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Background: Statins are widely used to prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD). With advancing age, the risks of statins might outweigh the potential benefits. It is unclear which factors influence general practitioners' (GPs) advice to stop statins in oldest-old patients., Objective: To investigate the influence of a history of CVD, statin-related side effects, frailty and short life expectancy, on GPs' advice to stop statins in oldest-old patients., Design: We invited GPs to participate in this case-based survey. GPs were presented with 8 case vignettes describing patients > 80 years using a statin, and asked whether they would advise stopping statin treatment., Main Measures: Cases varied in history of CVD, statin-related side effects and frailty, with and without shortened life expectancy (< 1 year) in the context of metastatic, non-curable cancer. Odds ratios adjusted for GP characteristics (OR adj ) were calculated for GPs' advice to stop., Key Results: Two thousand two hundred fifty GPs from 30 countries participated (median response rate 36%). Overall, GPs advised stopping statin treatment in 46% (95%CI 45-47) of the case vignettes; with shortened life expectancy, this proportion increased to 90% (95CI% 89-90). Advice to stop was more frequent in case vignettes without CVD compared to those with CVD (OR adj 13.8, 95%CI 12.6-15.1), with side effects compared to without OR adj 1.62 (95%CI 1.5-1.7) and with frailty (OR adj 4.1, 95%CI 3.8-4.4) compared to without. Shortened life expectancy increased advice to stop (OR adj 50.7, 95%CI 45.5-56.4) and was the strongest predictor for GP advice to stop, ranging across countries from 30% (95%CI 19-42) to 98% (95% CI 96-99)., Conclusions: The absence of CVD, the presence of statin-related side effects, and frailty were all independently associated with GPs' advice to stop statins in patients aged > 80 years. Overall, and within all countries, cancer-related short life expectancy was the strongest independent predictor of GPs' advice to stop statins.

Introduction: Common colds are the most frequently encountered disease worldwide and the most frequent reason for self-care. According to the cross-sectional European Common Colds study (COCO), patients use as many as 12 items on average for self-care. Little is known about the influence of discomfort and knowledge on self-care for common colds., Main Objective: To understand the influence of patients' discomfort during a cold and their knowledge about the self-limited disease course on the use of self-care measures., Materials and Methods: This COCO analysis included 2,204 patients from 22 European primary care sites in 12 countries. Each site surveyed 120 consecutive adults with a 27-item questionnaire asking about patients' self-care, subjective discomfort during a cold (discomfort: yes/no), and knowledge about the self-limited course (yes/no). Country-specific medians of the number of self-care items served as a cut-off to define high and low self-care use. Four groups were stratified based on discomfort (yes/no) and knowledge (yes/no)., Results: Participants' mean age was 46.5 years, 61.7% were female; 36.3% lacked knowledge; 70.6% reported discomfort. The group has discomfort/no knowledge exhibited the highest mean item use (13.3), followed by has discomfort/has knowledge (11.9), no discomfort/no knowledge (11.1), and no discomfort/has knowledge (8.8). High use was associated with discomfort (OR 1.8; CI 1.5-2.2), female gender (OR 1.7; 1.4-2.0), chronic pain/arthritis (OR 1.6; 1.2-2.1), more years of education (OR 1.3; 1.1-1.6), age <48 years (OR 1.3; 1.0-1.5), and lack of knowledge (OR 1.2; 1.0-1.4)., Discussion: Counseling on common colds should address patients' discomfort and soothing measures in addition to providing information on the natural disease course.

