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5. Temporal variations in genotype distribution of human sapoviruses and Aichi virus 1 in wastewater in Southern Arizona, United States

Author

Kitajima, M., Rachmadi, A. T., Iker, B. C., Haramoto, E., and Gerba, C. P.

Subjects
sapovirus, PCR, genotyping, Aichi virus 1, water, sequencing, gastroenteritis, molecular epidemiology
Abstract

Aims: To investigate the molecular epidemiology, especially temporal variations in genotype distribution, of sapoviruses and Aichi virus 1 (AiV-1) in Arizona, United States, by examining wastewater. Methods and : total of 26 wastewater samples (13 influent and 13 effluent) were collected monthly from a wastewater treatment plant and viral strains were identified through nested reverse transcription-PCR followed by cloning and sequencing analysis. Identified sapovirus strains were classified into seven genotypes belonging to three genogroups (GI, GII, and GV): GI.1, GI.2, GI.3, GII.1, GII.2, GII.8 and GV.1, with a clear temporal shift. The majority of AiV-1 strains identified from the wastewater samples were classified into genotype B, and genotype A strains were identified in only two samples. Conclusions: We identified a number of sapovirus and AiV-1 strains belonging to multiple genotypes in wastewater samples collected over a 13-month period. Our results suggested a temporal shift in prevalent genotypes in the community. Significance and Impact of the Study: This is the first study elucidating the genotype distribution of human sapoviruses and AiV-1 in wastewater in the United States. Wastewater surveillance is especially useful for understanding molecular epidemiology of viruses that are less commonly tested in clinical diagnosis, including sapoviruses and AiV-1.

Published
2018

25. Biosolids Application for Barley Production.

Author

TAMIMI, AKRUM H., ATHAMNEH, B., GERBA, C. P., and SULEIMAN, W.

Subjects
SEWAGE sludge, BARLEY, SOIL science
Abstract

Biosolids with different loading rates were applied to soil planted with rainfed barley to study the effects of applying biosolids on soil and on barley's straws and grains yield. Randomized Complete Block experimental design was employed with 5 treatments. This included a control and four replicates to test the null hypothesis which states that there is no significant difference between treatment means on crop and soil parameters vs. the research hypothesis which states applying biosolids to land planted with rain-fed barley affects both soil and crop parameters. Biosolids loading rates were 0 as a control, 2, 4, 6, and 8 metric tons/ha. Soil at the testing site had a high clay content in the sub-soil and relatively lower clay content on the surface, probably due to wind erosion. The soil was slightly calcareous with lime content increasing with depth and with a slight alkalinity. Organic matter and phosphorus contents of soil were low with colors that varied from reddish brown to yellowish brown. At harvesting time, there was no significant differences in grain yields at different biosolids loading rates with a p-value of 0.52. Average grain yields of 2.86, 3.37, 3.4, 3.57, and 3.20 tons/ha were measured at biosolids loading rates of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 tons/ha, respectively. Average grain yield of 3.00 for a recommended inorganic fertilizer rate of diammonium phosphate and Urea traditionally applied at rates of 90 kg/ha and 20 kg/ha, respectively, showed a yield higher than the 0 biosolids loading rate. However, it was lower than all other biosolids loading rates. It was determined that applying biosolids to soils planted with rain-fed barley signifi- cantly increased straw yield and straw protein content. No significant increase in grain yield or in grain protein content was measured. It was also determined that a statistical significant decrease in the thousand grain weight occurs as biosolids loading rates increased with a p-value < 0.000001. This has negative effects on barley's grain quality. No significant increase in heavy metals in the crop or the soil was observed in the biosolids treated plots. However, increases in soil organic carbon, total Kjeldahl nitrogen and salt concentrations were increased with increasing biosolids loading rates. The null hypothesis tested in this study showed that applying biosolids to soils planted with rain-fed barley had positive effects on the crop with no effects on the soil in comparison with no application of biosolids and the application of inorganic fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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37. CHAPTER 32: EPILOGUE: IS THE FUTURE OF POLLUTION HISTORY?

Author

Pepper, I. L., Gerba, C. P., and Brusseau, M. L.

Abstract

Chapter 32 of the book "Environmental and Pollution Science," by Ian L. Pepper, Charles P. Gerba and Mark L. Brusseau is presented. It provides an overview on the role of government for conducting an environmental programs to protect the human health in the U.S. It states that the human activities in the environment can produce pollution problems that are difficult to figure out.

Published
2006

38. CHAPTER 31: PHARMACEUTICALS AND ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS.

Author

Arnold, R. G., Quanrud, D. M., Gerba, C. P., PepperCH3 OH, I. L., and OH

Abstract

Chapter 31 of the book "Environmental and Pollution Science," by Ian L. Pepper, Charles P. Gerba and Mark L. Brusseau is presented. It highlights information on the significance and incidence of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC) in water. It states that the environmental exposure to EDC has acquired reproductive and development failures in living things.

