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An imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defense driven by oxidative stress and inflammation is a critical factor in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), a culinary plant in the Apiaceae family, displays various biological activities, including anticancer, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects. Herein, neuroprotective properties of three major bioactive compounds derived from coriander (i.e., linalool, linalyl acetate, and geranyl acetate) were investigated on hydrogen peroxide-induced SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell death by examining cell viability, ROS production, mitochondrial membrane potential, and apoptotic profiles. Moreover, underlying mechanisms of the compounds were determined by measuring intracellular sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) enzyme activity incorporated with molecular docking. The results showed that linalool, linalyl acetate, and geranyl acetate elicited their neuroprotection against oxidative stress via protecting cell death, reducing ROS production, preventing cell apoptosis, and modulating SIRT1 longevity. Additionally, in silico pharmacokinetic predictions indicated that these three compounds are drug-like agents with a high probability of absorption and distribution, as well as minimal potential toxicities. These findings highlighted the potential neuroprotective linalool, linalyl acetate, and geranyl acetate for developing alternative natural compound-based neurodegenerative therapeutics and prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geranyl acetate, a significant natural fragrance compound, is typically available only in minute quantities from plant sources. This study focuses on the biosynthesis of this compound through enzymatic esterification of geraniol with acetic acid, utilizing the environmentally benign and generally safe solvent, acetone. The optimization process initially involved key synthesis variables, including acetic acid and geraniol concentrations, temperature, and enzyme loading. Subsequently, a thermodynamic investigation of the biosynthesis was conducted alongside kinetic elucidation, providing insights into the mechanism of the lipase-mediated esterification, which was revealed to follow a Ping-Pong Bi-Bi mechanism with no apparent inhibition by either substrate. The reaction is endothermic, with calculated changes in enthalpy (ΔH), and entropy, (ΔS) at 66 kJ mol–1 and 217 J mol–1 K–1, respectively. The activation energy, Ea, was determined to be 28 kJ mol−1. Esterification was non-spontaneous below 30 °C but shifted to spontaneous at higher temperatures. These findings hold significance for the development of biocatalytic processes.

Monoterpenes, such as Geraniol (G), Geranyl acetate (GA), Citral (CT), Limonene (LN), and Linalool (LL), are the most widely used phytochemicals in the aroma, food, and pharmaceutical industries. Here, we screened several bacteria and fungi to assess their potential to biotransform the selected monoterpenes (G, GA, CT, LN, and LL) through the substrate toxicity test. Three bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens MTCC2421, Streptococcus mutans MTCC497, and Escherichia coli were found to be resistant to G, GA, and LN while two P. aeruginosa, and S. epidermidis MTTC 435 to GA and LN. In general, all fungal strains did not show resistance to any of the monoterpenes used, except Candida albicans and Fusarium oxysporum, which were slightly resistant to lower concentrations (0.05-0.1%) of GA. Interestingly, none of the bacteria and fungi showed any resistance to CT. The maximum concentrations of monoterpenes to which bacteria exhibited resistance ranged from 0.05-0.2%. The growth and biomass profiles of bacteria revealed that P. fluorescens and S. mutans grew well in the presence of monoterpenes GA and LN. Based on this, Pseudomonas fluorescens was capable of biotransforming GA and LN, while S. mutans only LN. The biotransformation of GA by P. fluorescens produced G and LL on the day 5th and 7th of the incubation. Hence, the study revealed the three potential bacteria, which may be useful in producing new aromatic derivatives from selected monoterpenes through biotransformation.

Monoterpenes, such as Geraniol (G), Geranyl acetate (GA), Citral (CT), Limonene (LN), and Linalool (LL), are the most widely used phytochemicals in the aroma, food, and pharmaceutical industries. Here, we screened several bacteria and fungi to assess their potential to biotransform the selected monoterpenes (G, GA, CT, LN, and LL) through the substrate toxicity test. Three bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens MTCC2421, Streptococcus mutans MTCC497, and Escherichia coli were found to be resistant to G, GA, and LN while two P. aeruginosa, and S. epidermidis MTTC 435 to GA and LN. In general, all fungal strains did not show resistance to any of the monoterpenes used, except Candida albicans and Fusarium oxysporum, which were slightly resistant to lower concentrations (0.05-0.1%) of GA. Interestingly, none of the bacteria and fungi showed any resistance to CT. The maximum concentrations of monoterpenes to which bacteria exhibited resistance ranged from 0.05-0.2%. The growth and biomass profiles of bacteria revealed that P. fluorescens and S. mutans grew well in the presence of monoterpenes GA and LN. Based on this, Pseudomonas fluorescens was capable of biotransforming GA and LN, while S. mutans only LN. The biotransformation of GA by P. fluorescens produced G and LL on the day 5th and 7th of the incubation. Hence, the study revealed the three potential bacteria, which may be useful in producing new aromatic derivatives from selected monoterpenes through biotransformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method was developed for the isolation of geranyl acetate from the crude essential oil (EO) of Melaleuca armillaris (Sol. ex Gaertn.) Sm. leaves, and the purity of the isolated compound was analyzed by GC/MS spectral and NMR analysis and was found to have high purity (98.9%). In addition, the EO isolated presented 0.907 g/cm3, 1.474 and [ α ] D 20 = − 17.6 of density, refraction index and optical rotation, respectively. The chemical composition of the EO obtained for steam distillation from M. armillaris was analyzed by gas chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques (GC/MS and GC/FID). Thirty-eight compounds were identified, representing 99.92% of the total EO analyzed on a DB-5 ms (5% phenylmethylpolysiloxane) capillary column. This analysis showed that the EO consisted mainly of oxygenated monoterpenes (77.01%), followed by monoterpene hydrocarbons (21.31%) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (1.31%). Furthermore, the essential oil of M. armillaris was rich in 1,8-cineol (67 ± 2%), followed by limonene (10 ± 1%), α-Terpineol (9 ± 1%) and α-Pinene (5 ± 1%). Finally, the results suggest that the geranyl acetate isolated with high purity from crude essential oil is