (also known as focal palatine erosion) is thought to be a developmental disease, specifically of cheetah in captivity raised on a commercial diet. The lack of chewing is thought to cause the mandibular molar to change angulation, contacting the palate and causing the lesions. We followed the development of five captive cheetah cubs, born within 2 weeks of each other, at the same facility. This longitudinal study followed the cubs cephalometrically from 7-months-old to 25-months-old. Of each cub we made a lateral and dorsoventral radiograph at 7, 13, 20, and 25-months-old. For each radiograph at each age, a predefined series of measurements were made including the angle of the molar. The latter was measured as the angle of the bisecting line running through the apex of the caudal molar root intersecting with a line drawn at the ventral margin of the mandible. The results confirmed that the cheetah skull and neurocranium follows the same neural growth pattern as has been described for other mammalians. Similarly the maxillofacial component follows the same somatic growth as seen in all mammalians excluding humans and non-human primates, where a pubertal growth spurt is present. Finally the angle of the mandibular molar at 7 months differed significantly from the angle at the other ages, however there were no statistical difference in the angulation of the molar after eruption (13 months and older ages). In these five cheetah the lack of chewing (as seen in captivity with a commercial or meat only based diet) did not alter the angulation of the mandibular molar, nor did the mandibular molars super erupt in these patients at 25-months-of-age.
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- 2019
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10. A contribution to age determination of cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) based on radiographic analysis of the skull and postcranial morphology.
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Martin J Schmidt, Gerhard Steenkamp, Klaus Failing, Peter Caldwell, and Robert M Kirberger
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
The aim of this retrospective cross-sectional study was to present comprehensive information about the age-dependent change of skeletal characteristics in captive cheetahs with known age and to assess the benefit of these variables for age estimation in this species. Radiographs of 162 known-age captive and semi-captive cheetahs were retrospectively examined and age-related changes of skull, axial and appendicular skeletal systems were documented. Metric and non-metric variables were used. These parameters were checked for the best correlation with age using a multiple stepwise regression analysis. An overview about the time frames, in which ossification centers appeared and physeal closure occurred is presented. Multiple stepwise regression analysis revealed the status of closure of the coronal suture, the maximum length of the frontal sinus, the condylobasal-, hard palate, and facial length are most significantly correlated with age. Together with the pulp size of the upper canine, these values can be used for an age approximation in cheetahs.
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- 2019
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11. Etorphine-Ketamine Constant Rate Infusion for Maintenance of Anaesthesia in a Compromised White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum)
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Friederike Pohlin, Peter Buss, Michele Miller, Gerhard Steenkamp, Robin Gleed, Luke Poore, Jordyn Boesch, and Gareth Zeiler
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Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
A subadult white rhinoceros bull presented for oesophageal endoscopic evaluation and foreign body removal under general anaesthesia. The animal had a history of nasal and oral regurgitation of water and ingesta with weight-loss for 6 days prior to the procedure and had been diagnosed with oesophageal obstruction caused by a bailing wire. Anaesthesia was induced with intramuscular etorphine and azaperone delivered remotely by dart, followed by an intravenous bolus of ketamine. The trachea was intubated, and anaesthesia was maintained with an etorphine-ketamine constant rate infusion (CRI). The rhinoceros did not respond predictably to induction of anaesthesia and developed life-threatening systemic hypotension throughout the 90-minute procedure. A mega-vertebrate demand ventilator was successfully used to provide intermittent positive pressure ventilation when the rhinoceros developed apnoea. This case report describes the maintenance of anaesthesia of a white rhinoceros using an etorphine-ketamine CRI and the causes and management of hypotension and respiratory impairment observed in this patient.
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- 2019
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12. Serum protein electrophoresis in healthy and injured southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum).
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Emma H Hooijberg, Michele Miller, Carolyn Cray, Peter Buss, Gerhard Steenkamp, and Amelia Goddard
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Investigation of globulin fractions by serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) is the first step towards evaluation of the proteome in the southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum). Furthermore, identification of changes in globulins in animals with poaching and other injuries can guide discovery of potentially useful biomarkers of inflammation. The aim of this study was to develop reference intervals for agarose gel SPE in healthy white rhinoceros and to compare these serum protein electrophoresis results to those from animals with tissue trauma. Reference intervals for total serum protein and agarose gel electrophoretic albumin and globulin fractions were generated using serum samples from 49 healthy free-ranging adult white rhinoceros. A standardised gating system together with identification of specific proteins by mass spectrometry aided in fraction identification. Six globulin fractions were identified: α1a, α1b, α2, β1, β2 and γ. Reference intervals were generated for total serum protein (76-111 g/L), albumin (10-27 g/L) and globulin fractions (α1a: 1.6-3.2 g/L; α1b: 1.7-3.6 g/L; α2: 16.1-26.6 g/L; β1: 6.6-18.2 g/L; β2: 11.8-30.4 g/L; γ: 10.4-23.1 g/L; albumin: globulin ratio: 0.12-0.39). Results were compared to those from 30 animals with various degrees and chronicities of tissue trauma. Wounded animals had lower concentrations of total serum protein, albumin, total globulin, α and β1 globulins, lower percentages of α2 and β1 globulins, and higher percentages of β2 and γ globulins. These protein changes are similar to those seen in human patients with wounds rather than classic acute phase or chronic inflammatory responses.
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- 2018
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13. Assessment of a portable lactate meter for field use in the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum)
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Georgina C. Cole, Adrian S.W. Tordiffe, and Gerhard Steenkamp
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lactate ,White rhinoceros ,point of care analyser ,agreement ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
Blood lactate is a predictor of mortality in critically ill humans and animals. Handheld lactate meters have the potential to be used in the field to evaluate the condition of severely injured rhinoceroses but have not been compared with laboratory-based methods. Agreement between a handheld lactate meter and a laboratory method was assessed, as was the stability of rhino blood lactate in the anticoagulant sodium fluoride/potassium oxalate (fluoride/oxalate). Blood samples were obtained from 53 white rhinos that had been immobilised for management reasons. Lactate was measured by means of a handheld meter using whole blood in heparin (WBHEP), whole blood in fluoride/oxalate (WBFO) and fluoride/oxalate plasma (PFO). Results were recorded in both blood (BL) and plasma (PL) modes and compared to an established laboratory method for measuring plasma lactate. To assess the stability of lactate over time, blood lactate in fluoride/oxalate was measured on the handheld meter at intervals for up to 91 h. Agreement was best using WBFO in PL mode, with small bias (-0.16), tight 95% limits of agreement (LOA) (-1.46, 1.14) and a Pc (95% CI) of 0.97 (0.92, 0.99). The agreement was improved for all sample types when using the PL mode compared to the blood lactate (BL) mode. Blood lactate was stable in fluoride/oxalate for 91 h, with a mean change from baseline of 0.15 (-0.178, 0.478) mmol/L (mean, 95% CI). The handheld meter was found to be suitable for field use in white rhinos but provided more reliable results with the device in PL mode. Furthermore, rhino blood lactate was found to be stable in fluoride/oxalate for as long as 3 days.