Published
2006

39. CHAPTER 28: DRINKING WATER TREATMENT AND WATER SECURITY.

Author

Gerba, C. P., Reynolds, K. A., and Pepper, I. L.

Abstract

Chapter 28 of the book "Environmental and Pollution Science," by Ian L. Pepper, Charles P. Gerba and Mark L. Brusseau is presented. It highlights the impact of application of modern water treatment processes to water-transmitted diseases in the U.S. It describes several conventional water treatment being practiced in the public sector including the filtration, treatment process train and in-line filtration.

Published
2006

40. CHAPTER 27: LAND APPLICATION OF BIOSOLIDS AND ANIMAL WASTES.

Author

Pepper, I. L. and Gerba, C. P.

Abstract

Chapter 27 of the book "Environmental and Pollution Science," by Ian L. Pepper, Charles P. Gerba and Mark L. Brusseau is presented. It examines the role of science, associated with land application and its present public perceptions and legal aspects in the U.S. It states that the country's land application of municipal wastewater and biosolids have been applied to determine the beneficial effects and disposal purposes of modern wastewater treatment.

Published
2006

41. CHAPTER 26: MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT.

Author

Gerba, C. P. and Pepper, I. L.

Abstract

Chapter 26 of the book "Environmental and Pollution Science," by Ian L. Pepper, Charles P. Gerba and Mark L. Brusseau is presented. It provides an overview of the municipal sewage wastewater treatment in the U.S. It states that the level of organic matter in domestic wastes has influenced the degree of biological treatment needed.

Published
2006

42. CHAPTER 18: SURFACE WATER POLLUTION.

Author

Walker, D. B., Baumgartner, D. J., Gerba, C. P., and Fitzsimmons, K.

Abstract

Chapter 18 of the book "Environmental and Pollution Science," 2nd edition, edited by Ian L. Pepper, Charles P. Gerba and Mark L. Brusseau is presented. It focuses on surface water pollution. It explores on the fundamental impact of surface water pollution to the human health and environment. It states that the U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has applied scientific tools for protection of water quality in several part of earth's surface waters.

Published
2006

43. CHAPTER 15: ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS.

Author

Gerba, C. P. and Straub, C.

Abstract

Chapter 15 of the book "Environmental and Pollution Science," 2nd edition, edited by Ian L. Pepper, Charles P. Gerba and Mark L. Brusseau is presented. It provides an overview on the environmental laws and regulation in the U.S. It states that the U.S. federal legislation has offered foundation for the regulation in the air pollution, water, and food supply, as well as the operation and control pollutant emission.

Published
2006

44. CHAPTER 14: RISK ASSESSMENT.

Author

Gerba, C. P.

Abstract

Chapter 14 of the book "Environmental and Pollution Science," 2nd edition, edited by Ian L. Pepper, Charles P. Gerba and Mark L. Brusseau is presented. It highlights various types of risk assessment which include the ecological and the health-based risks. It states that assessment offers an effective framework for governing the relative urgency of problems and the allotment of resources to lessen the risk.

Published
2006

45. CHAPTER 13: ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY.

Author

Gerba, C. P.

Abstract

Chapter 13 of the book "Environmental and Pollution Science," 2nd edition, edited by Ian L. Pepper, Charles P. Gerba and Mark L. Brusseau is presented. It highlights the fundamental principles of toxicology, associated with the environmental contaminants. It offers information on the toxic properties of chemical substances that are found in plant, bacterial, and animal research.

Published
2006

46. CHAPTER 11: MICROBIAL CONTAMINANTS.

Author

Gerba, C. P. and Pepper, I. L.

Abstract

Chapter 11 of the book "Environmental and Pollution Science," 2nd edition, edited by Ian L. Pepper, Charles P. Gerba and Mark L. Brusseau is presented. It focuses on microbial contaminants. It offers information on the water-related microbial disease, classes of diseases and types of pathogens, types of pathogenic organisms, sources of pathogens in the environment, fate and transport of pathogens in the environment, and standards and criteria for indicators.

Published
2006

47. CHAPTER 1: THE EXTENT OF GLOBAL POLUTION.

Author

Pepper, I. L., Gerba, C. P., and Brusseau, M. L.

Abstract

Chapter 1 of the book "Environmental and Pollution Science," 2nd edition, edited by Ian L. Pepper, Charles P. Gerba and Mark L. Brusseau is presented. It focuses on issues related to the major sources of pollution in the science-based context and environment. It also attempts to determine the possible impact of pollution to the welfare and human health.

Published
2006

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