Background: Due to the heterogeneous and systemic nature of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the new guidelines are oriented toward individualized attention. Multidimensional scales could facilitate its proper clinical and prognostic assessment, but not all of them were validated in an international primary care cohort, different from the original ones used for model development. Therefore, our main aim is to assess the prognostic capacity of the ADO, BODEx and DOSE indices in primary care for predicting mortality in COPD patients and to validate the models obtained in subgroups of patients, classified by revised Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (2011) and updated Spanish Guideline (2014). Besides, we want to confirm that the prognostic capacity of all indices increases if the number of exacerbations is substituted by the interval between them and to assess the impact on health of the patient's lifestyle, social network and adherence to treatment., Methods: Design: External validation of scales, open and prospective cohort study in primary care., Setting: 36 health centres in 6 European high, medium and low income countries., Subjects: 477 patients diagnosed with COPD, captured in clinical visit by their General Practitioner/Nurse., Predictors: Detailed patient history, exacerbations, lung function test and questionnaires at baseline., Outcomes: Exacerbations, all-cause mortality and specific mortality, within 5 years of recruitment., Analysis: Multivariate logistic regression and Cox regression will be used. Possible non-linear effect of the indices will be studied by using Structured Additive Regression models with penalised splines. Subsequently, we will assess different aspects of the regression models: discrimination, calibration and diagnostic precision. Clinical variables modulated in primary care and the interval between exacerbations will be considered and incorporated into the analysis., Discussion: The Research Agenda for General Practice/Family Medicine highlights that the evidence on predictive values of prognostic indices in primary care is scarce. A prospective cohort like that of PROEPOC/COPD provides good opportunities for research into COPD and make communication easier between family practitioners, nursing staff, pneumologists and other professionals, supporting a multi-disciplinary approach to the treatment of these patients., Trial Registration: ISRCTN52402811 . Date: 15/01/2015. Prospectively registered.

Background. Patients use self-care to relieve symptoms of common colds, yet little is known about the prevalence and patterns across Europe. Methods/Design. In a cross-sectional study 27 primary care practices from 14 countries distributed 120 questionnaires to consecutive patients (≥18 years, any reason for consultation). A 27-item questionnaire asked for patients' self-care for their last common cold. Results. 3,074 patients from 27 European sites participated. Their mean age was 46.7 years, and 62.5% were females. 99% of the participants used ≥1 self-care practice. In total, 527 different practices were reported; the age-standardized mean was 11.5 (±SD 6.0) per participant. The most frequent self-care categories were foodstuffs (95%), extras at home (81%), preparations for intestinal absorption (81%), and intranasal applications (53%). Patterns were similar across all sites, while the number of practices varied between and within countries. The most frequent single practices were water (43%), honey (42%), paracetamol (38%), oranges/orange juice (38%), and staying in bed (38%). Participants used 9 times more nonpharmaceutical items than pharmaceutical items. The majority (69%) combined self-care with and without proof of evidence, while ≤1% used only evidence-based items. Discussion. This first cross-national study on self-care for common colds showed a similar pattern across sites but quantitative differences., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Background. Self-care for common colds is frequent, yet little is known about the spectrum, regional differences, and potential risks of self-care practices in patients from various European regions. Methods/Design. We describe the study protocol for a cross-sectional survey in 27 primary care centers from 14 European countries. At all sites, 120 consecutive adult patients, who visit their general practitioner for any reason, filled in a self-administered 27-item questionnaire. This addresses patients' self-care practices for common colds. Separately, the subjective level of discomfort when having a common cold, knowing about the diseases' self-limited nature, and medical and sociodemographic data are requested. Additionally, physicians are surveyed on their use of and recommendations for self-care practices. We are interested in investigating which self-care practices for common colds are used, whether the number of self-care practices used is influenced by knowledge about the self-limited nature of the disease, and the subjective level of discomfort when having a cold and to identify potential adverse interactions with chronic physician-prescribed medications. Further factors that will be considered are, for example, demographic characteristics, chronic conditions, and sources of information for self-care practices. All descriptive and analytical statistics will be performed on the pooled dataset and stratified by country and site. Discussion. To our knowledge, COCO is the first European survey on the use of self-care practices for common colds. The study will provide new insight into patients' and general practitioners' self-care measures for common colds across Europe.

Aim: To determine differences between groups with hypertension in pregnancy and assess risk factors associated with preeclampsia., Patients and Methods: In the period 2008-10 at the Department of Nephrology in Skopje, Macedonia, a prospective and a longitudinal study study comprising 134 pregnant women was carried out. They had regular monthly check-ups in pregnancy and after delivery (1-8), when groups were defined as gestational hypertension, pre-existing hypertension, superimposed preeclampsia, and preeclampsia. A total of 134 women were regularly controlled by 24-hour ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure (24ABPM), blood and urine, D-dimers, and a resistance index of the Doppler of the umbilical artery (RI a.umb), and a questionnaire on risk factors was filled in for every pregnant woman., Results: Superimposed preeclampsia was found in 22 (16.4%) and preeclampsia was found in 20 women (14.9%). Daily diastolic blood pressure of 24-hour blood pressure monitoring at the last check-up before delivery was significantly higher in the group with superimposed preeclampsia (SP) 87.6±9.5 and in the group with preeclampsia (PE) 87.9±7.7 mm Hg. Previous preeclampsia (OR=3.28), primiparity (OR=2.35), methyldopa (OR=3.76), number of check-ups (OR=2.3), positive family history (OR=1.4) and in vitro fertilisation (OR=1.15) were found as risk factors associated with the occurrence of preeclampsia and preeclampsia superimposed on preexisting hypertension., Conclusions: Early determination of risk factors should prompt more frequent check-ups in hypertensive pregnancies in order to determine timely delivery and avoid adverse outcomes in the mother and child.