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- 2017
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14. Evaluation of the Applicability of Different Age Determination Methods for Estimating Age of the Endangered African Wild Dog (Lycaon Pictus).
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Moreangels M Mbizah, Gerhard Steenkamp, and Rosemary J Groom
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) are endangered and their population continues to decline throughout their range. Given their conservation status, more research focused on their population dynamics, population growth and age specific mortality is needed and this requires reliable estimates of age and age of mortality. Various age determination methods from teeth and skull measurements have been applied in numerous studies and it is fundamental to test the validity of these methods and their applicability to different species. In this study we assessed the accuracy of estimating chronological age and age class of African wild dogs, from dental age measured by (i) counting cementum annuli (ii) pulp cavity/tooth width ratio, (iii) tooth wear (measured by tooth crown height) (iv) tooth wear (measured by tooth crown width/crown height ratio) (v) tooth weight and (vi) skull measurements (length, width and height). A sample of 29 African wild dog skulls, from opportunistically located carcasses was analysed. Linear and ordinal regression analysis was done to investigate the performance of each of the six age determination methods in predicting wild dog chronological age and age class. Counting cementum annuli was the most accurate method for estimating chronological age of wild dogs with a 79% predictive capacity, while pulp cavity/tooth width ratio was also a reliable method with a 68% predictive capacity. Counting cementum annuli and pulp cavity/tooth width ratio were again the most accurate methods for separating wild dogs into three age classes (6-24 months; 25-60 months and > 60 months), with a McFadden's Pseudo-R2 of 0.705 and 0.412 respectively. The use of the cementum annuli method is recommended when estimating age of wild dogs since it is the most reliable method. However, its use is limited as it requires tooth extraction and shipping, is time consuming and expensive, and is not applicable to living individuals. Pulp cavity/tooth width ratio is a moderately reliable method for estimating both chronological age and age class. This method gives a balance between accuracy, cost and practicability, therefore it is recommended when precise age estimations are not paramount.
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- 2016
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15. Sublingual papillomas of cheetahs in southern Africa
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Gerhard Steenkamp, Adrian S. W. Tordiffe, Essa Suleman, Almero Oosthuizen, Helene Brettschneider, and Sonja C. Boy
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General Veterinary ,Papilloma ,Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ,Cats ,Animals ,Acinonyx ,Cat Diseases ,Papillomaviridae ,Africa, Southern ,Phylogeny - Abstract
Nine distinct papillomaviruses (Lambdapapillomavirus) have been described in domestic and nondomestic cats, but not in cheetahs. These viruses have been associated with cutaneous papillomas or plaques, bowenoid in situ carcinomas, feline cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), feline sarcoids, and oral (often sublingual) papillomas. Fourteen cheetahs from the AfriCat foundation (Namibia) and one from the Ann van Dyk Cheetah center (South Africa) presented with sublingual lesions reminiscent of sublingual papillomas. Two animals were biopsied and the histopathology revealed benign proliferative epithelial lesions with prominent thickening of the overlying squamous epithelium. Throughout the squamous epithelial layers were cells with nuclear enlargement, irregularity of the nuclear membranes and cell contours, focal hyperchromasia of the nuclei, and perinuclear halos, reminiscent of a virus-associated process as seen in papillomavirus infections. Thirteen more cheetahs were sampled and the tissue snap frozen for molecular characterization. Amplification and sequencing of the papillomavirus L1, E6, E7, and E1 gene regions was achieved with modified primers. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses revealed all 15 cheetah papilloma samples were 99.99% genetically similar and closely related to, but genetically distinct from any known felinepapillomaviruses. All cheetahs were FIV and FeLV negative. The results suggest the samples identified in this study can be considered a previously undescribed or novel feline papillomavirus and the authors propose “ Acinonyx jubatus papillomavirus type 1” (AjPV-1), within the Lambdapapillomavirus 1 genus (Family: Papillomaviridae).
- Published
- 2022
16. Elephant Dentistry
- Author
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Gerhard Steenkamp
- Published
- 2021
17. Bias between two methods of albumin measurement in the white rhinoceros, Ceratotherium simum
- Author
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Gerhard Steenkamp, Carolyn Cray, Amelia Goddard, Michele A. Miller, Peter Buss, and Emma H. Hooijberg
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Globulin ,Serum albumin ,Bromcresol Green ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Bias ,Reference Values ,medicine ,Animals ,Perissodactyla ,Serum Albumin ,Electrophoresis, Agar Gel ,Bromocresol green ,Chromatography ,General Veterinary ,biology ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Chemistry ,Ceratotherium simum ,Albumin ,biology.organism_classification ,Albumin Measurement ,Serum protein electrophoresis ,biology.protein ,Agarose ,Indicators and Reagents ,Serum Globulins - Abstract
BACKGROUND The bromocresol green (BCG) method has been reported to overestimate serum albumin concentration in several species due to non-specific binding to globulins. As the white rhinoceros has high concentrations of serum globulins, significant differences in albumin measured by the BCG method, and the field method of agarose gel serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) are expected. OBJECTIVES We aimed to compare the BCG and SPE methods for albumin determination in the serum of white rhinoceroses. METHODS SPE and BCG albumin were measured in 82 white rhinoceros serum samples. Results were compared using Bland-Altman difference plots and Passing-Bablok regression analysis. RESULTS BCG albumin showed a significant mean constant positive bias of 7 g/L, or 36%, which was more than the total allowable error of 15% and was clinically significant. Methods were not comparable within the inherent imprecision of each method. CONCLUSIONS The BCG method overestimated albumin concentrations in this species compared with agarose gel SPE, and method-specific reference intervals should be used.
- Published
- 2020
18. Seal bites at sub-Antarctic Marion Island: Incidence, outcomes and treatment recommendations
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Marthán N Bester, Miles John Penfold, Ryan R. Reisinger, and Gerhard Steenkamp
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Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,bite ,Seals, Earless ,Antarctic Regions ,marine mammal ,Seal (mechanical) ,03 medical and health sciences ,South Africa ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Marine mammal ,Indian Ocean Islands ,Medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Bites and Stings ,Original Research ,030222 orthopedics ,lcsh:Veterinary medicine ,General Veterinary ,Zoonotic Infection ,treatment ,business.industry ,Seal finger ,General surgery ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,Fur Seals ,Incidence ,General Medicine ,Sub antarctic ,infection ,zoonoses ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,lcsh:SF600-1100 ,Female ,business - Abstract
Seal biologists at Marion Island (Southern Ocean) are in frequent contact with seals. During research activities, biologists may be bitten by seals, yet no standardised protocol for treating such bites is in place. Information on 22 seal bite cases at Marion Island was collected. Treatment of these bites varied, reflecting a need for standardised protocols for the treatment of bites. Recommendations for the in-field treatment of bites are presented. Five of the 22 cases had some symptoms which resembled ‘seal finger’ – a zoonotic infection, usually of the hands, that is contracted after a person comes into contact with tissues of seals or is bitten by one. However, in four of these cases, symptoms subsided within 4 days without antibiotic treatment; in the fifth case antibiotics were administered and symptoms subsided in 4 days. There is little evidence of the occurrence of seal finger at Marion Island, but this deserves further investigation.