recommended to be explored as a component in medicinal or industrial use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topical application of essential oils is considered an effective treatment for skin diseases. Cymbopogon distans (Nees ex Steud.) Wats (Poaceae) is a promising aromatic grass widespread in the Himalayan temperate zone. Therefore, using in-vitro and in-vivo bioassays, we examined the chemical and pharmacological characteristics of essential oil hydro-distilled from C. distans coded as CDA-01, specifically concerning skin inflammation. Characterization using GC-FID and GC–MS provided a chemical fingerprint for CDA-01, enabling the identification of 54 compounds; amongst them, citral (34.3%), geranyl acetate (21.2%), and geraniol (16.4%) were the most abundant. To examine the anti-inflammatory potential, CDA-01 treatment on LPS-stimulated macrophage cells in addition to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) generated cutaneous inflammatory reaction in the mouse ear was assessed through quantification of the inflammatory markers. Consequently, CDA-01 demonstrated protection against inflammation caused by LPS by lowering the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) level in HaCaT cells with negligible cytotoxicity. Consistent with the in-vitro findings, CDA-01 treatment reduced pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-, IL-6, and NO) and lipid peroxidation in an in-vivo investigation. Subcutaneous inflammation in TPA-treated mice ears was similarly decreased, as evidenced by the histological and morphological studies. As a result of our findings, it is possible that CDA-01 could be an effective treatment for skin inflammation disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perennial aromatic crops' production, yield, and quality are significantly impacted by seasonal variations. Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) (Poaceae) is a perennial aromatic grass that produces valuable essential oil from the leaves and inflorescence containing high concentrations of geraniol and geranyl acetate. The current study intends to determine how seasonal changes (autumn, winter, and summer) affect the production of geraniol, geraniol acetate, and essential oils from various plant components, (leaves and inflorescence). The field study was conducted at the experimental farm of India's CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants for two years (May 2018 to May 2020). Four varieties viz. cv. Tripta, Trishna, PRC1, and CIMAP Harsh were grown, and harvesting was done in three entirely different seasons, i.e., autumn, winter, and summer, for two consecutive years; thus, a total of six harvests (two in each season) were obtained. The research findings revealed that under the sub-tropical climatic conditions, cv. CIMAP Harsh performs better in yield and productivity with maximum essential oil yield obtained in the summer, followed by autumn. Maximum geraniol (89.9% and 51.26 kg ha-1) and geraniol acetate (3.0% and 1.73 kg ha-1) yields in leaves were reported during the summer season. In contrast, in inflorescence, geraniol (76.8% and 12.77 kg ha-1) yields were recorded maximum during the autumn season, irrespective of variety. In terms of essential oil yield and quality of oil, harvesting during the winter months did not make any significant difference. Nevertheless, it is intriguing to notice that the CIMAP Harsh variety placed top for the traits N2, N3, N5, N6, N7, N8, N13, N15, N21, and N22 and second for N1. In the traits N2 to N8, N13, and N14, Trishna was the variety that placed second. Therefore, it is advised that these two palmarosa cultivars be grown commercially on a wide basis.

Geranyl acetate, a significant natural fragrance compound, is typically available only in minute quantities from plant sources. This study focuses on the biosynthesis of this compound through enzymatic esterification of geraniol with acetic acid, utilizing the environmentally benign and generally safe solvent, acetone. The optimization process initially involved key synthesis variables, including acetic acid and geraniol concentrations, temperature, and enzyme loading. Subsequently, a thermodynamic investigation of the biosynthesis was conducted alongside kinetic elucidation, providing insights into the mechanism of the lipase-mediated esterification, which was revealed to follow a Ping-Pong Bi-Bi mechanism with no apparent inhibition by either substrate. The reaction is endothermic, with calculated changes in enthalpy (ΔH), and entropy, (ΔS) at 66 kJ mol-1 and 217 J mol-1 K-1, respectively. The activation energy, Ea, was determined to be 28 kJ mol-1. Esterification was non-spontaneous below 30 °C but shifted to spontaneous at higher temperatures. These findings hold significance for the development of biocatalytic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) acts as a vector for the propagation of many pathogens and causes myiasis in vertebrates. In the present investigation, essential oil of Lantana camara was analyzed by GC-MS to determine its' chemical composition. Further, geranyl acetate was tested against the last instar larvae of C. megacephala to examine its' larvicidal effect. Compositional analysis of EO revealed major components present in the EO were a-pinene, caryophyllene, geranyl acetate and eucalyptol. Effects due to topical application of geranyl acetate included larval mortality, abnormal pupariation, eclosion failure, low percentage of normal adult emergence. Our result on the significant negative effects of geranyl acetate on C. megacephala larval survival suggests that it can be considered in future designs of green pesticides against the dipteran population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method was developed for the isolation of geranyl acetate from the crude essential oil (EO) of Melaleuca armillaris (Sol. ex Gaertn.) Sm. leaves, and the purity of the isolated compound was analyzed by GC/MS spectral and NMR analysis and was found to have high purity (98.9%). In addition, the EO isolated presented 0.907 g/cm3, 1.474 and [α]D20=−17.6 of density, refraction index and optical rotation, respectively. The chemical composition of the EO obtained for steam distillation from M. armillaris was analyzed by gas chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques (GC/MS and GC/FID). Thirty-eight compounds were identified, representing 99.92% of the total EO analyzed on a DB-5 ms (5% phenylmethylpolysiloxane) capillary column. This analysis showed that the EO consisted mainly of oxygenated monoterpenes (77.01%), followed by monoterpene hydrocarbons (21.31%) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (1.31%). Furthermore, the essential oil of M. armillaris was rich in 1,8-cineol (67 ± 2%), followed by limonene (10 ± 1%), α-Terpineol (9 ± 1%) and α-Pinene (5 ± 1%). Finally, the results suggest that the geranyl acetate isolated with high purity from crude essential oil is recommended to be explored as a component in medicinal or industrial use.

