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Avian influenza H5N1 is a highly pathogenic virus that primarily affects birds. However, it can also infect other animal species, including mammals. We report the infection of nine juvenile red foxes ( Vulpes vulpes ) with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A type H5N1 (Clade 2.3.4.4b) in the spring of 2022 in the central, western, and northern regions of New York, USA. The foxes displayed neurologic signs, and examination of brain and lung tissue revealed lesions, with brain lesions ranging from moderate to severe meningoencephalitis. Analysis of tissue tropism using RT-PCR methods showed a comparatively lower Ct value in the brain, which was confirmed by in situ hybridization targeting Influenza A RNA. The viral RNA labelling was highly clustered and overlapped the brain lesions, observed in neurons, and grey matter. Whole viral genome sequences obtained from the affected foxes were subjected to phylogenetic and mutation analysis to determine influenza A clade, host specificity, and potential occurrence of viral reassortment. Infections in red foxes likely occurred due to preying on infected wild birds and are unlikely due to transmission between foxes or other mammals.

Erethizon dorsatum papillomavirus 1 (EdPV1) and Erethizon dorsatum papillomavirus 2 (EdPV2) are associated with cutaneous papillomas in North American porcupines ( Erethizon dorsatum ). This study defined gross, histopathologic, and molecular characteristics of viral papillomas in 10 North American porcupines submitted to the New York State Animal Health Diagnostic Center. Investigation for the presence of EdPV1 and EdPV2 DNA via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed in 9 of the 10 (90.0%) porcupines, and all porcupines were investigated for the detection and localization of EdPV1 and EdPV2 E6 and E7 nucleic acid via chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH). Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed in 2 porcupines. Papillomas were diagnosed on the muzzle ( n = 4), caudal dorsum ( n = 1), upper lip ( n = 1), chin ( n = 1), gingiva ( n = 2), and nasal planum ( n = 1). Histologically, the lesions consisted of hyperplastic epidermis or epithelium with orthokeratotic keratin, prominent keratohyalin granules, and intranuclear inclusion bodies. PCR identified EdPV1 in 6 of 9 samples and EdPV2 in the remaining 3 samples. NGS resulted in 100% genome coverage of EdPV1 and 76.20% genome coverage of EdPV2 compared with GenBank reference sequences, with 99.8% sequence identity to the complete EdPV2 L1 gene of a novel subtype recently identified in France. Hybridization patterns in 9 of the 10 (90.0%) porcupines were characterized by strong nuclear signals in the superficial epidermis, with strong nuclear and punctate cytoplasmic signals in the stratum spinosum and basale. In one animal, CISH suggested dual EdPV1 and EdPV2 infection., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Granulomatous mural folliculitis (GMF) is an uncommon reaction pattern occasionally observed in nonadapted ruminant hosts infected with malignant catarrhal fever viruses. This report characterizes GMF and concurrent cutaneous lesions in 16 goats with crusting dermatitis using histochemistry including hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, and Grocott's methenamine silver, and immunohistochemistry for CD3, CD20, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1, and cytokeratin AE1/3. Infiltrates in all 16 GMF cases consisted of macrophages and fewer T lymphocytes, and variably included eosinophils, multinucleated histiocytic giant cells, and/or neutrophils. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded skin and fresh skin samples from caprine GMF cases were tested using pan-herpesvirus nested conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and partial sequencing, ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) real-time PCR, and OvHV-2 colorimetric in situ hybridization (ISH). Five of 16 goats with GMF (31%) were PCR positive for malignant catarrhal fever viruses, including caprine herpesvirus 3 in 1 goat and OvHV-2 in 4 goats. Three goats also had positive intranuclear OvHV-2 hybridization signal in follicular keratinocytes, among other cell types, localized to areas of GMF. Herpesviruses were not detected in the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded skin of 9 goats without GMF. This case series describes relatively frequent detections of malignant catarrhal fever viruses in the skin of goats with GMF, including the first report of caprine herpesvirus 3, and localizes OvHV-2 infected follicular keratinocytes within areas of GMF., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Objective: To determine severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) serum antibody titers in domestic goats after SC and IM administration of an experimental, veterinary SARS-CoV-2 vaccine., Animals: 31 healthy adult domestic goats from 4 zoological institutions., Methods: On day 0, blood was collected for baseline serum titer before vaccination with 1 mL SARS-CoV-2 recombinant S protein vaccine SC (n = 22) or IM (n = 9). A booster vaccination was administered 21 (SC group) or 28 days (IM group) after the initial vaccine and blood samples were collected at days 21 (SC group) or 28 (IM group), 42, 90, and 180 postvaccinations. The study took place between September 27, 2021, and June 01, 2022. Seroconversion for SARS-CoV-2 was assessed by a SARS-CoV-2 virus neutralization (VN) assay., Results: Before vaccination, no goats had detectable antibodies. On day 42, 100% of goats had detectable serum titers. Serum titers peaked at day 42 for 94% of goats vaccinated by either route of administration. There was a significant difference between SC and IM groups regarding the proportion of goats with detectable titers on day 21/28 (68% vs 0%, respectively) and day 180 (50% vs 89%, respectively), relative to day 0., Clinical Relevance: The 2 vaccination protocols (SC 21 days apart and IM 28 days apart) were similarly effective in mounting serum antibody response in goats. The SC route of administration appeared to have a more rapid onset of immunity, while the IM route may have produced a longer duration of immunity. These data may be useful in determining appropriate SARS-CoV-2 vaccination schedules in ruminants.