Aim: to determine differences in regulation of blood pressure and renal function in patients with moderate intake of alcohol (1-14 units per week)., Material and Methods: Cross-section study performed at the Department of Nephrology. Seventy-six patients admitted for diagnosis and treatment of hypertension were included. Patients with diabetes mellitus, renal failure and other coorbidities were excluded from the study. Medical history, data on alcohol consumption, laboratory analysis, Doppler echosonography of intrarenal blood vessels and 24-hour blood pressure monitoring were performed. The group that consumed alcohol (A+) consisted of 10 patients, while the group that did not (A-) consisted of 66 patients. The two groups were comparable by age, BMI and hypertension history. Two groups were compared by the values of their blood pressure, BMI, hypertension history in months, serum creatinine, uric acid, Doppler duplex index of renal resistence, triglycerides and cholesterol., Results: In group A+ , the serum creatinine was significantly higher, but still within the normal range (86.3+/-15.72 vs 71.75+/-14.77, p=0.005). Serum uric acid followed the same trend (360.3+/-110.18 vs. 284.4+/-95.28, p=0.026. Pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure were higher in the A+ group (71.33+/-19.23 vs. 57.65+/-16.78, p=0.028 and 127.81+/-17.6 vs 111.02+/-21.67, p=0.03 respectively). Serum lipids were unsignificantly higher in the A+ group (9.56+/-1.5 vs 9.02+/-1.59, p=0.38). No changes between groups were registered with Doppler sonography of intrarenal blood vessels. In women, consumption of alcohol was associated with blood pressure control., Conclusion: Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with the regulation of the blood pressure.

Aim: To determine the concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) in plasma of women with essential hypertension in prehypertensive phase, its effect on blood pressure, and correlation with other vasoactive substances that regulate systemic and renal vascular tonus., Methods: The study performed at the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Center in Skopje, Macedonia, included 26 women with essential hypertension in prehypertensive phase and 11 normotensive women as healthy controls. Vasodilating factors NO and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1alpha) were determined in plasma. Thromboxane B2 (TXB2) as a vasoconstricting factor and electrolytes Na+, K+, and Ca2+ were determined in urine. Blood pressure was monitored over 24 hours. Systolic, diastolic, mean blood pressure were presented as average 24-hour values., Results: The concentrations of NO and 6-keto-PGF1alpha were significantly lower in women with essential hypertension in prehypertensive phase than in their normotensive controls (NO: median 22, range 11-35 vs median 37.5, range 11-66; 6-keto-PGF1alpha: 64.8+/-14.35 vs 98.21+/-43.45 micromol/L; P<0.001). The index of vascular reactivity (TXB2/6-keto-PGF1alpha ratio) was higher in women in prehypertensive phase than in normotensive women (1.3 vs 0.8, P<0.001). Urinary calcium to creatinine ratio was significantly lower in the prehypertensive group (0.06+/-0.03 vs 0.24+/-0.13, P<0.001). No direct correlations were found between NO, TXB2, and 6-keto-PGF1alpha, or between NO and electrolytes in the urine. Low NO and urinary Ca2+ were significant indicators of increased blood pressure (P=0.013 and P=0.024, respectively; backward stepwise multiple regression analysis)., Conclusions: NO and 6-keto-PGF1alpha were significantly lower in women in prehypertensive phase of essential hypertension. Lower NO correlated with increased systolic blood pressure, but not with on natriuresis and calciuresis. These findings, together with the higher vascular reactivity index, indicate that endothelial dysfunction precedes the establishment of essential hypertension.