- Published
- 2020
19. Method comparison and generation of plasma biochemistry RIs for the White rhinoceros on a point-of-care and wet chemistry analyzer
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Emma H. Hooijberg, Amelia Goddard, Peter Buss, and Gerhard Steenkamp
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Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Globulin ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Point-of-Care Systems ,Rhinoceros ,Biology ,0403 veterinary science ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Reference Values ,Animals ,Perissodactyla ,Point of care ,Creatinine ,General Veterinary ,Clinical Laboratory Techniques ,Ceratotherium simum ,Albumin ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,030108 mycology & parasitology ,biology.organism_classification ,Biochemistry ,Method comparison ,chemistry ,biology.protein ,Comparison study ,Female - Abstract
Background Plasma biochemistry analysis may aid the management of White rhinoceros with poaching or other injuries. Analyzer- and species-specific RIs are necessary to evaluate health status and identify abnormalities. Objectives The purpose of the study was to perform a comparison study between the IDEXX VetTest and Roche Cobas Integra 400 Plus, and to generate analyzer-specific RIs for White rhinoceros according to published guidelines. Methods Comparison was carried out using White rhinoceros plasma samples from healthy and diseased animals. Reference intervals for albumin, ALT, AST, CK, creatinine, GGT, globulins, glucose, phosphorus, total proteins, and urea were determined from a sample group of chemically immobilized healthy adult White rhinoceros from the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Results There was a significant analytic bias for all analytes between the 2 analyzers. Results for glucose and total protein were clinically equivalent based on total allowable error limits. Reference intervals were generated from 51 individuals (26 male, 25 female) for all analytes except ALT on the VetTest. Discussion The type, direction, and magnitude of bias between the VetTest and Cobas appeared to be species- and analyzer-specific, when compared to other studies. These measures of bias may be used for comparability testing. Reference intervals for total proteins (VetTest 77–108 g/L, Cobas 77–110 g/L) and globulins (VetTest 47–79 g/L, Cobas 51–87 g/L) were high compared to other uneven-toed ungulates. Conclusion Plasma samples from White rhinoceros can be evaluated on both the VetTest and Cobas. Results from this study will aid conservation efforts directed toward this species.
- Published
- 2017
20. How the cheetahs' specialized palate accommodates its abnormally large teeth
- Author
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M. N. Bester, Sonja C. Boy, Gerhard Steenkamp, and P. van Staden
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0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Orthodontics ,Molar ,Soft tissue ,Biology ,medicine.disease ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,stomatognathic diseases ,03 medical and health sciences ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,stomatognathic system ,Macrodontia (tooth) ,Cheek teeth ,Occlusion ,medicine ,Premolar ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Zygomatic arch ,030101 anatomy & morphology ,Large teeth ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
The term focal palatine erosion was introduced into the literature to describe infection of a palatal depression palatal to the 4th maxillary premolar in cheetahs, previously hypothesized to be of pathological nature or to possibly accommodate the large mandibular molar teeth. Currently, there exists no literature that describes the normal anatomy of the palate of a cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) with specific reference to these structures. The palates of six adult cheetahs, three young cheetah cubs and dry skulls of 27 cheetah, 25 lion (Panthera leo) and 18 leopards (Panthera pardus) were used in this macroscopic and microscopic study which proves the cheetah palate to have not only one but also up to three sets of palatal depressions corresponding to the cusps of the opposing mandibular cheek teeth. The largest depression caudo-palatal to the maxillary fourth premolar tooth was always associated with a bone depression extending into the zygomatic arch bone, never described before. Through statistical analysis it is proven, for the first time, that cheetah in fact have relative macrodontia as determined by its tooth indices and comparing it to those of other African big cats namely lion and leopard. Up to eight palatal depressions are present on the palates of adult cheetahs and these are described as functional anatomical structures present to accommodate not only one but also all three opposing mandibular cheek teeth cusps. Palatal depressions are formed as the mandibular cheek teeth erupt into final occlusion and are filled up with bone and/or soft tissue after loss of the opposing mandibular teeth or its cusps, further supporting the above hypothesis. Apart from the above, the structural anatomy of the cheetah palate and vomeronasal organ was compared with that of the domestic cat.
- Published
- 2016
21. Immobilization, cardiopulmonary and blood gas effects of ketamine-butorphanol-medetomidine versus butorphanol-midazolam-medetomidine in free-ranging serval (Leptailurus serval)
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Gerhard Steenkamp, Daan Loock, Roxanne S. Emslie, Gareth E. Zeiler, and Christiaan J. Blignaut
- Subjects
Hyperthermia ,zoos ,Male ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Butorphanol ,Midazolam ,Leptailurus serval ,Animals, Wild ,Naltrexone ,0403 veterinary science ,03 medical and health sciences ,Immobilization ,0302 clinical medicine ,030202 anesthesiology ,medicine ,Animals ,Hypnotics and Sedatives ,Ketamine ,General Veterinary ,business.industry ,Atipamezole ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Medetomidine ,medicine.disease ,Anesthesia ,Female ,business ,zoos.exhibit ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Objective To compare ketamine–butorphanol–medetomidine (KBM) with butorphanol–midazolam–medetomidine (BMM) immobilization of serval. Study design Blinded, randomized trial. Animals A total of 23 captures [KBM: five females, six males; 10.7 kg (mean); BMM: 10 females, two males; 9.6 kg]. Methods Serval were cage trapped and immobilized using the assigned drug combination delivered via a blow dart into gluteal muscles. Prior to darting, a stress score was assigned (0: calm; to 3: markedly stressed). Drug combinations were dosed based on estimated body weights: 8.0, 0.4 and 0.08 mg kg–1 for KBM and 0.4, 0.3 and 0.08 mg kg–1 for BMM, respectively. Time to first handling, duration of anaesthesia and recovery times were recorded. Physiological variables including blood glucose and body temperature were recorded at 5 minute intervals. Atipamezole (5 mg mg–1 medetomidine) and naltrexone (2 mg mg–1 butorphanol) were administered intramuscularly prior to recovery. Data, presented as mean values, were analysed using general linear mixed model and Spearman’s correlation (stress score, glucose, temperature); significance was p Results Doses based on actual body weights were 8.7, 0.4 and 0.09 mg kg–1 for KBM and 0.5, 0.4 and 0.09 mg kg–1 for BMM, respectively. Time to first handling was 10.2 and 13.3 minutes for KBM and BMM, respectively (p = 0.033). Both combinations provided cardiovascular stability during anaesthesia that lasted a minimum of 35 minutes. Recovery was rapid and calm overall, but ataxia was noted in KBM. Stress score was strongly correlated to blood glucose (r2 = 0.788; p = 0.001) and temperature (r2 = 0.634; p = 0.015). Conclusions and clinical relevance Both combinations produced similar effective immobilization that was cardiovascularly stable in serval. Overall, BMM is recommended because it is fully antagonizable. A calm, quiet environment before drug administration is essential to avoid capture-induced hyperglycaemia and hyperthermia.