Dracocephalum moldavica L. is an annual medicinal plant that belongs to the Labiate family. The essential oil of this plant has natural antibacterial, antimicrobial and Healing of wounds. To determine the essential oil content and compositions of its shoots, different populations were examined at three regions, consisted Sepidan, Lar, and Fasa (Fars province, Iran). These regions were cold semi-arid, hot desert, and hot semi-arid climates with rainfall 491, 216, and 196 mm/year, respectively. The essential oil was extracted by the use of hydro distillation, and was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and biological activities in terms of antioxidant properties were also performed as per standard methods. A total of 21 compounds were identified from these populations. The results showed that most of these compounds were related to the Sepidan region. The main components of the essential oil were geranyl acetate (24.34-25.11%), neral (13.57-14.05%), geraniol (12.99-13.60%), and geranial (12.99-13.03%). The lowest compounds were obtained in the Lar region, but this region exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (83.31%), the highest amount of total phenolic, and flavonoid. According to climatic parameters effects on phytochemical compounds of D.moldavica species, these findings indicated that this species' populations from the south of Iran are characterized by geranyl acetate-rich EOs which can be considered for further domestication, conservation, breeding, and exploitation programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to UV/infrared (IR) radiation is the main extrinsic factor that changes skin morphology and affects the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in skin aging. Ten varieties of andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) fruit are presumed to have skin anti-aging compounds via an enzyme-inhibition mechanism. This study aims to compare ten essential oils (EOs) of andaliman fruit varieties, group them according to their varieties, and obtain the chemical components that can be used as potential skin anti-aging agents using molecular docking. EOs were isolated by hydrodistillation, and the determination of the chemical compounds was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Using the Orange data mining software, a heatmap was used for grouping and showing the abundance of the compounds of ten varieties. Finally, molecular docking was conducted using the software AutoDockTools 1.5.7. There were 97 chemical components in the ten EOs of andaliman fruit varieties, with the main chemical components being geranyl acetate (29.87%) and D-limonene (26.49%), and they were grouped into three clusters. The chemical components that are prospective candidates as skin anti-aging agents are geranyl acetate and D-limonene, found in abundance in the Sihalus variety of andaliman fruit. These can be developed for applications in the pharmaceutical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work concerns to investigate the microbiological, thermal and mechanical behavior of cellulose acetate films obtained with addition of 0.5 % (v/v) and 1.0 % (v/v) of geranyl acetate by the casting technique. The antimicrobial activities of the polymeric films were assessed against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria and against Aspergillus flavus fungal. The achieved results show that the films presented antibacterial and antifungal activities. Moreover, the incorporation of the geranyl acetate in the polymeric films was confirmed by FTIR and TGA technique, while DSC analysis pointed out the compatibility between the geranyl acetate and cellulose acetate. The addition of the geranyl acetate did not modify the mechanical behavior of the cellulose acetate films concerning stiffness and tensile strength. These results suggest that this new material is promising for future applications in biomedical devices and food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lindera glauca is a shrub or small tree mostly distributed in China, Japan and Korea. However, reports on the biological activities of Lindera glauca fruit essential oil (LGFEO) are limited. The study on its chemical composition, and antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory activities were performed, along with molecular docking of six selected compounds. The LGFEO was extracted by hydro distillation and analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID. Antioxidant activities of LGFEO were evaluated by three methods with different mechanisms. Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of LGFEO were tested. A total of 48 components were identified representing 95.74% of the total composition of LGFEO in which the major compounds were (E)-β-ocimene (41.53%), α-copaene (13.17%), δ-cadinene (6.20%), 3-carene (5.89%) and eucalyptol (3.57%). Weak antioxidant activities of LGFEO in three assays (9.52, 11.36 and 38.98 μmol TE/g, respectively) were observed. LGFEO showed obvious cholinesterase inhibitory activities at the final concentrations of 50 and 20 μg/mL. IC50 values for acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase were 46.48 and 34.85 μg/mL, respectively. Molecular docking revealed that geranyl acetate, β-caryophyllene and limonene had lower binding affinities in the range of −7.1 to −6.1 kcal/mol through hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bond. Six compounds including 3-carene, limonene, eucalyptol, (E)-β-ocimene, geranyl acetate and β-caryophyllene could contribute together to cholinesterase inhibitory activities of LGFEO. This essential oil indicated low potential as natural antioxidant, but it could be potentially used as cholinesterase inhibitor with possible application in food, aromatherapy and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils (EOs) are considered effective, safe, and eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic products for the management of insect pests and vectors. Dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L., Lamiaceae) is an aromatic crop widely cultivated in Iran for its valuable citrus-like EO. This work aimed to investigate the dragonhead EO efficacy on Culex quinquefasciatus Say, the major lymphatic filariasis vector. Moreover, the main EO components (geranyl acetate, geraniol, citral, and linalool) and their binary mixtures were tested to assess the possible antagonistic or synergistic interactions aiming to propose artificial mixtures to be exploited in the agrochemical field. The assays demonstrated the EO larvicidal efficacy (LC 50 of 33.8 ppm) as well as its tarsal contact toxicity and fumigant effect on adults (LC 50 of 37.5 and 5.6 ppm, respectively). The