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Pineal cysts are benign, nonneoplastic lesions of the pineal gland, often identified incidentally on MRI scans. Although these cysts are usually asymptomatic, they can occasionally enlarge and compress adjacent structures, leading to neurological complications such as obstructive hydrocephalus and Parinaud's syndrome. The underlying mechanisms of pineal cyst development remain largely unclear, although inflammation - common in rheumatological conditions such as fibromyalgia - and mechanical stress have been suggested as contributing factors. In addition, the incomplete blood-brain barrier of the pineal gland raises the possibility that chronic lithium therapy, commonly used for psychiatric disorders and also known for its hyperplastic effects, could facilitate cysts formation through lithium accumulation and epithelial stimulation. We report the case of a 49-year-old woman with bipolar disorder on long-term lithium treatment who presented with a pineal cyst and clinical symptoms consistent with fibromyalgia. A review of the literature highlights possible links between pineal cyst formation, systemic inflammation associated with rheumatological disorders and prolonged lithium exposure. Although the hyperplastic properties of lithium in glandular tissue are well documented, there is no conclusive evidence directly linking lithium use to the development of pineal cysts in humans. The possibility of cystic growth driven by the pro-inflammatory environment of fibromyalgia remains plausible and warrants further investigation of the complex interactions between lithium therapy, systemic inflammation and pineal cystogenesis, particularly in patients with coexisting rheumatological and psychiatric disorders., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of University of Washington.)

Hemostasis represents a fundamental step in every surgical procedure. During neurosurgical procedures, proper and robust hemostasis into confined spaces can significantly reduce the odds of perioperative complications. Over the decades, multiple methods have been applied, and several medical devices have been developed to promote and guarantee proper hemostasis. This study presents a systematic review of the most used intraoperative hemostatic methods and devices in neurosurgery. Insightful research was performed on the PubMed database according to the PRISMA guidelines. This comprehensive review of scientific literature represents a synoptic panel where the most used intraoperative hemostatic methods and devices available today in neurosurgery are classified and described., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Background: Therapeutic epidural spinal injections (ESIs) of steroids are one of the most common nonsurgical management modalities employed for alleviating pain due to chronic persistent lumbar spinal disease. However, it is well documented that they have significant risks and complications without any long-term efficacy. ESI may result in epidural empyema which may be difficult to diagnose with delays resulting in significant permanent neurological sequelae., Case Description: A 45-year-old female presented with a lumbar spinal epidural empyema after receiving ESI for low back and right leg pain due to a lumbar disc herniation. Laboratory studies showed elevations of multiple inflammatory markers, and the MR documented a significant lumbar epidural empyema contributing to significant thecal sac compression. Clinically, the patient had an acute cauda equina syndrome warranting emergency surgery consisting of a laminectomy for debridement/decompression followed by long-term antibiotic treatment., Conclusion: Epidural empyema is a major potential complication of lumbar ESI. Multiple markedly elevated inflammatory markers (WBC, ESR, CRP, and procalcitonin) and MRI evidence of an epidural empyema necessitates emergent surgical intervention to limit morbidity, neurological sequelae, and mortality., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2020 Surgical Neurology International.)

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the expression of IL-22, IL-22 receptor 1 (IL-22R1), IL-22 binding protein (IL-22BP) and p-STAT3 in muscle tissue from patients with PM and DM., Methods: Levels of IL-22, IL-22R1, IL-22BP and STAT3 mRNA were quantified by RT-PCR. The expression of IL-22, IL-22R1, IL-22BP and p-STAT3 was also analysed using immunohistochemistry., Results: Significant modulation of the IL-22 pathway was observed in inflammatory myopathic tissues. In particular, a significant overexpression of IL-22 at the protein but not the mRNA level was observed in PM/DM tissues and was correlated with myositis activity. IL-22R1 aberrant expression was also observed among infiltrating mononuclear cells and necrotic muscle cells. IL-22BP, which inhibits IL-22 signalling, was expressed only in some muscle fibres in PM/DM patients., Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the IL-22 pathway is activated in inflammatory myopathic tissues and may be involved in the induction of muscle inflammatory processes and muscle necrosis., (© The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Rheumatology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)