- Published
- 2019
22. Assessment of the Acute Phase Response in Healthy and Injured Southern White Rhinoceros (C
- Author
-
Emma H, Hooijberg, Carolyn, Cray, Gerhard, Steenkamp, Peter, Buss, Amelia, Goddard, and Michele, Miller
- Subjects
iron ,Ceratotherium simum ,Veterinary Science ,acute phase ,fibrinogen ,haptoglobin ,SAA ,Original Research - Abstract
Acute phase reactants (APRs) have not been investigated in white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum). This study aimed to identify clinically useful APRs in this species. Reference intervals (RIs) were generated for albumin, fibrinogen, haptoglobin, iron and serum amyloid A (SAA) from 48 free-ranging animals, except for SAA (n = 23). APR concentrations between healthy animals and those with tissue injury (inflammation) (n = 30) were compared. Diagnostic performance was evaluated using receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curve and logistic regression analyses. RIs were: albumin 18–31 g/L, fibrinogen 1.7–2.9 g/L, haptoglobin 1.0–4.3 g/L, iron 9.7–35.0 μmol/L, SAA 4.7 g/L were significant predictors of inflammatory status and together correctly predicted the clinical status of 91% of cases. SAA > 20 mg/L had a specificity of 100%. In conclusion, albumin and iron are negative and fibrinogen, haptoglobin and SAA positive APRs in the white rhinoceros. The combination of iron and haptoglobin had an excellent diagnostic accuracy for detecting inflammation.
- Published
- 2019
23. Letter to the Editor
- Author
-
Gerhard Steenkamp
- Subjects
Fractures, Bone ,General Veterinary ,Elephants ,Animals ,Animal Science and Zoology ,General Medicine - Published
- 2019
24. Root canal treatments and crown lengthening in an adult jaguar ( Panthera onca )
- Author
-
Sean O’Sullivan, Arshad Toosy, Gerhard Steenkamp, and José Carlos Almansa Ruiz
- Subjects
General Veterinary ,Jaguar ,biology ,040301 veterinary sciences ,business.industry ,Root canal ,medicine.medical_treatment ,0402 animal and dairy science ,Crown lengthening ,Peripheral odontogenic fibroma ,Dentistry ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Panthera onca ,medicine.disease ,040201 dairy & animal science ,Gingivectomy ,Crown (dentistry) ,0403 veterinary science ,stomatognathic diseases ,Mandibular canine ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,stomatognathic system ,biology.animal ,medicine ,business - Abstract
Pathological dental conditions in zoo animals are frequently encountered, although under-reported in the veterinary literature. Teeth fractures are commonly encountered in carnivores and often require specialised endodontic intervention. This paper describes gingivectomy of a peripheral odontogenic fibroma of the left maxillary gingivae; crown lengthening of the left mandibular canine; and pulpectomies of complicated crown fractures of the left maxillary canine tooth (204), left mandibular canine tooth (304) and left third maxillary incisor (203) in an adult jaguar (Panthera onca). Follow-on dental examination at 18 months and postoperative radiographs at 24 months found no evidence of further dental pathology. Dental examination and prophylaxis are essential components of the examination procedure. There are limited opportunities to make routine clinical assessments in zoo animals. The availability of specialised materials, equipment and specialised veterinary assistance are limitations as relevant to zoological dentistry today as when described by Fowler in 1986.
- Published
- 2019
25. Contributors
- Author
-
Michael J. Adkesson, Patricia Aguilar-Calvo, Bianca Nascimento de Alcantara, Matthew C. Allender, Leonardo Arias-Bernal, Cheryl Asa, Kay A. Backues, James E. Bailey, Karen Bauman, Katherine Belov, Mad Frost Bertelsen, Jocelyn Bezner, Ellen Bronson, Peter Buss, Kenneth Cameron, Michelle Campbell-Ward, Lilian Silva Catenacci, Norin Chai, Sathya K. Chinnadurai, Bruce Christensen, Meredith Martin Clancy, Leigh Clayton, Carmen M.H. Colitz, Galaxia Cortes-Hinojosa, José Luis Crespo-Picazo, Liza Dadone, Marietta Dindo Danforth, Sharon L. Deem, Rosalie Dench, Marion Renée Desmarchelier, Nicola Di Girolamo, Dante Luis Di Nucci, Jessica A. Emerson, Jonathan H. Epstein, Claire Erlacher-Reid, Joseph P. Flanagan, Brett Fundak, Laurie J. Gage, Kathryn C. Gamble, Daniel García-Párraga, Michael M. Garner, Timothy A. Georoff, Kirsten V.K. Gilardi, Martin Gilbert, Steven M. Goodman, Mark Greenberg, Alex David Greenwood, Carsten Grøndahl, Catherine Hadfield, Bálint Halpern, Sarah Hamer, Elizabeth E. Hammond, Robert Harman, Sonia Maria Hernandez, Carolyn Hodo, Erik Hofmeister, Carolyn J. Hogg, Lauren Lynn Howard, Marina Ivančić, Gwen Jankowski, Donald L. Janssen, Carles Juan-Sallés, Kurnia Oktavia Khairani, Matthew E. Kinney, Laura M. Kleinschmidt, Richard Anthony Kock, Corinne P. Kozlowski, Jennifer N. Langan, Alexis Lécu, Gregory A. Lewbart, Kerrie Anne T. Loyd, Imke Lüeders, Khursheed Mama, Christoph Mans, Rachel E. Marschang, Paolo R. Martelli, Gerardo Martinez, Jonna A.K. Mazet, Denise McAloose, Carol U. Meteyer, Michele A. Miller, Ellie Milnes, Christine Molter, Santiago Monsalve, Pete Morkel, Hayley Weston Murphy, Joanne Paul-Murphy, Yvonne Nadler, Julia E. Napier, Pierre Nel, Pauline Nol, Sean O'Sullivan, Francisco Olea-Popelka, Klaus Osterrieder, Annie Page-Karjian, Jean A. Paré, Adriana Pastor, Joost Philippa, Wouter Pieters, Timothy J. Portas, Robin W. Radcliffe, Jan Raines, Bonnie L. Raphael, Fidisoa Rasambainarivo, Patricia Reed, Jack C. Rhyan, Bruce Rideout, John Roberts, Sarah Robinson, Gianmarco Rojas Moreno, Laura Elizabeth Rosen, Elizabeth Marie Rush, David Sanchez-Migallon Guzman, Willem Schaftenaar, Michael R. Schirmacher, Debra A. Schmidt, Kathryn E. Seeley, Michelle E. Shaw, Christina J. Sigurdson, Kurt K. Sladky, Dale Smith, Kristine Smith, Endre Sós, Gerhard Steenkamp, Darrel K. Styles, Hui Suk-Wai, Kathleen E. Sullivan, John M. Sykes, Jessica J. Talbot, Washington Tapia, Karen A. Terio, Scott Terrell, Arshad Haroon Toosy, Dominic A. Travis, Kathryn A. Tuxbury, Eduardo V. Valdes, Caroline Van Hemert, Carrie K. Vance, Michelle L. Verant, Larry Vogelnest, Chris Walzer, Jim Wellehan, Ellen Wiedner, Peregrine L. Wolff, Enrique Yarto-Jaramillo, and Jeffery R. Zuba
- Published
- 2019
26. Management of Dental Disease in Elephants
- Author
-
Gerhard Steenkamp
- Subjects
business.industry ,Oral and maxillofacial pathology ,medicine ,Dentistry ,business ,medicine.disease - Published
- 2019
27. 21st Sharjah International Conservation Forum for Arabia's Biodiversity