time needed to achieve larval mortality after application of the EO at its LC 90 was significantly different among the three larval stages. Specifically, the 90 % mortality in 2nd instar larvae was observed after 182.7 min, a significantly shorter period of time compared with that of the 3rd and 4th instar (LT 90 estimated at 355.3 and 302.8 min, respectively). Regarding the EO components, citral and geranyl acetate showed the best larvicidal action (LC 50 of 73.3 and 80.9 ppm, respectively), even if all the tested binary mixtures demonstrated a synergistic effect. Regarding tarsal contact toxicity and fumigant effects, these were more significant for citral (LC 50 of 11.6 μg cm−2 and 0.23 ppm, respectively) and geraniol (LC 50 15.4 μg cm−2 and 1.13 ppm, respectively). Moreover, the fumigation test revealed a synergism only for the mixture linalool/citral, while the binary mixtures geranyl acetate/geraniol, linalool/geraniol, and geraniol/citral demonstrated an antagonistic effect. This study reported for the first time the insecticidal potential of D. moldavica EO and its components on C. quinquefasciatus. The results obtained, together with the already well-established cultivation of the plant, support the possible industrial application of this EO and artificial mixtures made up of its main constituents as effective insecticidal agents. [Display omitted] • The essential oil of Dracocephalum moldavica was extracted and characterized. • Essential oil, main compounds, and mixes were tested on Culex quinquefasciatus. • The essential oil showed larvicidal, tarsal, and fumigant effects. • Citral and geranyl acetate showed the best larvicidal action. • The mixes demonstrated synergistic effects in larvicidal assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geraniol esters, such as geranyl acetate, are known to have antimicrobial and insect-repellent action, but their acaricidal activity has been little explored. This study aimed to investigate the solvent-free synthesis of geranyl acetate in batch (BSTR) and fed-batch (FBSTR) stirred tank reactors using the immobilized lipases NS 88011 and Novozym 435 and evaluate its larvicidal activity against the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. A central composite design (CCD) was used to maximize the synthesis of geranyl acetate in a BSTR. The independent variables were temperature reaction (40–60 °C), acetic acid/geraniol molar ratio (1:1–1:3), and enzyme loading (1–5% w/w in relation to the substrates). Novozym 435 yielded the best results, achieving 99% of geranyl acetate conversion using 1:3 acetic acid/geraniol molar ratio, 60 °C and 5% (w/w) of enzyme loading after 1 h of reaction in a BSTR. In the FBSTR system, a high content of geranyl acetate was obtained (about 80%) in 4 h of reaction using a 1:1 acetic acid/geraniol molar ratio, 60 °C and 5% (w/w) Novozym 435. Geranyl acetate showed potential as an acaricide, with an LC 90 of 6.25 mg/mL and 100% mortality at a concentration of 12.5 mg/mL. [Display omitted] • Excess addition of geraniol was crucial to the shift of the esterification chemical-equilibrium. • Novozym 435 yielded the best results, achieving 99% of geranyl acetate conversion. • The excess of geraniol in the esterification was benefic for the lipase operational stability. • Fed-batch system allowed for greater use of geraniol, providing economic and productive benefits. • Geranyl acetate was revealed to be a potential acaricide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. belongs to the family Lamiaceae, a perennial herbaceous medicinal plant that is native to Iran and is considered an endangered species. In-vitro plantlets (seven populations) were raised in MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l BAP and 0.01 mg/l NAA and the rooted plantlets were acclimatized successfully under greenhouse conditions. In-vivo plants (eight populations) were propagated under greenhouse condition. The essential oils were isolated by hydro distillation and identification of chemical compounds was done by a combination of capillary GC and GCMS instruments. Twenty-five and forty compounds were identified in the different populations of in-vitro plantlet and in-vivo plant constituting 85.8%-99.68% and 85.1%- 95.06% of essential oils, respectively. The major components of in-vitro plantlet on different populations were Verbenone (2.5%-82.47%), Geranyl acetate (28.35%-62.07%), Methyl geranate (0.98%-79.06%), Neral (0.64%-3.13%), Geranial (4.93%-14.39%), Limonene (0.37%-10.36%) and E-Anethole (7.62%-20.71%). The composition of essential oil from greenhouse plant populations were dominated by Neral (11.24%-74.80%), Limonene (0.17%-25.26%), Geraniol (0.54%-40.81%), Geranial (0.04%-9.15%), Methyl geranate (0.16%-28.48%), E-Anethole (0 %-0.1%) and Verbenone (0.39%-23.96%). The highest values of Neral, Limonene and Geraniol percentage were obtained from greenhouse conditions. In contrast, the maximum values of Verbenone, Geranyl acetate, Methyl geranate, Geranial, and E-Anethole were observed in the essential oils of in-vitro plantlets. This study demonstrated difference of chemical composition between in-vitro plantlets and greenhouse plants of different populations on D. kotschyi species. Also, new chemotypes of D. kotschyi has been introduced for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskia.atriplicifolia.Benth is extensive ethno medical tradition that the photochemistry of this plant has been the topic of several studies. The purpose of this research, study of variation in the essential oil composition of Perovskia. atriplicifolia plant at the different growth stages from Taftan mountain .The leaves of P. atriplicifolia were harvested at the before flowering, flowering and at complete flowering stages.The essential oils were extracted by hydro distillation method and were analyzed by the GC & GC-MS techniques.Oil yields (w/w%) related at three stages of plant growth were in the order of: before flowering (1.28), flowering (1.15) and at complete flowering (1.03). In total 52, 62, 43 components were identified using Kovats indices and quantified in the oils of the before flowering, flowering and at complete flowering stages that representing 92.0 %, 86.31%, 66.46 % of total oil respectively. The higher percent of which: geranyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, δ-3-carene ,trans-caryophyllene, bornyl acetate ,camphene,valeranone,α-pinene,were the main compounds in all oil samples.Total terpenoids were the main group of compounds in the before flowering (91.58 %), flowering (84.03 %) and at complete flowering stages (65.72 %) respectively.The before flowering stage sample’s essential oil is of the best quality.