- Author
-
Philip Seddon, Gerhard Steenkamp, David Mallon, Helen Senn, Sarah May, Kevin Budd, and Jane Budd
- Subjects
Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Nature and Landscape Conservation - Published
- 2020
28. List of Contributors
- Author
-
Samna Abdoulkarim, Osman G. Amir, Steven C. Amstrup, Leah Andresen, Ortwin Aschenborn, Zelealem T. Ashenafi, Jonathan D. Ballou, Anne A.M.J. Becker, Annie Beckhelling, Farid Belbachir, Laurie Bingaman Lackey, Charlene Bissett, Lorraine K. Boast, Birgit Braun, Christine Breitenmoser, Bruce Brewer, Femke Broekhuis, Rox Brummer, Tim Caro, Linda Castaneda, Pauline Charruau, Monica Chege, Elena V. Chelysheva, Marco Cherin, Deon Cilliers, Scott Citino, Hayley Clements, Guy Combes, Pierre Comizzoli, Bogdan Cristescu, Adrienne E. Crosier, Desiré L. Dalton, Harriet T. Davies-Mostert, Jacqueline T. Davis, Iracelma B. de Matos Machado, Sarah Depauw, Amy Dickman, Ellen S. Dierenfeld, Sarah M. Durant, Susie Ekard, Simon Eyre, Ezequiel Fabiano, Mohammad S. Farhadinia, Michael V. Flyman, Katherine Forsythe, Angela K. Fuller, Kyle Good, Jack Grisham, Rosemary Groom, Markus Gusset, Holly Haefele, Axel Hartmann, Matt W. Hayward, Cathryn Hilker, Jane Horgan, Courtney Hughes, Luke T.B. Hunter, Geert Huys, Audrey Ipavec, Geert P.J. Janssens, Richard M. Jeo, Douglas W. Johnson, Sandra Johnson, Warren E. Johnson, Houman Jowkar, Christine Kaandorp, Jacques Kaandorp, Katherine R. Kerr, Reinold Kharuxab, Kenneth F. Kitchell, Rebecca Klein, Diana C. Koester, Antoinette Kotzé, Imke Lüders, Flavio Lehner, Kristin Leus, Peter Lindsey, Michelle Lloyd, Hanneke Louwman, Jan Louwman, Jassiel L.J. M’soka, David W. Macdonald, Olivia Maes, Laurie Marker, Nikki Marks, Aaron Maule, Natasha McGowan, Jeannine McManus, Julie Meachen, Karen Z. Meeks, Joerg Melzheimer, Kerrie Mengersen, Marilyn Menotti-Raymond, Gus Mills, Emily Mitchell, Nicholas Mitchell, Ahmed Sh Mohanun, Tess Morrison, Alfons W. Mosimane, Maurus Msuha, Suzanne Murray, Matti T. Nghikembua, Abel R. Nhabanga, Kristin Nowell, Stephen J. O’Brien, Nick Oguge, Sarah Omusula, Stephane Ostrowski, Wilbur Ottichilo, Benison Pang, Osman D. Paulos, Ruben Portas, Gail Potgieter, Larkin A. Powell, Thomas Rabeil, Marcela Randau, Suzi Rapp, Robin S. Reid, Louisa Richmond-Coggan, James M. Robinson, Lorenzo Rook, Janet Rose-Hinostroza, Tatjana Rosen, Niki A. Rust, Alicia Sampson, Carlos R. Sanchez, M. Sanjayan, David M. Scantlebury, George B. Schaller, Anne Schmidt-Küntzel, Martin Schulman, Karin R. Schwartz, Moses Selebatso, Andrei Snyman, Etotépé A. Sogbohossou, Simone Sommer, Linda Stanek, Gerhard Steenkamp, Kelly Stoner, Chris Sutherland, Craig J. Tambling, Karen A. Terio, Amanda Tiffin, Carl Traeholt, Kathy Traylor-Holzer, Patricia Tricorache, Linda van Bommel, Esther van der Meer, Vincent van der Merwe, Leanne Van der Weyde, Kate Vannelli, Blaire Van Valkenburgh, Lars Versteege, Bettina Wachter, Eli H. Walker, Chris Walzer, Chris Weaver, Katherine Whitehouse-Tedd, Nadja Wielebnowski, J. Jason Williams, Günther Wirth, Ana Margarita Woc Colburn, Rosie Woodroffe, Claudia Wultsch, Mary Wykstra, and Kim Young-Overton
- Published
- 2018
29. Cheetah Specialization: Physiology and Morphology
- Author
-
James M. Robinson, Anne Schmidt-Küntzel, Julie Meachen, David M. Scantlebury, Gerhard Steenkamp, Natasha E. McGowan, Laurie Marker, Marcela Randau, Nikki J. Marks, Aaron G. Maule, and Holly Haefele
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Zoology ,Morphology (biology) ,Biology ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,Skull ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Limb bones ,biology.animal ,Specialization (functional) ,medicine ,Acinonyx jubatus ,Mammal ,Organ system - Abstract
Built for speed, the cheetah ( Acinonyx jubatus ) is adapted for a running lifestyle. This chapter covers musculoskeletal and thermoregulatory adaptations that contribute in making it the world’s fastest land mammal. It also covers physiological and morphological traits relating to characteristics of the cheetah’s physical appearance, vocalizations, visual systems, and organ systems.
- Published
- 2018
30. Assessment of a portable lactate meter for field use in the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum)
- Author
-
Gerhard Steenkamp, Georgina C Cole, and Adrian S. W. Tordiffe
- Subjects
Laboratory methods ,medicine.medical_specialty ,General Veterinary ,biology ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Critically ill ,Ceratotherium simum ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,General Medicine ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,biology.organism_classification ,Oxalate ,Lactic acid ,Surgery ,0403 veterinary science ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Animal science ,chemistry ,Sodium fluoride ,medicine ,Fluoride ,Whole blood - Abstract
Blood lactate is a predictor of mortality in critically ill humans and animals. Handheld lactate meters have the potential to be used in the field to evaluate the condition of severely injured rhinoceroses but have not been compared with laboratory-based methods. Agreement between a handheld lactate meter and a laboratory method was assessed, as was the stability of rhino blood lactate in the anticoagulant sodium fluoride/potassium oxalate (fluoride/oxalate). Blood samples were obtained from 53 white rhinos that had been immobilised for management reasons. Lactate was measured by means of a handheld meter using whole blood in heparin (WBHEP), whole blood in fluoride/oxalate (WBFO) and fluoride/oxalate plasma (PFO). Results were recorded in both blood (BL) and plasma (PL) modes and compared to an established laboratory method for measuring plasma lactate. To assess the stability of lactate over time, blood lactate in fluoride/oxalate was measured on the handheld meter at intervals for up to 91 h. Agreement was best using WBFO in PL mode, with small bias (-0.16), tight 95% limits of agreement (LOA) (-1.46, 1.14) and a Pc (95% CI) of 0.97 (0.92, 0.99). The agreement was improved for all sample types when using the PL mode compared to the blood lactate (BL) mode. Blood lactate was stable in fluoride/oxalate for 91 h, with a mean change from baseline of 0.15 (-0.178, 0.478) mmol/L (mean, 95% CI). The handheld meter was found to be suitable for field use in white rhinos but provided more reliable results with the device in PL mode. Furthermore, rhino blood lactate was found to be stable in fluoride/oxalate for as long as 3 days.
- Published
- 2017
31. Oral, Maxillofacial and Dental Diseases in Captive Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus)
- Author
-
Sonja C. Boy, Gerhard Steenkamp, P. van Staden, and M. N. Bester
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Dentistry ,Captivity ,Oral cavity ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,0403 veterinary science ,03 medical and health sciences ,Free roaming ,stomatognathic system ,Incisor ,biology.animal ,medicine ,Acinonyx jubatus ,Animals ,General Veterinary ,biology ,business.industry ,Stomatognathic Diseases ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,stomatognathic diseases ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Animals, Zoo ,Acinonyx ,business - Abstract
Summary Descriptions of several oral, maxillofacial and dental conditions/diseases exist for a variety of captive large felids, but little is reported on the pathology of free roaming large felids. Apart from focal palatine erosions (FPEs) as initially described by Fitch and Fagan (1982) and some reference to absent incisor teeth, few data exist on diseases affecting the oral, maxillofacial and dental structures of cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus), regardless of their captivity status. This study reports 18 different conditions affecting the teeth, bone and oral cavity soft tissue of cheetahs, based on initial assessment of 256 animals over 11 years (2002–2012) in South Africa and Namibia. This report excludes oral tumours or FPEs, but includes several acquired and developmental conditions never described before.
- Published
- 2017
32. 20th Sharjah International Conservation Forum for Arabia's Biodiversity
- Author
-
Helen Senn, Jane Budd, Sarah May, Gerhard Steenkamp, David Mallon, Kevin Budd, and Philip J. Seddon
- Subjects
Geography ,Agroforestry ,Biodiversity ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Nature and Landscape Conservation - Published
- 2019
33. BACTERIAL PROFILE OF NECROTIC PULPS IN CHEETAH (ACINONYX JUBATUS) CANINE TEETH
- Author
-
José Carlos Almansa Ruiz, Gerhard Steenkamp, and Anna-Mari Bosman
- Subjects
Male ,Veterinary medicine ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Cuspid ,040301 veterinary sciences ,0403 veterinary science ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,biology.animal ,Acinonyx ,Drug Resistance, Bacterial ,medicine ,Dental Pulp Necrosis ,Acinonyx jubatus ,Animals ,Dental Pulp ,Antiinfective agent ,General Veterinary ,biology ,Bacteria ,030206 dentistry ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,General Medicine ,Bacterial Infections ,biology.organism_classification ,Antimicrobial ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Amikacin ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Gentamicin ,Female ,Anaerobic bacteria ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The role of microbes and their antimicrobial susceptibilities in both acute and chronic infections of the dental pulp in humans has been well studied. Presently, no data are available on endodontic pathogens in cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the bacteria found in the canine teeth of cheetahs, where the pulp was necrotic and exposed due to a complicated crown fracture. Thirty-six microbiologic samples were taken from root canals (RCs) of the canine teeth of 19 cheetahs: one pulp sample was taken from 10 cheetahs, four samples from 2 cheetahs, two samples from 3 cheetahs, and three samples from 4 cheetahs. Exposed pulps were cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria; an additional screening with a 16S rRNA-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for the last six samples. Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates was determined by use of the Kirby-Bauer diffusion test. In total, 59 cultivable isolates belonging to 19 microbial species and 13 genera were recovered from the 36 RCs sampled. Only two samples yielded no cultivable bacteria. Thirty-two (54.49%) of the cultivable isolates were Gram positive and 27 (45.71%) were Gram negative. The maximum number of isolates cultivated from an individual RC was six. Facultative anaerobes (62.72%) were the most common bacteria of the RCs that yielded cultivable bacteria. Of the isolates, 28.81% were aerobic and 8.47% were strict anaerobes. The antimicrobials that showed the greatest efficacy in vitro against the different bacteria isolates were amikacin and gentamicin. The more common bacterial species isolated by PCR were anaerobes (60.8%), facultative anaerobes (30.2%), and aerobes (8.6%).
- Published
- 2016
34. Developmental Structural Tooth Defects in Dogs – Experience From Veterinary Dental Referral Practice and Review of the Literature
- Author
-
David A. Crossley, Gerhard Steenkamp, and Sonja C. Boy
- Subjects
fusion ,Veterinary medicine ,Referral ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Tooth Abnormality ,Review ,Concrescence ,0403 veterinary science ,03 medical and health sciences ,gemination ,0302 clinical medicine ,stomatognathic system ,tooth abnormalities ,concrescence ,Medicine ,enamel hypoplasia ,General Veterinary ,Dentition ,business.industry ,Clinical appearance ,030206 dentistry ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Enamel hypoplasia ,medicine.disease ,Optimal management ,stomatognathic diseases ,odontogenesis ,Veterinary Science ,business ,Dilaceration - Abstract
Developmental tooth abnormalities in dogs are uncommon in general veterinary practice but understanding thereof is important for optimal management in order to maintain masticatory function through preservation of the dentition. The purpose of this review is to discuss clinical abnormalities of the enamel and general anatomy of dog teeth encountered in veterinary dental referral practice and described in the literature. More than 900 referral cases are seen annually between the two referral practices. The basis of the pathogenesis, resultant clinical appearance, and the principles of management for each anomaly will be described. Future research should be aimed toward a more detailed analysis of these conditions so rarely described in the literature.