The environmental and health concerns connected with the fly ash dumpsite could be avoided by using non-food crops to phytostabilize the site, keeping pollutants from moving and providing extra economic benefits. Fly ash amendments with nutrient-rich vermicompost have the potential to improve soil quality and availability, leading to increased crop productivity. Given the crop's importance and knowledge of fly ash and vermicomposting, this study aims to enhance commercial rosa grass development while avoiding using chemical fertilizers and low-cost inputs like fly ash and vermicompost. As a result, the current research is intended to identify the best fly ash (FA) and vermicompost (VC) ratios to enhance the commercial development of palmarosa while lowering the use of chemical fertilizers. We evaluated the effects of various fly ash and vermicompost levels on the growth, production, and quality of palmarosa essential oil to find the optimal fly ash dose. The experiment was set up with three replications with a total plot size of 3.8 × 3.8 m (a net plot area of 3.6 × 3.6 m). A space of 60 × 60 cm was used between the rows and plants for all treatments. Table 1 contains treatment information. Porosity varied significantly, with 100 % VC having much higher porosity (52.8 %) than the other treatments. In all five harvests, T3 (20 % FA + 80 % VC) produced significantly more biomass than the treatments T1 and T2 (first harvest = 8.2, second harvest = 9.0, third harvest = 9.4, fourth harvest = 8.9, and fifth harvest = 8.4 t/ha, respectively). Similarly, 20 % FA + 80 % VC produced essential oil yields comparable to T3 (257.6 kg/ha) and much greater than the other treatments (T2, 266.9 kg/ha). T2 and T3, on the other hand, exhibited higher gross returns, net returns, and B: C ratios. In a nutshell, the study provides an amazing novelty or inventory of potential future advantages and shows how fly ash combined with vermicompost can improve the biomass and essential oil production of Rosa grass. T3 biomass yields were significantly greater than T1 and T2 (80 % VC and 20 % fly ash) in all five of the harvests: 8.2 t/ha, 9.0 t/ha, 9.4 t/ha, 8.9 t/ha, and 8.4 t/ha, respectively. T3 (20 % FA + 80 % VC), produced more essential oil than the other treatments (T2, 266.9 kg/ha). [Display omitted] • Essential oil of Rosa grass is utilized in fragrance, cosmetic, flavoring and aromatherapy sectors. • T3 which consisted of 80 % vermicompost and 20 % fly ash produced a high biomass output than others. • There was a significant variation in porosity, with 100 % VC registering greater porosity (52.8 %). • Growth parameters and oil composition varied considerably with various fly ash and VC proportions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intercropping Moldavian balm with mung bean is an ecological approach for improving resource productivity. A field experiment was conducted over two growing seasons (2018 and 2019) to determine the effect of fertilizer application on yield and essential oil (EO) productivity of Moldavian balm intercropped with mung bean. The experiment had a two‐factor randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The first factor comprised of five cropping patterns: Moldavian balm sole crop (MBs), mung bean sole crop (MGs), one row each of Moldavian balm +mung bean (1MB:1MG), two rows each of Moldavian balm +mung bean (2MB:2MG), and three rows of Moldavian balm +two rows of mung bean (3MB:2MG). The second factor comprised four fertilizer sources: no fertilizer application (C, control), 100% chemical fertilizer (NPK), 50% chemical fertilizer +100% bacterial fertilizer (NPK+BF), and 100% bacterial fertilizer +100% mycorrhizal fungi (BF+MF). The sole crop fertilized with NPK+BF produced the highest seed yields for MG (1189 kg/ha) and MB (7027 kg/ha), while 3MB:2MG fertilized with NPK+BF had the highest nutrient contents. Moldavian balm produced the highest EO content and yield in 2MB:2MG fertilized with NPK+BF. The EO of MB mainly comprised geranyl acetate (30–39%), geranial (20–31%), neral (18–24%), and geraniol (3–8%). In addition, the 3MB:2MG intercropping treatment fertilized with NPK+BF had the highest land equivalent ratio (LER = 1.35). We recommend an intercropping ratio of 2MB:2MG fertilized with NPK+BF is recommended as an alternative and eco‐friendly strategy for farmers to improve EO quantity and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Intercropping Moldavian balm with mung bean is an ecological approach for improving resource productivity. A field experiment was conducted over two growing seasons (2018 and 2019) to determine the effect of fertilizer application on yield and essential oil (EO) productivity of Moldavian balm intercropped with mung bean. The experiment had a two‐factor randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The first factor comprised of five cropping patterns: Moldavian balm sole crop (MBs), mung bean sole crop (MGs), one row each of Moldavian balm +mung bean (1MB:1MG), two rows each of Moldavian balm +mung bean (2MB:2MG), and three rows of Moldavian balm +two rows of mung bean (3MB:2MG). The second factor comprised four fertilizer sources: no fertilizer application (C, control), 100% chemical fertilizer (NPK), 50% chemical fertilizer +100% bacterial fertilizer (NPK+BF), and 100% bacterial fertilizer +100% mycorrhizal fungi (BF+MF). The sole crop fertilized with NPK+BF produced the highest seed yields for MG (1189 kg/ha) and MB (7027 kg/ha), while 3MB:2MG fertilized with NPK+BF had the highest nutrient contents. Moldavian balm produced the highest EO content and yield in 2MB:2MG fertilized with NPK+BF. The EO of MB mainly comprised geranyl acetate (30–39%), geranial (20–31%), neral (18–24%), and geraniol (3–8%). In addition, the 3MB:2MG intercropping treatment fertilized with NPK+BF had the highest land equivalent ratio (LER = 1.35). We recommend an intercropping ratio of 2MB:2MG fertilized with NPK+BF is recommended as an alternative and eco‐friendly strategy for farmers to improve EO quantity and quality.

The present work aimed to study the essential oil (EO) variation of Dracocephalum moldavica L. under different phenological stages. The EO yield was highest in the flowering stage, followed by floral budding, fruit set, and vegetative stages. Twenty-three components in EOs were identified by GC-MS and quantified using GC-FID. Geranyl acetate (31–50 %), geranial (16–27 %), geraniol (12–13.4 %) and neral (10.67–17.30 %) were four main constituents. Antifungal assays of EO through mycelial growth inhibition percentages (MGI %) with four concentrations (0, 250, 500, and 750 µl/l) showed concentration-dependent responses. EOs showed the high potential of antifungal activity with ID50 values of (89–145), (27–88) and (183–339) µl/l and ID90 values of (667–1293), (509–1296), and (389–866) µl/l for Aspergillus niger, Penicillium expansum, and Trichoderma harzianum respectively. EO of D. moldavica showed considerable promise as a natural bio-preservative and bio-antifungal agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study essential oil components of Dracocephalum moldavica in response to mycorrhiza fungus inoculation under drought stress condition, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was carried out under greenhouse condition. The factors of the experiment were three levels of drought stresses [control, 0.75 maximum allowable depletion (MAD) and 0.5 MAD] and inoculation with mycorrhiza fungi in two levels (no mycorrhiza inoculation as control and Glomus verciforme inoculation). Essential oil components were recognized via gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC/MS). The result showed that about 36 components in D. moldavica were identified through inoculation with mycorrhiza under drought stress. Concentration of 13 compounds of these were higher than the rest. Compositions of geranial (18.3%), geraniol (30.98%), geranyl acetate (26.78%) and neral (11.94%) had high quantities in essential oil. Drought stress and mycorrhiza inoculation increased the percentage of major essential oil components. The highest essential oil percentage (1.24%) was obtained by mycorrhiza inoculation treatment and drought stress at 0.75 MAD. Drought stress reduced the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements, while mycorrhiza inoculation increased their uptake. The highest uptake of potassium was in non-stress and mycorrhiza inoculation conditions. It can be concluded that mycorrhiza inoculation under drought stress increased the uptake of nutrients and essential oil composition of dragonhead.

Exposure to UV/infrared (IR) radiation is the main extrinsic factor that changes skin morphology and affects the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in skin aging. Ten varieties of andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) fruit are presumed to have skin anti-aging compounds via an enzyme-inhibition mechanism. This study aims to compare ten essential oils (EOs) of andaliman fruit varieties, group them according to their varieties, and obtain the chemical components that can be used as potential skin anti-aging agents using molecular docking. EOs were isolated by hydrodistillation, and the determination of the chemical compounds was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Using the Orange data mining software, a heatmap was used for grouping and showing the abundance of the compounds of ten varieties. Finally, molecular docking was conducted using the software AutoDockTools 1.5.7. There were 97 chemical components in the ten EOs of andaliman fruit varieties, with the main chemical components being geranyl acetate (29.87%) and D-limonene (26.49%), and they were grouped into three clusters. The chemical components that are prospective candidates as skin anti-aging agents are geranyl acetate and D-limonene, found in abundance in the Sihalus variety of andaliman fruit. These can be developed for applications in the pharmaceutical industry.

Lindera glauca is a shrub or small tree mostly distributed in China, Japan and Korea. However, reports on the biological activities of Lindera glauca fruit essential oil (LGFEO) are limited. The study on its chemical composition, and antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory activities were performed, along with molecular docking of six selected compounds. The LGFEO was extracted by hydro distillation and analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID. Antioxidant activities of LGFEO were evaluated by three methods with different mechanisms. Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of LGFEO were tested. A total of 48 components were identified representing 95.74% of the total composition of LGFEO in which the major compounds were (E)-β-ocimene (41.53%), α-copaene (13.17%), δ-cadinene (6.20%), 3-carene (5.89%) and eucalyptol (3.57%). Weak antioxidant activities of LGFEO in three assays (9.52, 11.36 and 38.98 μmol TE/g, respectively) were observed. LGFEO showed obvious cholinesterase inhibitory activities at the final concentrations of 50 and 20 μg/mL. IC50 values for acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase were 46.48 and 34.85 μg/mL, respectively. Molecular docking revealed that geranyl acetate, β-caryophyllene and limonene had lower binding affinities in the range of −7.1 to −6.1 kcal/mol through hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bond. Six compounds including 3-carene, limonene, eucalyptol, (E)-β-ocimene, geranyl acetate and β-caryophyllene could contribute together to cholinesterase inhibitory activities of LGFEO. This essential oil indicated low potential as natural antioxidant, but it could be potentially used as cholinesterase inhibitor with possible application in food, aromatherapy and pharmaceutical industries.

In natural environments, general plant volatiles and herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) serve as critical clues for predatory natural enemies in the search for prey. The insect olfactory system plays a vital role in perceiving plant volatiles including HIPVs. In this study, we found that HIPV ( E , E )-4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene (TMTT) and the plant volatile geranyl acetate (GA), two structurally similar chemicals, displayed electrophysiological activities on the antennae of the ladybird Hippodamia variegata , but were only attractive to adult females in behavior. Moreover, mated female ladybirds laid a significantly higher number of eggs on TMTT-treated and GA-treated cotton leaves compared to controls. Screening of female-biased odorant receptors (ORs) from the antennal transcriptomes, performing Xenopus oocytes expression coupled with two-electrode voltage clamp recordings, suggested that HvarOR28 specifically tuned to TMTT and GA. Molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the amino acid residues Tyr143 and Phe81 of HvarOR28 are the key site for binding with TMTT and GA. Furthermore, RNA interference (RNAi) assay demonstrated that HvarOR28 -silenced individuals demonstrated a notable decrease in electrophysiological responses, even female adults almost lost behavioral preference for the two compounds. Thus, it could be concluded that HvarOR28 in H. variegata contributes to facilitating egg laying through the perception of TMTT and GA. These findings may help to develop new olfactory modulators based on the behaviorally active ligands of HvarOR28.