- Published
- 2016
35. Skull – teeth
- Author
-
Gerhard Steenkamp
- Published
- 2016
36. Book Review: The Teeth of Non-Mammalian Vertebrates
- Author
-
Gerhard Steenkamp
- Subjects
Kingdom ,General Veterinary ,business.industry ,Anthropology ,Medicine ,business - Published
- 2017
37. Diagnosis and Management of Odontogenic Myxoma in a Dog
- Author
-
Gerhard Steenkamp, Sonja C. Boy, and Bruce Meyers
- Subjects
Male ,0301 basic medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Radiography ,Odontogenic Tumors ,Fibroma ,Mandible ,Mandibular first molar ,Odontogenic myxoma ,0403 veterinary science ,03 medical and health sciences ,Dogs ,Biopsy ,medicine ,Premolar ,Animals ,Dog Diseases ,General Veterinary ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Soft tissue ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,medicine.disease ,Survival Rate ,Mandibular Neoplasms ,Treatment Outcome ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Mandibulectomy ,Radiology ,business ,Myxoma - Abstract
A three-year-old Jack Russell terrier dog was presented with a large gingival mass of the right mandible extending from the fourth premolar to the first molar teeth. Radiographic examination of the expansile mass revealed moth-eaten, honeycomb-like lyses of the mandible and extended into the mandibular alveolar canal based on computed tomography. The histopathological diagnosis of the biopsy was odontogenic fibromyxoma. Mandibulectomy with resection of the associated soft tissues was performed. Surgical management was curative with no clinical signs of disease 2-years after treatment. These neoplasms are slow growing, locally destructive tumors of odontogenic origin that have been described in the jaw of only one dog. In this paper, the clinico-radiological and pathologic features, diagnostic modalities as well as the factors that might influence treatment outcome of odontogenic myxomas are discussed. These odontogenic tumors are currently excluded from the WHO classification of odontogenic tumors in domestic animals and inclusion in future classifications systems is proposed.
- Published
- 2007
38. Stenotic Nasopharyngeal Dysgenesis in the Dachshund: Seven Cases (2002–2004)
- Author
-
Sonja C. Boy, Timothy C Spotswood, Gerhard Steenkamp, Malan van Zyl, David B. Miller, and Robert M. Kirberger
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Radiography ,Constriction, Pathologic ,Constriction ,Dysgenesis ,Dogs ,medicine ,Macroglossia ,Animals ,Fluoroscopy ,Genetic Predisposition to Disease ,Dog Diseases ,Small Animals ,Retrospective Studies ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Cheek ,Dysphagia ,Surgery ,Ostium ,Nasopharyngeal Diseases ,Treatment Outcome ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,business - Abstract
Medical records of seven dachshunds with congenital nasopharyngeal stenosis from abnormally thickened palatopharyngeal muscles were reviewed. The intrapharyngeal ostium in all cases consisted of only a narrow slit. Dogs were presented with various clinical signs—the most common being dyspnea, expiratory cheek puff, salivation, pharyngeal dysphagia, oral dysphagia (to a lesser extent), and macroglossia. Diagnostic procedures included direct pharyngeal inspection, pharyngeal and thoracic radiography, fluoroscopy, lingual ultrasonography, biopsies in two dogs, and a postmortem examination in one dog. Diagnoses were readily made with radiographs and visual examinations. Macroglossia was confirmed with transcutaneous ultrasonography or a transmandibular finger test.
- Published
- 2006
39. Diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography for oral masses in dogs
- Author
-
Ann Carstens, U.C.M. Kafka, Gerhard Steenkamp, and H. Symington
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) ,Bone Neoplasms ,Computed tomography ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,Dogs ,Predictive Value of Tests ,Oral masses ,medicine ,Animals ,Dog Diseases ,Osteosarcoma ,lcsh:Veterinary medicine ,General Veterinary ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Mandible ,Computed Tomography (CT) ,Magnetic resonance imaging ,General Medicine ,Hyperplasia ,medicine.disease ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Maxilla ,Gingival Hyperplasia ,lcsh:SF600-1100 ,Female ,Mouth Neoplasms ,Cortical bone ,Radiology ,Tomography, X-Ray Computed ,business ,Calcification - Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) in oral masses of dogs. Nineteen dogs underwent clinical, MR and CT examinations. Eleven malignant and ten non-malignant masses were evaluated. Osteosarcoma was the most commonly found malignant oral mass and gingival hyperplasia was the most commonly found benign mass. The results showed that MRI provided more accurate information regarding the size of the masses and invasion of adjacent structures although MRI and CT show similar accuracy in assessment of bone invasion. Calcification and cortical bone erosion was better seen on CT images. Whereas contrast-MRI provided useful additional information, contrast-CT had no added benefit. In general, oral masses located in the caudal mandible, oropharynx and maxilla are better evaluated using MRI, once the histological type has been verified.
- Published
- 2004
40. Oral biology and disorders of tusked mammals
- Author
-
Gerhard Steenkamp
- Subjects
Mammals ,Dental anomalies ,Dentition ,Elephants ,Pulpectomy ,Captivity ,Zoology ,General Medicine ,Biology ,Sirenia ,Caniformia ,stomatognathic diseases ,stomatognathic system ,Tooth Diseases ,visual_art ,Tusk ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Animals ,Small Animals ,Tooth ,Artiodactyla - Abstract
Tusked mammals can be terrestrial or aquatic. Many of these magnificent animals are kept in captivity all over the world. Functions of tusks vary as much as the species in which they occur. Dental anomalies and disorders of tusks and the rest of the dentition in these mammals were discussed, with an emphasis on the elephant. The tusk anatomy, with its large, conically-shaped pulp, makes it an ideal tooth for partial pulpectomy treatment in trauma cases where the pulp is exposed. Surgical techniques for tusks have been developed and were discussed. Oral tumors occur, but are rare.
- Published
- 2003
41. 18th International Conservation Forum for Arabia's Biodiversity
- Author
-
Craig Hilton-Taylor, Mike Knight, Philip J. Seddon, Gerhard Steenkamp, and David Mallon
- Subjects
Geography ,Agroforestry ,Biodiversity ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Nature and Landscape Conservation - Published
- 2017
42. Oral and Dental Conditions in Adult African Wild Dog Skulls: A Preliminary Report
- Author
-
Cecilia Gorrel and Gerhard Steenkamp
- Subjects
Veterinary medicine ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Zoology ,Captivity ,Animals, Wild ,0403 veterinary science ,03 medical and health sciences ,Dogs ,0302 clinical medicine ,Preliminary report ,Oral and maxillofacial pathology ,Animals ,Medicine ,Dog Diseases ,General Veterinary ,biology ,business.industry ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,030206 dentistry ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Lycaon pictus ,stomatognathic diseases ,Tooth Diseases ,Threatened species ,Mouth Diseases ,business - Abstract
Skulls of 29 adult African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) originating from museum collections were examined for evidence of oral pathology. A wide variety of conditions similar to those seen in the domestic dog were detected. Although other reports suggest that captive African wild dogs suffer more extensively from dental disease than those in the wild, we conclude that these wild carnivores suffer from the same oral diseases as their domestic relatives, suggesting that a natural diet does not protect against these diseases. As the African wild dog is threatened by extinction, further investigation of the incidence and development of oral and dental disease in this species may be of value. Preventive measures could be instituted leading to improved health for those held in captivity.