Cost-effective exogenous application of some antioxidant, viz. salicylic acid (SA) and ascorbic acid (AA), and essential micronutrient elements like Zn might alleviate the harmful impacts of drought stress. Here, we evaluated the interaction of foliar-sprayed SA (1 mM), AA (10 mM), and Zn (3 g L–1) and irrigation regime (normal irrigation, moderate water stress, and severe water stress) by assaying an array of agronomic, physiological, analytical and biochemical parameters of Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.). Accordingly, the SA and AA treatments reduced the harmful effects of moderate and severe drought stress. Well-watered plants applied with Zn had the highest biomass yield (4642.5 kg ha–1). Severe water stress decreased plant biomass, essential oil (EO) content, EO yield, relative water content, and chlorophyll a content by 37.6%, 23.3%, 47.5%, 35.3%, and 53%, respectively, relative to normal irrigation. Plants treated with Zn under moderate drought stress had the highest EO content. Moderate and severe water stress increased enzymatic antioxidant (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase) activities and total soluble sugars and proline contents. In terms of EO composition, SA-treated plants under moderate water stress contained the most geraniol (22.8%) and geranial (26.3%), while Zn-treated plants under severe water stress contained the most geranyl acetate (48.2%). This study demonstrated that foliar application of Zn and SA significantly improves EO productivity and quality in Moldavian balm under moderate water stress. The relevant findings were supported by heatmap clustering, revealing that irrigation regime had main effect on the essential oil compounds and biochemical and physiological parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Geraniol, an acyclic monoterpene alcohol, is found as a primary constituent in the essential oils of plants such as geranium, lemongrass and rose. The floral-like scent of geraniol has made it a popular constituent of flavour and fragrance products. Over recent decades biotechnology has made significant progress towards the development of industrial platforms for the production of commercially valuable monoterpenoids, such as geraniol, through expression of recombinant terpene biosynthetic pathways in microbial hosts. Titres, however, have been hindered due to the inherent toxicity of these compounds—which are often utilised for anti-microbial and anti-fungal functions in their host plant. Results In this study we modified an Escherichia coli strain, engineered to express a heterologous mevalonate pathway, by replacement of the terpene synthase with a geraniol synthase from Ocimum basilicum for the production of geraniol, and co-expressed an alcohol acyltransferase (AAT) from Rosa hybrida for the specific acetylation of geraniol. The low water solubility of geranyl acetate facilitated its partition into the organic phase of a two-phase system, relieving the cellular toxicity attributed to the build-up of geraniol in the aqueous phase. In a partially optimised system this strain produced 4.8 g/L geranyl acetate (based on the aqueous volume) which, on a molar equivalent basis, represents the highest monoterpene titre achieved from microbial culture to date. It was also found that esterification of geraniol prevented bioconversion into other monoterpenoids, leading to a significant improvement in product specificity, with geranyl acetate being the sole product observed. Conclusion In this study we have shown that it is possible to both overcome the toxicity limit impeding the production of the monoterpene alcohol geraniol and mitigate product loss in culture through endogenous metabolism by using an in vivo esterification strategy. This strategy has resulted in the highest geraniol (equivalent) titres achieved from a microbial host, and presents esterification as a viable approach to increasing the titres obtained in microbial monoterpenoid production.

In the present study, the effect of six different drying methods on the essential oil content and compositions of aerial parts of Iranian dragonhead was assessed. The highest and lowest essential oil contents (1.85 and 0.45%, respectively), were achieved in freeze-drying method and oven drying at 60°C, respectively. Essential oil analyses showed that the main constituents were geranyl acetate (56.5–33.2%), geranial (10.8–27.9%), neral (7.3–20.3%), and geraniol (6.7–13.5%). The highest percentages of geranyl acetate (56.5%) and geraniol (13.5%) were obtained with oven drying at 60°C. Cluster analysis of the essential oil constituents demonstrated three main groups based on drying methods. Freeze drying of aerial parts of dragonhead was the most suitable method allowing high-essential oil yields and short drying time. On the other hand, the highest level of marker compounds such as geranyl acetate and geraniol was obtained with oven drying at 60°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two species Nepeta cataria L. and Nepeta bracteata Benth. (fam. lamiaceae) are native to Iran. To study the quantity and quality of the two species essential oil in the field, the seeds of eight populations from these two species were collected from natural habitats and planted in a randomized complete block design in Alborz Research Station of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands (Karaj, Alborz province). The flowering branches were harvested at the full flowering stage and after room temperature-drying, their essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation, and analyzed and identified by GC and GC/MS. The essential oil yield of N. cataria populations varied between 0.02 (Karaj) and 0.50% (Arak). Twenty-three compounds were identified in the essential oil of this species, and the main compound in all populations was from nepetalactone isomers. NepetalactoneIII (4aα,7β,7aα-nepetalactone) and nepetalactoneI (4aα,7α,7aα-nepetalactone) constituted 44.4 (Karaj) to 91.6% (Arak) and 0.8 (Karaj) to 15.9% (Bafgh1) of the essential oil, respectively. NepetalactoneII (4aα,7α,7aβ-nepetalactone) was observed only in the population Bafgh2 (21.2%). The amount of 1,8-cineole in the essential oil of different N. cataria populations varied from 0.4 (Taft1) to 12.8% (Karaj). The essential oil yield of N. bractaeta populations was obtained between 0.02 (Ardakan) and 0.70% (Taft2). Twenty-seven compounds were identified in the essential oil of this species, and the main compounds were 1,8-cineole (1.0, 9.6, and 41.0% in Tabas, Ardakan, and Taft2, respectively) and geranyl acetate (0.9, 3.4, and 39.8% in Tabas, Taft2, and Ardakan, respectively). In general, the results showed that the N. cataria populations were all from the same chemotype, but N. bracteata populations were from two chemotypes (ct. geranyl acetate and ct. 1,8-cineole). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Fruits of lemon pepper (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC., Rutaceae) have been traditionally used as a spice and in folk medicine for treatment of diarrhea and stomachache. Stomachache could be associated with mycobacterial infection. The present study was designed to investigate the activity of Z. acanthopodium fruits against a non-infectious Mycobacterium smegmatis and to identify the important phytochemical constituent that is toxic towards mycobacteria. Materials and Methods: The broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ethyl acetate or hexane extract of green, young fruits of Z. acanthopodium. Effect of active extract (hexane) on cell membranee integrity was studied by measuring sodium and potassium leakage into extracelullar liquid using Atomic Absorbtion Spectrophotometer (AAS). Next, cell morphology was observedby using Scanning Microscope Electron (SEM). Column chromatography was used for fractionation and purification of hexane extract while the chemical structure of the active compound was determined using NMR technique. Rifampicin, an antimycobacterial compound, was used as positive control. Results: Hexane extract was active against M. smegmatis with an MIC of 64 µg/ml. Plant extract at the concentration of 128 µg/ml caused ions leakage. Concentration of sodium in extracellular liquid of cells treated with plant extract was significantly higher than that of untreated cells. SEM observation revealed cell wall deformation in cultures treated with the extract. NMR spectroscopy analysis of the most active fraction revealed that the compound that exerted toxicity on M. smegmatis was geranyl acetate. Conclusion: Geranyl acetate was an important constituent of Z. acanthopodium fruit that has antimycobacterial activity. Possibly, Z. acanthopodium fruit exert its toxic effects against M. smegmatisthrough damaging cell membrane.

Abstract Background Geranyl acetate is widely used in the fragrance and cosmetic industries, and thus has great economic value. However, plants naturally produce a mixture of hundreds of esters, and geranyl acetate is usually only present in trace amounts, which makes its economical extraction from plant sources practically impossible. As an ideal host for heterologous production of fragrance compound, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae has never been engineered to produce the esters, such as geranyl acetate. Results In this study, a heterologous geranyl acetate synthesis pathway was constructed in S. cerevisiae for the first time, and a titer of 0.63 mg/L geranyl acetate was achieved. By expressing an Erg20 mutant to divert carbon flux from FPP to GPP, the geranyl acetate production increased to 2.64 mg/L. However, the expression of heterologous GPP had limited effect. The highest production of 13.27 mg/L geranyl acetate was achieved by additional integration and expression of tHMG1, IDI1 and MAF1. Furthermore, through optimizing fermentation conditions, the geranyl acetate titer increased to 22.49 mg/L. Conclusions We constructed a monoterpene ester producing cell factory in S. cerevisiae for the first time, and demonstrated the great potential of this system for the heterologous production of a large group of economically important fragrance compounds.

The present study was carried out to screen out the suitable spatial geometry of Melia dubia, an industrially important fast-growing multipurpose tree, for Cymbopogon flexuosus by evaluating its growth, physiology, herbage, and essential oil yield and major essential oil principles. The experiment was conducted in 2 years old M. dubia plantations of 2 × 2, 3 × 3, 3 × 2, 4 × 4 and 4 × 2 m spatial arrangement. The study revealed that growth, physiological attributes, fresh and dry herbage production and essential oil yield were higher under silvi-medicinal (M. dubia–C. flexuosus) systems as compared to sole cropping. Among studied silvi-medicinal systems, C. flexuosus attained significantly maximum plant height (109.62 cm), number of tillers (36.25 tillers/clump), plant spread (75.83 cm2) and leaf area (cm2/leaf) under 4 × 4, 2 × 2, 3 × 3 and 2 × 2 m spatial geometries, respectively. Leaf area index and specific leaf weight did not bear any significant effect due to land use systems. Chlorophyll content index (26.62) and leaf nitrogen (1.03%) was maximum under 3 × 2 and 3 × 3 m spatial geometries. Significantly higher total fresh (12.94 tonne/ha) dry herbage yield (6.53 tonne/ha) was highest in 3 × 3 m and 2 × 2 m spatial geometry, respectively. However, it was the least (8.21 tonne ha−1) in C. flexuosus sole cropping. M. dubia (3 × 3 m)–C. flexuosus tree–crop combination provided higher total oil yield (108.78 kg ha−1). The major essential oil principles viz., Citral-a, Citral-b and Geranyl acetate were higher under 2 × 2, 3 × 3 and 2 × 2 m M. dubia spatial geometry. The study pinned out that tree–crop interactions under different M. dubia spatial geometries were positive and hence C. flexuosus could be adopted as intercrop for better quantitative and qualitative attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) is an aroma grass cultivated as a cash crop for its foliage essential oil that is widely used in cosmetics/perfumery, insect-repellents, as source of synthagens etc. The oil comprises of mainly acyclic monoterpenols (geraniol and citronellol) and their esters (geranyl acetate and citronellyl acetate), besides citronellal. This study was undertaken to profile dynamics of the oil content and composition as a function of ontogeny and annual pattern of seasons and climate, including with reference to the volatile esters and catalytic activity of the enzyme involved in their synthesis, a BAHD-alcohol acetyltransferase, citronellol; acetyl coenzyme A, acetyltransferase. This may be the first report on arriving at average patterns from a three years reiterated study and on any enzymatic study of secondary metabolism of the grass. The oil ester content appeared to be governed by limitation of the acetyltransferase activity rather than availability of substrates (citronellol and geraniol). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dracocephalum moldavica L., also called Moldavian balm or Moldavian dragonhead, is native to temperate climate of Asia, but it was naturalized in Eastern and Central Europe, North Africa, China and north-eastern United States. This is an annual plant, with numerous stems (up to 6), 22-45 cm high, and blue flowers arranged in pseudo-whorls growing in leaf axils. Essential oil accumulates in exogenous oil-containing cells at the dorsal sides of the leaves, and in the inflorescence. Because of this, the entire plant has a citrus-like flavor, resembling that of lemon balm and catnip. This plant is extensively used as a spice and for composition of tea blends, in food aromatization (canned fish, jams, candies, syrups), perfumery, alcohol industry, soaps and detergents. Dracocephalum moldavica from Vojvodina Province, Serbia contains geranial (29.6%), geranyl acetate (27.2%) and neral (19.4%) as the most abundant compounds. Further investigations will be focused on the influence of weather conditions on essential oil composition, as well as on bioactive potential of this essential oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing environmental awareness has forced researchers to minimize the use of organic solvents in chemical synthesis. Modern biocatalysis is a way to  develop clean catalytic technologies. A process operating in solvent‐free condition using reusable biocatalyst, will be useful for the fragrance and flavour industry, which requires stringent specifications on impurities. A direct transesterification reaction of geraniol with ethyl acetate was carried out to produce geranyl acetate in a batch reactor using different immobilized enzymes. Among these, Novozyme 435 was the best catalyst for the synthesis of geranyl acetate in a solvent‐free medium. Parametric studies were conducted to optimize the conversion and yield. Overall, 83% conversion of geraniol with 100% selectivity to geranyl acetate was obtained at a mole ratio of 1:7 of geraniol to ethyl acetate, using 12.7 g L−1 Novozyme 435 at 60 °C for 2 h. At higher concentrations of acyl donor, it was noticed that the conversion of geranyl acetate was increased. The Lineweaver–Burk plots suggested a ternary complex with inhibition by ethyl acetate. The process is green, clean, and useful to the perfume and flavour industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]