- Published
- 1999
43. 16th International Conservation Workshop for Arabia's Biodiversity
- Author
-
Mike Knight, David Mallon, Philip J. Seddon, and Gerhard Steenkamp
- Subjects
Geography ,business.industry ,Environmental resource management ,Biodiversity ,business ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Nature and Landscape Conservation - Published
- 2015
44. Parotid duct laceration repair in two horses : case report
- Author
-
Ann Olivier, S.W. Petrick, R.D. Gottschalk, and Gerhard Steenkamp
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Cutaneous fistula ,Ductoraphy ,Parotid duct ,medicine ,lcsh:Veterinary medicine ,integumentary system ,General Veterinary ,Salivary gland ,Equine ,business.industry ,Stent ,Salivary-Cutaneous Fistula ,General Medicine ,Anatomy ,Silastic ,Surgery ,Major duodenal papilla ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Laceration ,Parotid Duct ,lcsh:SF600-1100 ,Salivary Ducts ,business ,Duct (anatomy) - Abstract
Repair of parotid duct lacerations in 2 horses is described using intraluminal silastic tubing as a stent. The duct was lacerated traumatically at the facial vessel notch (incisura vasorum facialium) in the 1st horse, and iatrogenically after removal of an intraluminal sialolith after development of infection within the duct in the 2nd horse. In both cases, a silastic tube was passed retrograde into the duct via the salivary papilla, past the wound until the end lay rostroventral to the parotid salivary gland. The severed salivary ducts and the wounds were sutured. The external portion of the silastic tube was sutured to the skin and the tube left in place. Recovery in the 1st case was uneventful. In the 2nd case a salivary duct/cutaneous fistula formed at a wound distant from the sutured wound, which healed spontaneously. This technique differs from a similar described technique in that the stent tube exits the oral cavity and is attached to the outer skin surface.
- Published
- 1998
45. Prevalence of dental disorders in an abattoir population of horses in South Africa by oral examination of intact and bisected heads
- Author
-
Gerhard Steenkamp, Ditte C. Vemming, Ruth M. Stroehle, Steve A.S. Olorunju, Ann Carstens, and Patrick Page
- Subjects
Male ,Veterinary medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Companion animal ,Population ,South Africa ,Dental disorder ,Prevalence ,Medicine ,Animals ,Horses ,education ,education.field_of_study ,General Veterinary ,biology ,business.industry ,Gasterophilus ,biology.organism_classification ,Tooth Diseases ,Family medicine ,Oral examination ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Female ,Horse Diseases ,business ,Abattoirs - Abstract
Dental care is an integral part of equine veterinary practice. The objectives of this cross sectional study were to describe the prevalence of dental disorders in an abattoir population of horses, and to compare oral examination of intact and bisected heads. Heads from 40 horses, 19 males and 21 females, were examined and divided into immature, adult or older horses based on dental age. Older horses had a significantly higher prevalence of infundibular caries (91.7%), diastemata (66.7%) and fractures (58.3%), whereas dental wear disorders affected all age groups. Gasterophilus spp. larvae were detected in 20% of the horses. A short oral examination performed on intact heads was adequate for diagnosing major disorders, but the occurrence of many conditions had only fair to poor agreement with the bisected heads. A more detailed oral examination may be needed for reliable diagnosis of many disorders.
- Published
- 2013
46. Neural innervation of the tusk pulp of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana)
- Author
-
Gerhard Steenkamp and Sonja C. Boy
- Subjects
Male ,General Veterinary ,biology ,Elephants ,Zoology ,General Medicine ,African elephant ,biology.animal ,visual_art ,Tusk ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Animals ,Pulp (tooth) ,Dental Pulp - Published
- 2004
47. 17th International Conservation Workshop for Arabia's Biodiversity
- Author
-
Gerhard Steenkamp, Mike Knight, Craig Hilton-Taylor, Philip J. Seddon, and David Mallon
- Subjects
Geography ,Agroforestry ,Biodiversity ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Nature and Landscape Conservation - Published
- 2016
48. The individualisation of a dog bite mark: a case study highlighting the bite mark analysis, with emphasis on differences between dog and human bite marks
- Author
-
Gerhard Steenkamp, Zephné Bernitz, Ryan Blumenthal, Herman Bernitz, and Gerrit H. Stols
- Subjects
Engineering ,Bite mark ,Injury control ,business.industry ,Poison control ,medicine.disease ,Computer security ,computer.software_genre ,Dog bite ,Suicide prevention ,Poor quality ,Models, Dental ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Dogs ,Injury prevention ,medicine ,Animals ,Dentition ,Humans ,Forensic odontology ,Medical emergency ,Bites and Stings ,business ,computer ,Forensic Dentistry - Abstract
A person who keeps or controls a dog in his own interest is liable "without fault" should that dog cause harm to any person. By owning a dog, man welcomes into his home a beast that preserves much of its primordial self, and is capable of inflicting a fatal bite wound. The courts may require the forensic expert to identify which specific dog caused the damage or fatal bite in an effort to establish the owner/controller of the animal. Very little has been published on the individualisation of dog bite marks, the procedures to be followed when confronted with usable bite marks and the range of analysis techniques available. The authors advocate a multidisciplinary approach, and utilise a case study to demonstrate the protocol to be followed when analysing a dog bite mark. The paper also highlights differences between human and dog inflicted bites. The authors warn against over interpretation of poor quality bite marks and a final conclusion of absolute certainty.
- Published
- 2011
49. Erratum to: The individualisation of a dog bite mark: a case study highlighting the bite mark analysis, with emphasis on differences between dog and human bite marks
- Author
-
Herman Bernitz, Zephné Bernitz, Gerhard Steenkamp, Ryan Blumenthal, and Gerrit Stols
- Subjects
Pathology and Forensic Medicine - Published
- 2014
50. Immunohistochemical profile of odontogenic epithelium in developing dog teeth (Canis familiaris)
- Author
-
Gerhard Steenkamp, Sonja C. Boy, M. B. Van Heerden, Sulette Nel, and W.F.P. Van Heerden
- Subjects
Respiratory Mucosa ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Keratin 14 ,Biology ,Stem cell marker ,Dogs ,S100 Calcium Binding Protein G ,medicine ,Animals ,Keratin-19 ,General Veterinary ,Amelogenin ,Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ,Anatomy ,Immunohistochemistry ,Epithelium ,Staining ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Calbindin 2 ,Keratins ,Odontogenesis ,Calretinin ,Tooth ,Biomarkers - Abstract
Tumors of the jaw bones and oral soft tissue are relatively common lesions in dogs. The aim of this study was to find cell markers to differentiate odontogenic epithelium from nonodontogenic epithelium for future research on the pathogenesis and pathology of odontogenic neoplasms in dogs. Keratin 14 and 19 staining was observed in odontogenic and nonodontogenic epithelium, whereas amelogenin and p75 neurotrophin receptor immunoreactivity was observed in certain odontogenic epithelial cells at various stages of development but not in other epithelial cells. Calretinin staining was observed in the alveolar epithelial cells directly overlying the developing tooth germ in 28 of 39 sections (71.8%), as well as the dental laminae in 30 of 35 sections (85.7%) and Serres rests in 24 of 28 sections (85.7%). Focal positivity was detected in the respiratory mucosa, some hair follicles, and fusion epithelium of the palate, but no calretinin staining was observed in other oral epithelial cells; therefore, calretinin has potential to be utilized as a marker to differentiate odontogenic form nonodontogenic epithelium.
- Published
- 2010
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